Republic of Lakotah proposal

This article is about the proposed Independent state. For other uses, see Lakota.
Republic of Lakotah
Motto: 
Mitaku Oyasin  (Lakota)
"We Are All Related"
Proposed location of Lakotah within the United States.
Proposed location of Lakotah within the United States.
CapitalNone declared officially
Porcupine (proclaimed)
Largest city Omaha
Official languages Lakota, English
Government Matriarchal confederation (proposed)
 •  Chief Facilitator
Sovereignty within the United States
 •  Proposed December 19, 2007 
 •  Recognition None 
Area
 •  Total 200,000 km2
77,220 sq mi
Currency United States dollar (de facto)
Calling code +1 (USA)
Internet TLD None assigned

The Republic of Lakotah or Lakotah is a proposed independent republic in North America for the Lakota people and other people. Proposed by activist Russell Means, the suggested territory would be surrounded by the borders of the United States, covering thousands of square miles in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. These proposed borders are those of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States government and the Lakota. These lands are now occupied by Indian reservations and non-Native settlements. None of the existing Lakota tribal governments support the proposed republic, and they were not consulted about the proposal.[1][2]

Background

Four activists, calling themselves the Lakota Freedom Delegation, traveled to Washington, D.C., on December 17, 2007, and delivered a statement declaring that they were, "withdrawing from the treaties their ancestors signed with the U.S." and "setting up their own independent nation." Reasons cited included that "the federal government has failed to abide by 33 treaties that promised land, health care, education and other services." Their leader was Russell Means, one of the prominent members of the American Indian Movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.[3]

The Lakota Freedom Delegation stated that they did not recognize tribal governments or presidents as recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, sometimes referring to these groups as "stay-by-the-fort Indians".[4] Nor did any tribal governments, elected by the tribal people themselves, recognize the Republic of Lakotah.[1]

Territory, demographics, and economics

The proposed boundaries of Lakotah are the Yellowstone River to the north, the North Platte River to the south, the Missouri River to the east and an irregular line marking the west.[5][6] These borders coincide with those set by the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie:

The territory of the Sioux or Dahcotah Nation, commencing the mouth of the White Earth River, on the Missouri River; thence in a southwesterly direction to the forks of the Platte River; thence up the north fork of the Platte River to a point known as the Red Buts, or where the road leaves the river; thence along the range of mountains known as the Black Hills, to the head-waters of Heart River; thence down Heart River to its mouth; and thence down the Missouri River to the place of beginning.[7]

By these claims, the largest city in Lakotah is Omaha, Nebraska. The boundaries also contain Rapid City, South Dakota; Mandan, North Dakota; Casper, Wyoming; Bellevue, Nebraska; and Mount Rushmore.

In addition to containing all the Indian reservations of the Lakota people, the territory which the republic claims includes reservations inhabited by non-Lakota Siouan peoples (the Dakota people and their communities, the Winnebago Indian Reservation and the Omaha Indian Reservation), and part of one non-Sioux reservation (the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in western North Dakota). Lakotah would also contain the poorest counties in the United States.

Activities

On January 1, 2008, the republic announced that it would file liens on all U.S. government-held lands within their claimed borders;[8] however, the first round of liens, in an unnamed county in South Dakota, were rejected.[1]

Following this the group chose to concentrate on the Black Hills.[9]

In July 2008, Means announced that the Republic of Lakotah would be founding an all-Lakota "grand jury" to investigate corruption by U.S. government officials on the seven reservations in the republic's claimed territory.[10]

Means unsuccessfully ran for the presidency of the Oglala Lakota several times; in the 2008 election he lost 1,918 to 2,277.[11]

Politics and government

Citizenship in the proposed republic would be open to people of all races and to any resident of the land Lakotah claims. The group said they planned to issue their own passports and driving licenses in the name of the proposed nation.[12][13]

The group proposed that the nation be organized as a confederation that would respect the libertarian principles of posse comitatus and caveat emptor, would offer "individual liberty through community rule," and would collect no nationwide taxes. However, individual communities within the proposed nation would be allowed to levy taxes with the consent of the taxed. Russell Means suggested that the proposed nation should not use fiat currency but instead adopt a gold standard.[1][14] Means has stated that this system of government is derived from the traditional Lakota government system.[12][15] Means said, "we are going to implement how we lived prior to the Invasion. Each community will be a mini-state unto itself ... They will form the federation known as Lakotah."[16] As of 2008, Russell Means identified himself as "Chief Facilitator" of a provisional government of the Republic of Lakotah.[8]

