Sangh Parivar

The Sangh Parivar (translation: RSS family of organisations^[1][2]) refers to the family of Hindu nationalist organisations which have been started by members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) or drew inspiration from its ideology. The Sangh Parivar represents the Hindu nationalist movement.^[3] It includes the RSS and several dozen affiliated organisations, whose members' expressed opinions have been diverse over a range of topics.^[4] Nominally, the different organisations within the Sangh Parivar run independently and have different policies and activities.

Members

The Sangh Parivar includes the following organisations (with membership figures in brackets). They are also categorized.

Political

• Bharatiya Jana Sangh, literally, "Indian People's Association" a political party that existed from 1951 to 1977.
• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian People's Party (100 million, March 2015)^[5]

Occupational & Professional

• Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, literally, Indian Farmers' Association (8m)^[6]
• Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Indian Labourers' Association (10 million as of 2009)^[6]
• Bharatiya Railways Sangh, Indian Railways Workers' Association
• Fishermen's Co-operative Societies (2.2m)^[6]
• Samskar Bharati, Organisation of Indian Artists^[7]
• Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad, All India Lawyers' Council^[8]
• Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, All India Students' Council (2.8m)^[6]
• Akhil Bharatiya Shaikshik Mahasangh, All India Teachers' Federation (1.8m)^[6]
• National Medicos Organisation, Organisation of Medical Practitioners^[9][10]
• Akhil Bharatiya Poorva Sainik Seva Parishad, (ABPSSP) All India Ex-Military Servicemen Council.^[11][12][13]

Economic

• Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, Nativist Awakening Front^[14]
• Vitta Salahkar Parishad, Financial consultants' association
• Laghu Udyog Bharati, an extensive network of small industries.^[15][16]
• Sahkar Bharati, Organisation of co-operatives

Social Services

• Deen Dayal Shodh Sansthan, for the development of rural areas on the basis of Integral Humanism (1.7m)^[6]
• Bharatiya Vikas Parishad, Organization for the development & growth of India in all fields of human endeavor (1.8m)^[6][17]
• Vivekananda Medical Mission, Sociomedical Services (1.7m)^[6]
• Seva Bharati, Organisation for service of the needy (founded in 1984)
• Sakshama, an organization working among the blind^[11][12][18]
• Nele (a part of "Hindu Seva Pratishthana"), Home for destitute Children^[19]
• Lok Bharati, National NGO's Front
• Seema Suraksha Parishad, an organization working among the people of border districts^[11][12]

Exclusively Women

• Rashtra Sevika Samiti, literally, National Volunteer Association for Women (1.8m)^[6]
• Shiksha Bharati (2.1m), to provide education and training for skill up gradation to underprivileged girls and women.^[6][20]
• Durga Vahini, Women's wing of Vishwa Hindu Parishad.

Religious

• Vishwa Hindu Parishad, World Hindu Council(2.8m)^[6][21]
• Bajrang Dal, Army of Hanuman (2m)
• Dharm Jagaran Samiti, Organization for conversion of non-Hindus to Hinduism^[22] and their coordinating committee "Dharam Jagaran Samanvay Samiti",^[21][23]
• Muslim Rashtriya Manch, National Front of Muslims
• Rashtriya Hindu Andolan, based in Maharashtra calls for the deletion of "secular" from the Indian Constitution^[21]
• Rashtriya Sikh Sangat, a sociocultural organisation with the aim to spread the knowledge of Gurbani to the Indian society.^[7]
• Hindu Munnani, a religio-cultural organization based in Tamil Nadu.
• Hindu Rashtra Sena, propagating for the establishment of Hindu Rashtra.^[21][24]
• Hindu Aikya Vedi, Hindu United Front based in Kerala^[25]

Educational

• Ekal Vidyalaya, Involved in free education and village development in rural areas and tribal villages of India.
• Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Nursery
• Vidya Bharati, Educational Institutes
• Vijnana Bharati, Science Forum^[11][12][26]

