Potentially hazardous object

The asteroid Toutatis is listed as a potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroid, yet poses no immediate threat to Earth. (Radar image taken by GDSCC in 1996.)

A potentially hazardous object (PHO) is a near-Earth asteroid or comet with an orbit such that it has the potential to make close approaches to the Earth and is of a size large enough to cause significant regional damage in the event of impact. A potentially hazardous object can be known not to be a threat to Earth for the next 100 years or more, if its orbit is reasonably well determined and keeps it away from Earth. Potentially hazardous asteroids with a threat of impacting Earth in the next 100 years are listed on the Sentry Risk Table.

As of January 2016 there are 1,651 known potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs)[1][2] and only 205 have an observation arc shorter than 30 days. Of the 1,651 known PHAs, 153 are believed to be larger than one kilometer in diameter.[3] A calculated diameter is only a rough estimate, as it is inferred from the object's varying brightness—observed and measured at various times—and the assumed, yet unknown reflectivity of its surface (albedo).[3] Most of the discovered PHAs are Apollo asteroids (1,402)[4] and fewer belong to the group of Aten asteroids (149).[5]

After several astronomical surveys motivated by their search, the number of known PHAs has increased tenfold since the end of the 1990s (see bar charts below). These surveys have led to a total number of 12,933 discovered near-Earth Objects. Most of them are asteroids, with just some 85 near-Earth comets (NECs).[3] The Minor Planet Center's website Unusual Minor Planets also publishes detailed statistics for these objects.[2]

In May 2016, the asteroid size estimates arising from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and NEOWISE missions have been questioned,[6][7][8] but the criticism has yet to undergo peer review.[9]

Overview

Plot of orbits of known potentially hazardous asteroids, with over 140 metres (460 ft) in size and passing within 7.6 million kilometres (4.7×10^6 mi) of Earth's orbit. Epoch as of early 2013.

An object is considered a PHO[10] if its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) with respect to Earth is less than 0.05 AU (7,500,000 km; 4,600,000 mi)—approximately 19.5 lunar distances—and its diameter is at least 100 to 150 meters (330 to 490 ft)—corresponding to absolute magnitude H < 22. This is big enough to cause regional devastation to human settlements unprecedented in human history in the case of a land impact, or a major tsunami in the case of an ocean impact. Such impact events occur on average around once per 10,000 years. NEOWISE data estimates that there are 4,700 ± 1,500 potentially hazardous asteroids with a diameter greater than 100 meters.[11] As of 2012, an estimated 20 to 30 percent of these objects have been found.[11] Asteroids larger than 35 meters across can pose a threat to a town or city.[12]

Detected NEAs by various projects. The broader class of NEAs includes all PHAs as a subset.[3]
  LINEAR
  NEAT
  Spacewatch
  LONEOS		   CSS
  Pan-STARRS
  NEOWISE
  All others

The diameter of most small asteroids is not directly measured and can only be estimated based on their brightness and distance. For this reason NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory use the more practical measure of absolute magnitude (H). Any asteroid with an absolute magnitude of 22.0 or brighter is assumed to be of the required size,[1][13] although only a coarse estimation of size can be found from the object's magnitude because an assumption must be made for its albedo which is also not usually known for certain. The NASA near-Earth object program uses an assumed albedo of 0.13 for this purpose.[1]

Several astronomical survey projects such as Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research and Catalina Sky Survey continue to search for more PHOs. Each one found is studied by various means, including optical, radar, and infrared to determine its characteristics, such as size, composition, rotation state, and to more accurately determine its orbit. Both professional and amateur astronomers participate in such monitoring.

During an asteroid's close approaches to planets or moons it will be subject to gravitational perturbation, modifying its orbit, and potentially changing a previously non-threatening asteroid into a PHA or vice versa. This is a reflection of the dynamic character of the Solar System.

The two main scales used to categorize the impact hazards of asteroids are the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale and the Torino Scale.