The four signatories of the Lakota Freedom Delegation's letter to the United States Department of State that announced withdrawal from the U.S. identified themselves by the title of "Itacan of Lakota" in a press release.[17] Leaders of communities would be informally chosen by elders of the community.[15]

Government

The following people identified themselves as members of the provisional government of Lakotah:

The capital of Lakotah was not announced. The Republic of Lakotah gave its provisional capital as Porcupine, South Dakota with hopes in the long run to move administration to near Rapid City, South Dakota.[20]

Connections with other movements

Through its membership and work, the Republic of Lakotah has several direct ties to other activist movements among both the Indian and libertarian communities.

Russell Means and Robert Robideau were both prominent in the American Indian Movement (AIM), and later in AIM Autonomous, with Means along with Tegheya Kte having taken part in the Wounded Knee incident and Robideau acquitted in a trial related to the Leonard Peltier case. Tegheya Kte, meanwhile, led the Big Foot Riders in 2007,[21] while Phyllis Young is one of the founders of Women of All Red Nations.[22]

Assertion of independence

The Lakota Freedom Delegation traveled to Washington, D.C. and contacted the State Department, announcing that the Lakota were unilaterally withdrawing from the several treaties with the United States government. The delegation presented a letter, dated December 17, 2007 and signed by longtime Indian activists Russell Means, Garry Rowland, Duane Martin Sr. (aka Canupa Gluha Mani), and Phyllis Young, which declared the Lakota to be "predecessor sovereign of Dakota Territory" and cited gross violations of the treaties between the Lakota and the United States as the immediate cause for withdrawal. The letter also invited the United States government to enter into negotiations with the newly declared entity, there identified only as "Lakotah". It threatened that if good-faith negotiations were not begun then "Lakotah will begin to administer liens against real estate transactions within the five state area of Lakotah."[23]

The group also has pursued international recognition for Lakotah at the embassies of Venezuela, Bolivia, Chile, and South Africa and has claimed that Ireland and East Timor are "very interested" in Lakotah's declaration and that they expect recognition from Russia. Russell Means has made reference to Finland and Iceland as well.[12][24]

A secessionist movement in Texas has expressed its support for the Republic of Lakotah, even though it, too, has not recognized the area's independence.[25]

Traditional range of the Siouan peoples (dark green) and the current reservations (orange).

Supporters of Lakotah argue that their assertion of sovereignty is entirely legal under "Natural, International and United States law".[26] The group emphasizes that the Republic's establishment comes from a "withdrawal" from the United States, not a secession.[12][14]

They argue that as an Indian tribe in the United States, the Lakota people were already and always have been a sovereign nation as guaranteed under Article Six of the United States Constitution, bound to the United States Federal Government by treaty. As such, the legal basis of such a state's independence is argued to be the Lakota nation's withdrawal from the 1851 and 1868 Treaties of Fort Laramie, and the rejection of all United States federal laws, executive orders, and other government acts since then, in particular rejecting the Major Crimes Act, the General Allotment Act, the Citizenship Act of 1924, the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Indian Claims Commission Act, Public Law 280 and the Termination Act.[16][27]

The group claims its authority to assert independence derives from a long period of discussion and preparation involving a number of traditional chiefs and tribal councils representing the following Indian reservations and communities:

The group also claims the right to withdraw, on behalf of the Lakota people, from the Treaties of Fort Laramie as a consequence of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Members argue that the decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553 (1903) shows that the United States Government does not adequately protect Indian rights.[23] Means also cites the Enabling Act of 1889, stating that clauses protecting Indian sovereignty on the lands comprising the states where the Lakota historically reside have been ignored.[12]

In a 15 January 2008 news release, the Republic of Lakotah proposed that independence from the United States might follow a Compact of Free Association and suggested that the independence process could resemble that of the Philippines, Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia or the Marshall Islands.[9]

Russell Means also stated that he intended to treat the result of the 2008 Pine Ridge Reservation Presidential election, in which he was a candidate,[29] as a "plebiscite/referendum" on Lakota independence.[30]

Motivations for independence

Lakotah's founders cite the Oglala 1974 Declaration of Continuing Independence:

The United States of America has continually violated the independent Native Peoples of this continent by Executive action, Legislative fiat and Judicial decision. By its actions, the U.S. has denied all Native people their International Treaty rights, Treaty lands and basic human rights of freedom and sovereignty. This same U.S. Government, which fought to throw off the yoke of oppression and gain its own independence, has now reversed its role and become the oppressor of sovereign Native people.[27]

The groups cite several reasons for its assertion of sovereignty, all connected to what they refer to as the "colonial apartheid" of the reservation system in the United States. The group claims that control by the United States has led to massive unemployment, poverty and disease among the Lakota people and also alleges that 150 years of U.S. administration is responsible for the statistical poverty of Lakota lands. The group claims that withdrawal from the United States will reverse these problems, and help reestablish the Lakota language and culture.[31][32] The group also claims persistent violations by the United States of their treaties with the Lakota.