Socio-Ethnic

• Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram, Organisation for the improvement of tribals
• Friends of Tribals Society
• Anusuchit Jati-Jamati Arakshan Bachao Parishad, Organisation for the improvement of Dalits
• Bharat-Tibet Maitri Sangh, India-Tibet Friendship Association

News & Communication

• Organiser, Mouthpiece ^[27][28]
• Vishwa Samvad Kendra, communication Wing, spread all over India for media related work, having a team of IT professionals (samvada.org)
• Hindustan Samachar, a multi-lingual news agency.^[29][30][31]

Think Tanks

• Bharatiya Vichara Kendra, General Think Tank.
• Hindu Vivek Kendra, a resource center for the promotion of the ideology of Hindutva.^[32]
• Vivekananda Kendra, promotion of Swami Vivekananda's ideas with Vivekananda International Foundation in New Delhi as a "Public Policy Think Tank" with 6 Centres of study.
• India Policy Foundation, a not-for-profit Think Tank^[33]
• Bharatiya Shikshan Mandal, a Think Tank on educational reforms.^[34]
• India Foundation, a Think Tank^[35]
• Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana (ABISY), All-India history reform project
• Syama Prasad Mookerjee Research Foundation (SPMRF)^[36][37]

Overseas

• Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh, literally, Hindu Volunteer Association overseas wing of RSS
• Hindu Students Council, Overseas Hindu Students' Wing

Children

• Balagokulam, To develop cultural consciousness in children

Others

• Samskrita Bharati, promotion of the Sanskrit language^[7]
• Central Hindu Military Education Society, to encourage more Hindus to join the Defence Services^[38]
• Kreeda Bharati, Sports Organization.^[11][12][39]
• Samskar Bharati, Cultural unit^[40][41]

History

In the 1960s, the volunteers of the RSS joined the different social and political movements in India, including the Bhoodan, a land reform movement led by prominent Gandhian Vinobha Bhave^[42] and the Sarvodaya led by another Gandhian Jayaprakash Narayan.^[43] RSS also supported the formation of a trade union, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh and a student's organisation Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and many other organisations like Seva Bharati, Lok Bharati, Deendayal Research Institute etc.

These organisations started and supported by the RSS volunteers came to be known collectively as the Sangh Parivar.^[44] Next few decades have seen a steady growth in the influence of the Sangh Parivar in the social and political space of India.

Philosophy

The ideology of the Sangh Parivar has been seen to have a diverse set of thoughts and opinions that has made it difficult to be categorized by the Western stereotypic divisions of ‘Leftists’ and ‘Rightists’. While some of their policies are seen as ‘Conservative’ and ‘Rightist’, on a range of different issues, they have shared similar concerns as Leftists, Liberals and the Green activists.^[45]

Culture and diversity

Sangh ideologue M S Golwalkar articulated the Sangh’s vision on diversity and pluralism, as follows, “Individuals and nations in all parts of the globe have distinctive traits and features, each of them having its own place in the scheme of the universe. The different human groups are marching forward, all towards the same goal, each in its own way and in keeping with its own characteristic genius. The destruction of the special characteristics, whether of an individual, or of a group, will therefore not only destroy the natural beauty of harmony but also its joy of self-expression. Evolution of human life also, which is a multifaced one, is retarded thereby.”^[46]

The political opponents of the Sangh Parivar have often termed Sangh Parivar’s concerns about cultural intrusion by the Western commercial interests as ‘Rightist’.^[4] David Frawley argues that the cause is similar to that of native and tribal peoples all over the world, like Native American and African groups trying to protect their native cultures.^[47]

Economics

While the BJP governments have been progressively seen to be industry friendly,^[48] the opinions and the views of the Sangh Parivar constituents like Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) find consonance with the known leftist stands on labor rights.^[49] The Sangh Parivar, as a whole, even the BJP in its earlier days, has advocated ‘Swadeshi’ (Self Reliance). Sangh Parivar leaders have been very vocal in their criticism of globalization especially its impact on the poor and native people. They have been suspicious of the role of international agencies such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.^[50] Sangh constituents have advocated and promoted decentralized village centric economic growth with emphasis on ecological protection.^[51]

