Plan of Guadalupe

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Venustiano Carranza, author of the Plan of Guadalupe
General Victoriano Huerta, lead the coup d'état against Fransisco Madero and was successfully usurped by Venustiano Carranza and the Plan of Guadalupe.

The Plan of Guadalupe (Spanish: Plan de Guadalupe) was a political manifesto which was proclaimed on March 26, 1913 by Venustiano Carranza in response to the overthrow and execution of President Francisco I. Madero,[1] which had occurred during the Ten Tragic Days of February 1913. The manifesto was released from the Hacienda De Guadalupe,[2] which is where the Plan derives its name, nearly a month after the assassination of Madero. The plan was limited, it denounced Victoriano Huerta from the presidency and proposed the restoration of a constitutional government.

Background

Carranza was a dedicated supporter of Madero and Huerta's "military dictatorship, notable for political corruption and rule by imprisonment and assassination"[3] juxtaposed the formerly "liberal"[2] government which he was appointed the minister of war in Madero's Revolutionary cabinet.[2] Although there had been scattered rebellions against Huerta, there was no unified plan for the revolutionaries. Carranza was one of the most prominent and well-known opposers of Huerta: he was the then-sitting governor of the state of Coahuila.[1] His plan initially united anti-Huerta forces in his home state, but other revolutionary groups signed onto it. "The plan became the official program of the northern revolutionaries."[4] It was subscribed to by leading figures of the Mexican Revolution such as Pancho Villa, Álvaro Obregón, and Felipe Ángeles. One scholar has called the plan "oft-mentioned and highly overrated,"[5] but the plan did attract widespread support, despite its solely political demands.

Description of the Plan

The Plan was divided into seven statements which aimed to remove the legitimacy of Huerta's government. The statements reject Huerta as president and the government which runs under him, including the legislative and judicial branches and any state which supports his administration. They then create a term to combine the northern revolutionary forces, the Constitutionalist Army, and it is recognized as a legitimate military force, with Carranza as "First Chief" (Primer Jefe). This articulated Carranza's belief that "the only way the revolutionaries would ever be able to maintain themselves in power was by destroying the old federal army."[4] Lastly, Carranza granted himself interim power over Executive Power and will call for elections for his replacement once peace had been restored to the country.

Text of the Plan

Manifesto to the Nation:

Considering that General Victoriano Huerta, to whom the constitutional President Don Francisco I. Madero had trusted the defense of the institutions and legality of his Government, when siding with the enemies who rebelled against that same Government, to restore the latest dictatorship, committed the crime of treason to scale in power, arresting the President and Vice-president, as well as their Ministers, demanding of them by violent means to renounce their posts, which is verified by the messages that the same General Huerta sent to the Governors of the States communicating to them that he had taken prisoner the Supreme Magistrates of the Nation and their Cabinet. Considering that the Legislative and Judicial Powers in spite of the laws and constitutional rules have recognized and protected General Victoriano Huerta and his illegal and unpatriotic procedures, and considering, of having violated the sovereignty of those States, whose Governors should have been the first to not recognize him, the following subscribers, Chiefs and Officers commanding the constitutional forces, have agreed and will sustain with arms the following:

PLAN

  1. General Victoriano Huerta is not recognized as President of the Republic.
  2. The Legislative and Judicial Powers of the Federation are also not recognized.
  3. The Governments of the States that still recognize the Federal Powers that form the present Administration, are also not recognized thirty days after the publication of this Plan.
  4. For the organization of the army entrusted with fulfilling our intentions, we name as First Chief of the Army that will be denominated Constitutionalist, the citizen Venustiano Carranza, Governor of the State of Coahuila.
  5. When the Constitutionalist Army occupies Mexico City, the citizen Venustiano Carranza, First Chief of the Army, will be in interim charge of the Executive Power, or whoever would have substituted him in command.
  6. The interim president of the republic will call for general elections as soon as the peace has been consolidated, handing over power to the citizen who is elected.
  7. The citizen acting as First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army in the states whose governments have recognized that of Huerta, will assume command as provisional governor and will call for local elections, after having taken possession of their posts the citizens having been elected to carry out the powers of the federation, as called for by the previous rule.

Note: This document was the immediate answer of the constitutionalist forces against the military coup d'etat against the Madero regime which, from its inception confronted uprisings from civilian and military groups discontent with its way of governing, seeking the restoration of the Porfirista regime. The most important were the revolts headed by Generals Bernardo Reyes, in November 1911 and Félix Díaz in October 1912. Once the Plan de Guadalupe was drafted, among the principal signers of this document were Jacinto B. Treviño, Lucio Blanco, Cesáreo Castro, and Alfredo Breceda.

The Constitutionalist Army, headed by Venustiano Carranza, with the Plan of Guadalupe as its standard, managed to defeat the Federal Army in August 1914, thus initiating another stage of the history of Mexico that culminated in February 1917 with the promulgation of the Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico, whose text incorporated the principal demands of the revolutionary groups.

The Plan of Guadalupe of March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza would say in 1917, was "the war cry that the most select of the Mexican youth propelled to the four corners of the nation against the triumphant iniquity, and that cry was no more than the vibrant and sonorous expression of the national conscience, an expression that reassumed the firm intention, the deliberate will of the Mexican people of not consenting any more to a pretorianism that would again seize the destinies of the Nation. . . Under such virtue, with the Plan of Guadalupe was perfectly planted - the issue of legality against the usurpation of the law, against the disturbance of the free institutions; against the military dictatorship."

March 26, 1913

Aftermath of the Plan

The Plan was successful in the ousting Huerta from government and gained U.S. backing against his militant regime.[6] U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was openly hostile towards Huerta and the combined pressure from the Constitutionalist Army and the U.S. forced Huerta to resign in July, 1914.[3] In his time as First Chief, Carranza managed the revolutionary groups, including the Zapatistas and those lead by Fransisco "Pancho" Villa, but after the fall of Huerta's power there was unease within the Army.[6] With the revolution fragmented, Zapata and Villa spoke out against Carranza's policies.[6]

Ship name

The former USS Dolphin (PG-24) was acquired by Mexico on 25 February 1922 and renamed the Plan de Guadalupe, serving until circa 1927.[7]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 name=":0">Coerver, Don M. 2004. "Carranza, Venustiano". In Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History, Don M. Coerver, Suzanne B. Pasztor, and Robert Buffington. http://0-search.credoreference.com.dewey2.library.denison.edu/content/entry/abcmexico/carranza_venustiano/0
  2. 1 2 3 "Plan of Guadalupe". 2008. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. p. 267.
  3. 1 2 "Huerta, Victoriano". 2016. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University and Paul Lagasse. http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/huerta_victoriano/0.
  4. 1 2 Katz, The Secret War in Mexico, p. 129.
  5. ↑ Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: Constitutionalist Years. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 70-71.
  6. 1 2 3 "Carranza, Venustiano (1859-1920)". 2008. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. p. 136, 137,138.
  7. ↑ Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.

External links

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