Inyan Kara, in the Black Hills is a sacred mountain to the Lakotah.

Another longstanding point of contention between the Lakota and the United States is the status of the Black Hills of South Dakota, which were part of Sioux reservation lands until they were taken without compensation by the US government and opened for gold mining following the collapse of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868). In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians awarded $105 million to eight tribes of Sioux Indians as compensation ($17.1 million for the market value of the land in 1877 and $88 million in 5% per annum simple interest between 1877 and 1980),[33][34] but the court did not award land. The tribal governments of the Lakota has refused the settlement.[35]

Reactions

The extent of popular support among the Lakota people for independence is unclear. Russell Means and Canupa Gluha Mani have claimed that some 13,000 Lakota, including 77% of the population of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, have shown support for the Republic of Lakotah, and that the eight-member delegation which traveled to Washington, D.C. was only a portion of some 77 tribal elders and activists taking part in the movement.[12][36] However, Rapid City Journal reporter Bill Harlan reported on his blog that "most folks I talk to hadn't heard about the declaration. The ones who had heard the news, to a person, did not want to talk about it on the record."[37] The Journal has also noted that "there were no tribal presidents in the group which made the announcement, no one from the top ranks of any of the Lakota Sioux tribes."[38] Nanwica Kciji, an Oglala Lakota and first president of the Native American Journalists Association, has also discredited the December 2007 developments, arguing that the Lakotah Freedom Delegation "never considered that treaties are made between nations and not individuals."[39]

The Alaskan Independence Party, in an announcement dated December 21, 2007, "applauded" the independent Lakota nation and granted it "full recognition".[40] The secessionist movement Second Vermont Republic has also announced its support, and encouraged other American Indian groups to similarly declare independence from the United States.[41]

Response from recognized Native American governments

Rodney Bordeaux, chairman of the Rosebud Sioux, said that Rosebud Indian Reservation has no interest in joining the Republic of Lakotah and said that the Lakota Freedom Delegation never presented their plan to the tribal council.[15] Bordeaux stated that the group does not represent the Lakota people nor the support of the elected tribal governments. However, he did say that Russell Means "made some good points".[1]

Joseph Brings Plenty, chairman of the Cheyenne River Lakota, agreed that the Lakota Freedom Delegation "are not representative of the nation I represent" but would not say whether he agreed or disagreed with their goals and message, noting some value in the group's actions in raising awareness for the history of the Lakota people.[1]

International response

Internationally, according to Russell Means, Venezuela's ambassador to the United States has stated to the group that his country cannot recognize Lakotah's independence based on Venezuela's interpretation of what the Lakotah Freedom Delegation is doing.[12]

In February 2008, the Lakotah Freedom Delegation (including Means) handed over a formal petition, asking for recognition of the Republic of Lakotah, to the embassies of Russia, Serbia, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Republic of South Africa, Ireland, France, Nicaragua, East Timor, Chile, Turkey, India, Finland, Iceland and Uruguay. The text of the petition is available online.[42]

U.S. government response

The United States Department of State is referring queries on the subject of Lakotah to the United States Department of the Interior, which oversees the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[43]

Gary Garrison of the BIA said that the group's withdrawal "doesn't mean anything". "These are not legitimate tribal governments elected by the people ... when they begin the process of violating other people's rights, breaking the law, they're going to end up like all the other groups that have declared themselves independent — usually getting arrested and being put in jail."[1]