Ecology

The constituents of the Sangh Parivar have been known for their demands for steps to “protect the environment, natural-ecology and agro-economy” and for establishment of a “self-reliant village-oriented economy”.^[52] They have been vocal in their demand against the use of Chemical fertilizers and have supported preservation and development of Organic farming in India.^[53] Many of these views are seen to mirror the concerns of the Green party.^[47]

The Bharatiya Janata Party, a constituent of Sangh Parivar, is one of the very few political party at that included the concerns on global warming in its election manifesto for the National Elections of 2009.^[54] The manifesto promised prioritising "Combating climate change and global warming", "programmes to arrest the melting of Himalayan glaciers", "afforestation" and emphasis on "protecting India's biodiversity".^[54]

Reception

The Sangh Parivar has been described with monikers spanning the spectrum from "patriotic Hindus"^[55] and "Hindu nationalist",^[3] Some Marxists have also labeled them "Hindu chauvinist".^[56] While its constituent organisations present themselves as embedded in the traditional ethos of Hinduism, their ideological opponents have characterized them as the representatives of authoritarian, xenophobic and majoritarian religious nationalism in India,^[57] furthermore these organization have been also documented for acts of Saffron terror.^[58] Flemish freelance Indologist Koenraad Elst has dismissed the portrayal of Sangh Parivar's ideology as fascist by some leftist groups. He writes in his doctoral thesis, which is now published as a book The Saffron Swastika, “So far, the polemical arrows have all been shot from one side, replies from the other side being extremely rare or never more than piecemeal”.

Social impact

The activities of the Sangh Parivar have had considerable social and religious impact.^[59] And considerable influence over country's educational, social and defense policies.^[60]

Social reform

In 1979, the religious wing of the Sangh Parivar, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad got the Hindu saints and religious leaders to reaffirm that untouchability and caste discrimination had no religious sanction in the Hindu scriptures and texts.^[61] The Vishwa Hindu Parishad is also spearheading efforts to ordain Dalits as priests in temples across India, positions that were earlier usually occupied only by people of "upper castes".^[62] However, the opinions of the sub altern groups that include Dalits portrays an image of dalit suppression. Incidents of anti-Dalit, and anti-Muslim violence followed by protests against the Sangh Parivar are common occurrences in India.^[63][64]

The leaders of the Sangh Parivar have also been involved in the campaigns against female fetocide and movements for the education to the girl child.^[65] However, consistent with its ideology of Brahmanical Patriarchy, outfits of the Sangh Parivar also enforces its beliefs on people through moral policing. Incidents of violence against youth, especially women, on the pretext of dressing against the norms of the Hindu culture, are prevalent among members of Sangh Parivar.^[66]

Social and political empowerment

The service programs, over the years, have led to the empowerment of the economically and socially underprivileged sections of the society, mostly the tribal, who have long remained politically under-represented. Babulal Marandi belonging to the tribal community, who was the organizing secretary of Vishwa Hindu Parishad, became the first Chief Minister of the state of Jharkhand.^[67] Other such leaders of Sangh Parivar who belong to the tribal community include Karia Munda, Jual Oram; both ministers in the Union Government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

The emergence of the Sangh Parivar in Indian politics also brought many Dalits and representatives of the backward classes, who had been victims of social neglect, to prominent positions in the Government and Administration. Dr Suraj Bhan, a dalit, who had been a member of the RSS, became the Governor of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, in 1998.^[68] Other leaders of the Sangh Parivar from the backward classes, who rose to prominence include Kalyan Singh, the former Chief Minister of UP, Uma Bharti, the former Chief Minister of MP, Narendra Modi, the incumbent Prime Minister of India, Gopinath Munde, the former Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra,^[69] and Shivraj Singh Chauhan, the incumbent Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.^[70]

