Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955

Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces in the period 1943–1955 were characterised by a number of changes in the armed forces of the Soviet Union, including the reintroduction of rank insignia badges and the adoption of a number of higher ranks.

Changes

In conjunction with the permanent increase of the manpower strength of the Soviet armed forces, the service branches and arms were formed by orders of the People' Commissariat of Defence, consisting of artillery, air force, air defence forces, signals corps, corps of engineers and the armoured corps. Major combat support units up to command level were established. This process was characterized by a need for well qualified command staff, in a suitable rank structure. The Soviet state – and party administration – responded to these challenges by the introduction of additional higher ranks, as well as by reintroducing the traditional Russian rank insignia.

A new rank group at OF-9 level (equivalent to the general of the branch in the Wehrmacht and the Imperial Russian Army) was introduced, named marshal of the branch or chief marshal of the branch.

In January 1943 the ranks of marshal of the air force, marshal of the artillery and marshal of the armoured corps came into existence.[1] In October 1943 it was followed by the additional ranks marshal of the communication troops, and marshal of the engineer troops, and the equivalent chief marshal of the branch ranks were added.[2]

Generalissimus of the Soviet Union

The highest rank of generalissimus of the Soviet Union (Russian: Генерали́ссимус Сове́тского Сою́за) was created in October 1943, as an individual award to Stalin, the head of state and party chief, and functioned as supreme commander on all Soviet armed forces. Promotion to this rank was limited explicitly to wartime. The instruction was conveyed by an order to the front commanders-in-chief on 26 June 1945.[3]

Ranks and distinction insignia for the land forces and air force

The introduction of new distinction insignia to the officer corps of the Red Army came by order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 6 January 1943.[4] Selected were two versions of shoulder straps or epaulettes, one for everyday uniforms and the second for field use (breadth 6 cm, length 14 to 16 cm, depending on body size). On 15 January 1943 the introduction of new uniforms was decided.[5]

Corps colours

Corps colours, agreed and created in 1935, remained in use, but minor changes took place. The padding of the newly introduced shoulder straps were made from wool cloth, designed in branch of service colours with piping. Command staff wore silver or gold stars and characteristic metallic branch badges.

Corps colours—enlisted men and non-commissioned officers

The shoulder board padding indicated the appropriate corps colour of service branch, corps or special appointment, with coloured border piping.

Corps colours—officers up to colonel
Corps colours—officers above colonel
Any other insignia

Regiment numbers were placed on other ranks' shoulder straps along with the emblem of the armed service, branch, special troop, or appointment. For commanders of battle units or task forces the emblem was gold coloured, for others it was silver.

Enlisted men and non-commissioned officers

Enlisted men and non-commissioned officers
Shoulder strap to
service uniform
basic
Rank designation Private Corporal Junior sergeant Sergeant Senior sergeant Warrant officer
(Рядовой) (Ефрейтор) (Мл. сержант) (Сержант) (Ст. сержант) (Старшина)
Emblem
Corps colour Infantry
motorised rifles		 Air force Cavalry Armoured corps Medical troops,
veterinarian service		 Technical
troops
NATO-equivalent OR-1 OR-2 OR-4 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8

Officer up to general of the army

Designation Officers & commanding staff Higher commanders & commander in chief
Shoulder strap to
service uniform
basic
Rank designation Junior lieutenant Lieutenant Senior lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant colonel Colonel Major general Lieutenant general Colonel general General of the army
(Младший лейтенант) (Лейтенант) (Старший лейтенант) (Капитан) (Майор) (Подполковник) (Полковник) (Генерал-майор) (Генерал-лейтенант) (Генерал-полковник) (Генерал аpмии)
Emblem
Corps colour Artillery Intendantur
service		 Air force Armoured troops Cavalry Теchnical troops Infantry
motorised rifles		 Army
(generic)		 Air Force Army
(generic)
NATO-equivalent OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9

Marshal up to generalissimus

Designation Marshal of the branch & chief marshal of the branch to marshal of the Soviet Union Generalissimus
Shoulder strap to
service uniform
basic
Rank designation Marshal
of
artillery		 Marshal
of
aviation		 Marshal
of
armoured
troops		 Marshal
of
signal
troops		 Marshal
of
engineer
troops		 Chief marshal of the branch Marshal of the
Soviet Union		 Generalissimus
Emblem
NATO-equivalent OF-9 OF-9 OF-10

Shoulder straps field uniform

Shoulder strap of a senior sergeant

Shoulder straps to field uniforms, standardized to all service ranches, were made of khaki wool cloth. The piping indicated the service branch, matching the corps colour.

Colours of the rank piping (on shoulder strap)

This specific shoulder strap design was used in the Red Army 1943 until 1946, as well as in the Soviet Army from 1946 to 1955.

Enlisted men and non-commissioned officers

Private – and non-commissioned officers ranks (infantry, motorised rifles)
Shoulder straps
to
field uniform
Rank designation Private Corporal Junior sergeant Sergeant Senior sergeant Warrant officer
NATO-equivalent OR-1 OR-2 OR-4 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8

Officers up to general of the army

Designation Officers and commanders Higher commanders & commander-in-chief
Shoulder straps
to
field uniform
Rank designation Junior lieutenant Lieutenant Senior lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant colonel Colonel Major general Lieutenant general Colonel general General of the army
NATO-equivalent OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9

Marshal to generalissimus

Designation Marshal of the branch Chief marshal of the branch Marshal
of the Soviet Union		 Generalissimus
of the Soviet Union
Shoulder strap
to
field uniform
Rank designation Marshal
of the
artillery		 Marshal
of the
aviation		 Marshal
of the
armoured
troops		 Marshal
of the
signal
troops		 Marshal
of the
engineer
troops		 Marshal
of the
artillery		 Chief marshal
of the
aviation		 Chief marshal
of the
armoured
troops		 Chief marshal
of the
signal
troops		 Chief marshal
of the
engineer
troops		 Marshal of the Soviet Union Generalissimus of the Soviet Union
NATO-equivalent OF-9 OF-9 OF-10

Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Navy

By decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" on 15 February 1943 on "distinction insignia to the Soviet Navy" the introduction of shoulder straps and epaulettes took effect, marking the début of Imperial Russian Navy-style insignia to the Soviet Navy.[6]As the navy also had coastal services, ground ranks similar to the Red Army were introduced with their respective insignia to be used by the coastal service personnel. These ranks were also used by the navy's medical corps.

Designation Officers & commanders Flag officers & commander-in-chief
Shoulder strap
to
service uniform
Sleeve insignia
on
uniform jacket
Rank designation Junior lieutenant Lieutenant Senior lieutenant Captain lieutenant Captain of the 3rd rank Captain of the 2nd rank Captain of the 1st rank Rear admiral Vice admiral Admiral Admiral of the fleet Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union
NATO-equivalent OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10
Designation Junior ratings Senior ratings
Shoulder strap
to
service uniform
Rank designation Seaman Senior seaman Petty officer 2nd class Petty Officer 1st class Chief petty officer Michman
NATO-equivalent OR-1 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8

See also

References

  1. ↑ Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 16 January 1943
  2. ↑ Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 9 October 1943
  3. ↑ Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 26 June 1945
  4. ↑ Decreel of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 6 January 1943
  5. ↑ Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 15 January 1943
  6. ↑ Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 15 February 1943
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