Regarding the government response, or lack thereof, Russell Means stated that, "I don't expect the federal government to do anything. I don't believe they even know what to do."[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gale Courey Toensing (2008-01-04). "Withdrawal from US treaties enjoys little support from tribal leaders". Indian Country Today. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
  2. ↑ Lakota Sioux Have NOT Withdrawn From the US; in The Daily Kos; December 23, 2007; accessed March 28, 2016
  3. ↑ "Lakota Freedom Delegation withdraws from US". indianz.com. December 18, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  4. ↑ Jerry Reynolds (December 18, 2007). "Delegates announce pullout from U.S. treaties". Indian Country Today. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Map". Republic of Lakotah. Archived from the original on 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  6. ↑ "About". Lakota Oyate. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  7. ↑ "Treaty of Fort Laramie - 1851". Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  8. 1 2 "Notice to All Foreign Governments and Private Owners of Real Estate within the Republic of Lakotah" (PDF) (Press release). 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  9. 1 2 "Republic of Lakotah focuses on Black Hills". 15 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  10. ↑ Andrea J. Cook (July 28, 2008). "Republic of Lakotah investigating tribal corruption". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
  11. ↑ Heidi Bell Gease (December 2, 2008). "OST inauguration set for Friday". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Means, Russell (2007-12-22). Heading Right (Interview). Interview with Ed Morissey. Blogtalkradio http://www.blogtalkradio.com/hrr/2007/12/22/Russell-Means-. Retrieved 2008-01-05. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ Catherine Elsworth (2007-12-26). "Sitting Bull's tribe declares independence". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  14. 1 2 Russell Means interview from December 26, 2007 on Free Talk Live
  15. 1 2 3 Faith Bremner (2007-12-20). "Lakota group pushes for new nation". Argus Leader. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  16. 1 2 Republic of Lakota. Republic of Lakotah, hosted on YouTube. 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  17. ↑ "Freedom! Lakota Sioux Indians Declare Sovereign Nation Status" (Press release). Lakota Freedom Delegation. 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  18. ↑ Dennis McLellan (October 23, 2013). "Russell Means dies at 72". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  19. 1 2 "REPORT". republicoflakotah.com. February 24, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  20. ↑ "FAQ". Republic of Lakotah. Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  21. ↑ "Chief Big Foot Riders Return To Wounded Knee, "We Want To Be Free"". commondreams.org. December 27, 2007.
  22. ↑ Josephy, Alvin M.; Joane Nagel; Troy R. Johnson (1999). Red Power: The American Indians' Fight for Freedom. Univ of Nebraska Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-8032-2587-3.
  23. 1 2 "Lakotah Unilateral Withdrawal from All Agreements and Treaties with the United States of America" (Press release). Lakota Freedom Delegation. 2007-12-17.
  24. ↑ Bill Harlan (2007-12-20). "Lakota Sioux Secede From US, Declare Independence". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  25. ↑ Republic of Texas on the Republic of Lakotah
  26. ↑ "Media". Republic of Lakotah. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  27. 1 2 "Declaration of Continuing Independence by the First International Indian Treaty Council at Standing Rock Indian Country June 1974" (PDF) (Press release). June 1974.
  28. ↑ "History". Lakota Oyate. Archived from the original on 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  29. ↑ "Russell Means for President of Pine Ridge Sioux Indian Reservation". Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  30. ↑ Russell Means (April 2, 2008). "Russell Means Freedom Part 1". YouTube (Podcast). Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  31. ↑ "Why". Republic of Lakotah. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  32. ↑ "Why". Lakota Oyate. Archived from the original on 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  33. ↑ "UNITED STATES v. SIOUX NATION OF INDIANS, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)". FindLaw. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  34. ↑ Bill Harlan (December 19, 2007). "Lakota group secedes from U.S.". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
  35. ↑ "Sioux Indians of Lakota Tribe Tell State Dept. of Succession". Le Monde. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  36. ↑ Juxtaposeur (2007-12-25). "Interview with Canupa Gluha Mani - Lakota Freedom Delegation". Mind Viruses (Podcast). External link in |website= (help)
  37. ↑ Bill Harlan (2007-12-21). "Lakota Nation: no taxes!". Mount Blogmore, the Rapid City Journal Politlcal Blog. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  38. ↑ Mikel LeFort (2007-01-20). "Lakota announcement: Where does it go?". Typos and Tribulations: Behind the headlines with a Rapid City Journal editor. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  39. ↑ Tim Giago. "Catering to That 10 Percent That Love to be Mascots". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  40. ↑ Lynette Clark (2007-12-21). "Alaskan Independence Party". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  41. ↑ "Lakota Independence Resolution". Second Vermont Republic. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  42. ↑ untitled
  43. ↑ "For your query, we will refer you to the Department of the Interior. This is not a State Department issue." Kirsten Petree, Director, Office of Media Affairs, U.S. Department of State, private communication with Wikinews (December 21, 2007)
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