The Sangh Parivar has spread Hindu nationalism through local "Bhagat schools", in which children are provided a Sangh-sanctioned education. In many villages across India, Dharma Raksha Samitis (Duty/Religion Protection Committees) promote religious discourse and form an arena for bhajan performance. The Sangh sponsors calendars of Hindu deities and provides instruction on sanctioned methods of conducting Ganesh Chaturthi and Navaratri.^[71] This phenomenon has been documented in Tamil Nadu, where workers of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Munnani share Tamil dalits (untouchables) devotional hymns and persuaded many dalits to begin celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi, a festival not widely marked in Tamil Nadu.^[72]

Deendayal Research Institute

Veteran RSS leader Nanaji Deshmukh retired from politics at the peak of his political career in 1977 and founded the Deendayal Research Institute, dedicated to building a rural based economic model of development.^[73] It was found that rural people were wasting a lot of resources in litigations, which left them both impoverished and exploited.^[74] Deshmukh and the Institute developed a method of sorting conflicts and differences based on the ancient Indian principles of consensus making and alternate conflict resolution, which has been called the Litigation-Free Model. Based on this model, villagers would sort all disputes amongst themselves amicably with least dependence on the Government.^[75] The initiative has been highly praised, e.g. by Former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Prominent industrialist, Jehangir Wadia, the grandson of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, is influenced by the work of Sangh organisation, Deen Dayal Research Institute (DRI), and is now a volunteer of the DRI. He says "At 26, I realised that while I was seeking responses to my questions, the answer was always in front of me. That's when I joined Nanaji and got involved in social work at Chitrakoot," ^[76] "Nanaji (founder of DRI) envisions self reliance for 600,000 villages in his life time. It is my dream to translate Nanaji's vision of ameliorating the lives of this rural population." ^[77]

Politics

The Bharatiya Janata Party, which represents the Sangh Parivar in national politics, has formed three governments in India, most recently being in power from May 2014 under the leadership of Prime minister Narendra Modi.

Political opponents of the BJP allege that the party's moderate face merely serves to cover the Sangh Parivar's "hidden agenda" of undiluted Hindutva, detectable by the BJP's efforts to change the content of history textbooks and syllabi as well as other aspects of the education system.^[78]

Such criticism of the BJP arises from the fact that BJP had only 2 seats in the parliament in 1984 and after Babri Masjid demolition in 1992 the party gain national recognition, and only then it rose to power in 1998.^{[79][80][81][82][83][84]}

Babri Mosque demolition

According to the report of the Liberhan Commission the Sangh Parivar organised the destruction of the Babri Masjid.^[85][86] The Commission said- "The blame or the credit for the entire temple construction movement at Ayodhya must necessarily be attributed to the Sangh Parivar".^[87] It also noted that the Sangh Parivar is an "extensive and widespread organic body", which encompasses organizations, which address and bring together just about every type of social, professional and other demographic grouping of individuals.

Each time, a new demographic group has emerged, the Sangh Parivar has hived off some of its RSS inner-core leadership to harness that group and bring it within the fold, enhancing the voter base of the Parivar.^[88]

