Repeal of Prohibition in the United States

The repeal of Prohibition in the United States was accomplished with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 5, 1933.

Background

In 1919, the requisite number of state legislatures ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, enabling national prohibition one year later. Many women, notably members of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, were pivotal in bringing about national Prohibition in the United States, believing it would protect families, women, and children from the effects of alcohol abuse.[1]

Impact of prohibition

The proponents of prohibition had believed that banning alcoholic beverages would reduce or even eliminate many social problems, particularly drunkenness, crime, mental illness, and poverty. In 1925 journalist H. L. Mencken believed the opposite to be true:[2]

Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists. None of the great boons and usufructs that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.

Some supporters of Prohibition, such as Rev. Charles Stelzle who wrote Why Prohibition! (1918), believed that prohibition would eventually lead to reductions in taxes, since drinking "produced half the business" for institutions supported by tax dollars such as courts, jails, hospitals, almshouses, and insane asylums.[3] In fact, alcohol consumption and the incidence of alcohol-related domestic violence were decreasing before the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted. Following the imposition of Prohibition, reformers "were dismayed to find that child neglect and violence against children actually increased during the Prohibition era."[4]

During Prohibition, people continued to produce and drink alcohol, and bootlegging helped foster a massive industry under the control of organized crime. Drinking in speakeasies became increasingly fashionable, and many mothers worried about the allure that alcohol and other illegal activities associated with bootlegging would have over their children.[5]

Prohibitionists argued that Prohibition would be more effective if enforcement were increased. However, increased efforts to enforce Prohibition simply resulted in the government spending more money, rather than less. The economic cost of Prohibition became especially pronounced during the Great Depression. According to Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA) and Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR), an estimated $861 million was lost in federal tax revenue from untaxed liquor; $40 million was spent annually on Prohibition enforcement.[6] The AAPA also released a pamphlet claiming that $11 billion was lost in federal liquor-tax revenue and $310 million was spent on Prohibition enforcement from 1920 to 1931.[7] This lack of potential funding during a period of economic strife became a crucial part of the campaign for repeal.[8]

Organized opposition

During this period, support for Prohibition diminished among voters and politicians. John D. Rockefeller Jr., a lifelong nondrinker who had contributed between $350,000 and $700,000 to the Anti-Saloon League, announced his support for repeal because of the widespread problems he believed Prohibition had caused.[1] Influential leaders, such as the du Pont brothers, led the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, whose name clearly asserted its intentions.

The repeal movement also attracted a substantial portion of women, defying the assumption that recently enfranchised female voters would automatically vote as a bloc on this issue.[9] They became pivotal in the effort to repeal, as many "had come to the painful conclusion that the destructiveness of alcohol was now embodied in Prohibition itself."[10] By then, women had become even more politically powerful due to ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in support of women's suffrage.[11] Activist Pauline Sabin argued that repeal would protect families from the corruption, violent crime, and underground drinking that resulted from Prohibition. On May 28, 1929, Sabin founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR), which attracted many former Prohibitionists to its ranks.[12] By the time repeal was finally passed in 1933 the WONPR's membership was estimated at 1.5 million. Originally, Sabin was among the many women who supported the Eighteenth Amendment. Now, however, she viewed Prohibition as both hypocritical and dangerous. She recognized "the apparent decline of temperate drinking" and feared the rise of organized crime that developed around bootlegging.[13]

Additionally, Sabin worried that America's children, witnessing a blatant disregard for dry laws, would cease to recognize the sanctity of the law itself. Finally, Sabin and the WONPR took a libertarian stance that disapproved of federal involvement in a personal matter like drinking. Over time, however, the WONPR modified its argument, playing up the "moral wrongs that threatened the American home" as a result of the corruption of the Prohibition era.[5] As a women's organization during the early 20th century, adopting a political stance that centered around maternalism and home protection appealed to the widest audience and was favored over personal liberty arguments, which ultimately received little attention.