The lowest numbered PHA is 1566 Icarus.[14] Short-period comets currently with an Earth-MOID less than 0.05AU include: 109P/Swift-Tuttle, 55P/Tempel–Tuttle, 15P/Finlay, 289P/Blanpain, 255P/Levy, 206P/Barnard–Boattini, 21P/Giacobini–Zinner, and 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann.

Largest PHA

The largest known Potentially hazardous asteroid is (53319) 1999 JM8 with a diameter of ~7 km, but it is not currently at risk of any impacts. Below is listed the largest PHA (based on absolute magnitude H) discovered in a given year.[15] Historical data of the cumulative number of discovered PHA since 1999 are displayed in the bar charts—one for the total number and the other for objects larger than one kilometer.[3]

Number Name Year (H)
4179 Toutatis 1989 15.3
4953 1990 MU 1990 14.1
7341 1991 VK 1991 16.7
5604 1992 FE 1992 16.4
39572 1993 DQ1 1993 16.4
136618 1994 CN2 1994 16.6
243566 1995 SA 1995 17.3
8566 1996 EN 1996 16.5
35396 1997 XF11 1997 16.9
16960 1998 QS52 1998 14.3
137427 1999 TF211 1999 15.0
23187 2000 PN9 2000 16.1
111253 2001 XU10 2001 14.9
89830 2002 CE 2002 14.7
242216 2003 RN10 2003 15.7
242450 2004 QY2 2004 14.7
308242 2005 GO21 2005 16.4
374851 2006 VV2 2006 16.8
214869 2007 PA8 2007 16.2
294739 2008 CM 2008 17.15
369264 2009 MS 2009 16.0
381906 2010 CL19 2010 17.55
415029 2011 UL21 2011 15.7
– 2012 LK9 2012 17.8
– 2013 UP8 2013 16.5
– 2014 LJ21 2014 16.0
– 2015 HY116 2015 17.5
50
100
150
200
prev.
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
PHA-KM: potentially hazardous asteroids larger than 1 kilometer since 1999 – Cumulative number of discovered PHA by end of year (first of December). As of August 2016, there are a total of 157 PHAs larger than one kilometer.[3]
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
prev.
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
PHA: total number of potentially hazardous asteroids since 1999 – Cumulative number of all discovered PHA by end of year (first of December). As of August 2016, there are a total of 1729 PHAs.[3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Potentially Hazard Asteroids". Retrieved 2011-08-06.
  2. 1 2 "Unusual Minor Planets". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Near-Earth Asteroid Discovery Statistics". Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  4. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: PHAs and orbital class (APO)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  5. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: PHAs and orbital class (ATE)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  6. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (23 May 2016). "How Big Are Those Killer Asteroids? A Critic Says NASA Doesn't Know.". New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Myhrvold, Nathan (23 May 2016). "Asteroid thermal modeling in the presence of reflected sunlight with an application to WISE/NEOWISE observational data". arXiv:1605.06490v2Freely accessible.
  8. ↑ Billings, Lee (27 May 2016). "For Asteroid-Hunting Astronomers, Nathan Myhrvold Says the Sky Is Falling". Scientific American. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  9. ↑ NASA Administrator (25 May 2016). "NASA Response to Recent Paper on NEOWISE Asteroid Size Results". NASA. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  10. ↑ Task Force on potentially hazardous Near Earth Objects (September 2000). "Report of the Task Force on potentially hazardous Near Earth Objects" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  11. 1 2 "NASA Survey Counts Potentially Hazardous Asteroids". NASA/JPL. May 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  12. ↑ Will Ferguson (January 22, 2013). "Asteroid Hunter Gives an Update on the Threat of Near-Earth Objects". Scientific American. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  13. ↑ "Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  14. ↑ List of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids
  15. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: PHAs and H < 18 (mag)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2012-06-13.

Minor Planet Center

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