See also

• Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar

Notes

1. Jaffrelot 1996, p. 123.
2. Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 115.
3. Saha 2004:274
4. Thakurta & Raghuraman, 2004:91
5. Narendra Modi heaps praise on Amit Shah as BJP membership touches 10 crore, Times of India, 3 April 2015.
6. Jelen 2002, p. 253.
7. Chitkara 2004, p. 168.
8. Jaffrelot 2011, p. 204.
9. "Nepal earthquake: RSS rolls out relief". intoday.in.
10. Shoolin Design Pvt. Ltd. "Home". nmoindia.com.
11. "ABPS session begins in Puttur RSS leaders to focus on Corruption". Mangalore Media Company. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
12. "RSS top 3day Annual meet Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha (ABPS), to be held on March 7–9 at Bangalore". Vishwa Samvada Kendra. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014.
13. "About Us". Akhil Bharatiya Poorva Sainik Seva Parishad. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015.
14. Chitkara 2004, p. 169.
15. "Laghu Udyog Bharati" "Ministers, not group, to scan scams". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 1 October 2004. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015.
16. "Laghu Udyog Bharati" Jaffrelot. Christophe (1 December 2014). "Parivar's diversity in unity". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015.
17. "Working for a Mission - physically, economically and morally strong India". bvpindia.com.
18. "Bengaluru: SAKSHAMA celebrates Birth Centenary of Pandit Puttaraja Gawayi and Yadavarao Joshi". samvada.org.
19. "Hindu Seva Pratishthana -". hinduseva.org.
20. "Shiksha Bharati". shikshabharati.com.
21. "Ten most aggressive fringe elements of the Parivar". The Times of India. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015.
22. "धर्म जागरण समिति (Dharm Jagaran Samiti)".
23. "RSS Body Dharam Jagran Samiti Sets Fixed Rates for Converting Muslims, Christians into Hindus".
24. Thomas, Shibu (29 March 2015). "Hate speech: Bombay high court denies bail to Hindu Sena chief". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015.
25. RSS to infuse young blood into Kerala BJP, The Hindu, 31 December 2015.
26. "Vijnana Bharati - The Largest Nation-Building Science Movement of India". vijnanabharati.org.
27. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India.p 32, C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.
28. RSS mouthpiece article on ‘live-in relationships’ in Kerala sets off social media storm
29. "Best of times for the RSS, it aims for makeover at 90".
30. "Welcome to Hindusthan Samachar". hindusthansamachar.com.
31. "Home - Hindustan Samachar". Hindustan Samachar.
32. "Hindu Vivek Kendra". hvk.org.
33. "About India Policy Foundation". India Policy Foundation. 5 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015.
34. "Welcome to Bhartiya Shikshan Mandal". bsmbharat.org.
35. "Right wing groups woo world for their idea of India". http://www.hindustantimes.com/. External link in |work= (help)
36. Peri, Dinakar (31 January 2016). "VIF and SPMRF among top think tanks with political affiliation". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
37. Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, In Search of Syama Prasad Mookerjee, the “True Patriot”, The Wire, 7 July 2016.
38. "Central Hindu Military Education Society". Central Hindu Military Education Society.
39. "'Kreeda Bharati' Karnataka Unit inaugurated at Mangaluru". samvada.org.
40. Sanskar Bharti activist appointed CBFC member
41. RSS now wants street plays that will teach Indian culture
42. Suresh Ramabhai, Vinoba and his mission, Published by Akhil Bharat Sarv Seva Sangh, 1954
43. Martha Craven Nussbaum, The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, Published by Harvard University Press, 2007 ISBN 0-674-02482-6, ISBN 978-0-674-02482-3
44. Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity P189, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0-631-20862-3
45. Hinduism and the Clash of Civilizations/David Frawley. New Delhi, Voice of India, 2001, xiv, 247 p., ISBN 81-85990-72-7
46. M S Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts, Publishers: Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana
47. Hinduism and the Clash of Civilizations/David Frawley. New Delhi, Voice of India, 2001, xiv, 247 p., ISBN 81-85990-72-7.
48. "New Delhi News : BJP assures industrialists of good deal". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
49. "Economics: A Bharatiya View Point". 2002. Archived from the original on 21 February 2003.
50. Gupta, Sharad (14 November 2000). "BJP gears up to take on `ideological ally'". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 January 2003.
51. "Content". Organiser. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
52. "Hindutva and Politics: The case of Vishwa Hindu Parishad". Sacw.net. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
53. http://www.sanghparivar.org/blog/rkm/unique-sangh-experiment-in-rural-development-by-pramod-kumar-in-mohad
54. BJP promises measures to combat climate change
55. VHP mail: BJP is like 'secular' Cong Times of India - July 1, 2004
56. Breckenridge, Pollock, Bhabha, Chakravarty 2002:56
57. Bhatt 2001:4
58. Frontline - Oct. 22-Nov. 04, 2011
59. Human Development and Social Power: Perspectives from South Asia, By Ananya Mukherjee Reed, Routledge, page 71
60. p. 8, Human Rights Watch, By Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme
61. "VHP website". Archived from the original on 30 May 2009.
62. "Rediff On The NeT: VHP has dalit ordained as priest in Kerala". Rediff.com. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
63. "Dalits demonstrate against Sangh Parivar activists". The Hindu. 17 October 2007.
64. "Muslims, Dalits being targeted by Sangh Parivar: SIF". The Milli Gazette. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
65. "Content". Organiser. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
66. "Right-wing fringe groups play moral police in Mangalore again".
67. "Special: Profile of Babu Lal Marandi". Rediff.com. 2000-11-14. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
68. http://indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000403/states.html[]
69. Prakash Joshi, TNN, Sep 22, 2008, 05.05am IST (2008-09-22). "Cong-NCP casts OBC net to woo Marathas in state - Mumbai - City - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
70. "Other States / Madhya Pradesh News : Shivraj Singh Chauhan sworn in". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-12-13. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
71. Cadena, Starn 284
72. Fuller 284
73. Nanaji Deshmukh
74. Deshmukh said "If people fight amongst each other, they will have no time for development." Nanaji Deshmukh: a social entrepreneur par excellence
75. Litigation Free Villages
76. "Wadia's Go Air to offer lowest airfares". rediff.com.
77. "High flying chief". The Hindu.
78. Thakurta & Raghuraman, 2004:64
79. BJP#History
80. "Babri Masjid demolition just an incident, says Supreme Court". Ndtv.com. 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
81. Matt. "Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal |". Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
82. Book - Communalism and Secularism in Indian Politics : Study of the BJP
83. "India - The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism". Countrystudies.us. 1947-10-07. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
84. "Ayodhya central to BJP's rise & fall at Centre, UP". The Times Of India. 2010-10-01.
85. "Excerpts from the Liberhan Commission report". Hindustan Times. 25 November 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
86. "How the BJP, RSS mobilised kar sevaks". Indianexpress.com. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
87. "Liberhan comes down heavily on Vajpayee, Advani – Rediff.com India News". News.rediff.com. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
88. "Vajpayee, Advani severely indicted by Liberhan Commission – India – DNA". Dnaindia.com. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2011.