The WONPR was initially composed mainly of upper-class women. However, by the time the Twenty-first Amendment was passed, their membership included the middle and working classes. After a short start-up period, donations from members alone were enough to financially sustain the organization. By 1931, more women belonged to the WONPR than the WCTU; by 1932, the WONPR had branches in forty-one states.[14]

The WONPR supported repeal on a platform of "true" temperance, claiming that "a trend toward moderation and restraint in the use of intoxicating beverages [was] reversed by prohibition."[15] Though their causes were in direct opposition, the WONPR mirrored the advocacy techniques of the WCTU. They canvassed door-to-door, encouraged politicians on all levels to incorporate repeal into their party platform, created petitions, gave speeches and radio interviews, dispersed persuasive literature, and held chapter meetings. At times, the WONPR also worked in cooperation with other anti-prohibition groups. In 1932 the AAPA, Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, The Crusaders, the American Hotel Organization, and the WONPR formed the United Repeal Council. The United Repeal Council lobbied at both the Republican and Democratic national conventions in 1932 to integrate repeal into their respective presidential election campaigns. Ultimately, the Republicans continued to defend Prohibition. The WONPR, which initially began as a nonpartisan organization, joined with the Democratic campaign and supported Franklin Roosevelt.[16]

The number of repeal organizations and demand for repeal both increased.

Organizations supporting repeal

Organization leaders

Repeal as a political party issue

In 1932 the Democratic Party's platform included a plank for the repeal of Prohibition, and Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president of the United States promising repeal of federal Prohibition laws.[1]

A. Mitchell Palmer used his expertise as the Attorney General who first enforced Prohibition to promote a plan to expedite its repeal through state conventions rather than the state legislatures.[17]

Repeal

1933 newsreel

The Cullen–Harrison Act, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 22, 1933, authorized the sale of 3.2 percent beer (thought to be too low an alcohol concentration to be intoxicating) and wine, which allowed the first legal beer sales since the beginning of Prohibition on January 16, 1920.[18] In 1933 state conventions ratified the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed Prohibition. The Amendment was fully ratified on December 5, 1933. Federal laws enforcing Prohibition were then repealed.[19]

Dry counties

Further information: Dry county and Dry state

Following repeal some states continued prohibition within their own jurisdictions. Almost two-thirds of the states adopted some form of local option which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. For a time, 38 percent of Americans lived in areas with Prohibition.[1] By 1966, however, all states had repealed their statewide prohibition laws, with Mississippi the last state to do so.[19]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 David J. Hanson. "Repeal of Prohibition". Sociology Department, State University of New York, Potsdam. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
  2. ↑ Sylvia Engdahl (2009). Amendments XVIII and XXI: Prohibition and Repeal. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 9780737743289.
  3. ↑ David E. Kyvig (1979). Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 9.
  4. ↑ Kenneth D. Rose (1996). American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. New York: New York University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-8147-7464-4.
  5. 1 2 Kenneth D. Rose (1996). American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. New York: New York University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-8147-7464-4.
  6. ↑ David E. Kyvig (Autumn 1976). "Women against Prohibition". American Quarterly. 28 (4): 473. doi:10.2307/2712541.
  7. ↑ Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, p. 132.
  8. ↑ Mark Thorton and Chetley Weise believe that tax revolts were a key component in the repeal movement. See Mark Thornton and Chetley Weise (Summer 2001). "The Great Depression Tax Revolts Revisited" (PDF). Journal of Libertarian Studies. Ludwig von Mises Institute. 15 (3): 95–105. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
  9. ↑ Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, p. 118.
  10. ↑ Kenneth D. Rose (1996). American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. New York: New York University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8147-7464-4.
  11. ↑ U.S. Const. amend. XIX See "Constitution of the United States". United States Senate. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  12. ↑ John Kobler (1973). Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. New York: De Capo Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-306-80512-7.
  13. ↑ Kyvig, "Women against Prohibition," p. 468.
  14. ↑ Kyvig, "Women against Prohibition," p. 474.
  15. ↑ Kyvig, "Women against Prohibition," p. 472.
  16. ↑ Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, p. 156–57.
  17. ↑ "$2,000,000 Savings by Dry Repeal Seen". New York Times. October 30, 1932. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  18. ↑ Lyle C. Wilson (March 22, 1933). "Bill is signed by Roosevelt". Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
  19. 1 2 "State of Mississippi History".

Sources

External links

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