References

• Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press], The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism, Delhi: Vistaar Publications
• Carol A. Breckenridge, Sheldon Pollock, Homi K. Bhabha, Dipesh Chakrabarty (2002). Cosmopolitanism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2899-2.
• Bhatt, Chetan (2001). Hindu Nationalism. Oxford, UK / New York, NY: Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-348-4.
• Chitkara, M. G. (2004). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge. APH Publishing. ISBN 9788176484657.
• de la Cadena, Marisol; Orin Starn (2007). Indigenous Experience Today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-518-8.
• Fuller, Christopher (2004). The Camphor Flame. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
• Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996), The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1850653011
• Jaffrelot, Christophe (2007). Hindu Nationalism. Princeton, NJ / Woodstock, UK: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13098-1.
• Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011), Religion, Caste, and Politics in India, C Hurst & Co, ISBN 978-1849041386
• Jelen, Ted Gerard (2002). Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, The Few, and The Many. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65031-3. ISBN 052165971X.
• Mishra, Pankaj (2006). Temptations of the West: How to be Modern in India, Pakistan, Tibet and Beyond. New York City: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-374-17321-0.
• Saha, Santosh (2004). Religious Fundamentalism in the Contemporary World: Critical Social and Political Issues. Lexington, MA: Lexington Press. ISBN 978-0-7391-0760-7.
• Sarkar, Sumit (1993). The Fascism of the Sangh Parivar. Economic and Political Weekly.
• Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha; Shankar Raghuraman (2004). A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand. New Delhi, India/Thousand Oaks, CA/London, UK: SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-3237-2.