Romani people in Serbia

Romani people in Serbia
Total population
(147,604 (2011))
Languages
Romani, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Albanian
Religion
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Sunni Islam, Roman Catholic

Romani people (Serbian: Роми/Romi) in Serbia, are the third largest ethnic group in Serbia, numbering 147,604 (2.1%) according to the 2011 census. Another name used for Roma in Serbia, often with a negative connotation, is Cigani (Цигани). Several migration waves of Romani to Serbia are recorded from Hungary, Romania, Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Romani people are divided into numerous subgroups, with different, although related, Romani dialects and history. The community has produced several notable musicians. Adding to a very large indigenous Roma population in Serbia which counts among the largest in the Balkans, anywhere between 46,000[1] to 97,000[2] Roma are internally displaced from Kosovo after 1999.

Subgroups

Main sub-groups include "Turkish Gypsies" (Turski Cigani), "White Gypsies" (Beli Cigani), "Wallachian Gypsies" (Vlaški Cigani) and "Hungarian Gypsies" (Mađarski Cigani), as studied by scholar Tihomir Đorđević (1868–1944).[3]

History

Roma family in Serbia, 1905

Romani, or "gypsies", arrived in Serbia in several waves.[9] The first reference to gypsies in Serbia is found in a 1348 document, by which Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan donated some gypsy slaves to a monastery in Prizren (now in Kosovo).[10] In the 15th century, Romani migrations from Hungary are mentioned.[9]

In 1927, a Serbian-Romani humanitarian organization was founded.[11] In 1928, a Romani singing society was founded in Niš.[11] In 1932, a Romani football club was founded.[11] In 1935, a Belgrade student established the first Romani magazine, Romani Lil, and in the same year a Belgrade Romani association was founded.[11] In 1938, an educational organization of Yugoslav Romani was founded.[11]

Culture

The Romani people in Central Serbia are predominantly Serbian Orthodox but a minority of Muslim Roma exists (mostly Roma refugees from Kosovo), mainly in the southern Serbia.

Romani people in multi-ethnic Vojvodina are integrated with other ethnic groups, especially with Serbs, Romanians and Hungarians. For this reason, depending of the group with which they are integrated, Romani are usually referred to as Serbian Romani, Romanian Romani, Hungarian Romani, etc.

The majority of Romani people are Christian and a minority are Muslim. Đurđevdan or Ederlezi is a traditional festivity of Roma in Serbia. They speak mainly Romani and Serbian. Some also speak the language of other people they have been influenced by: Romanian, Hungarian or Albanian. In October 2005 the first text on the grammar of the Romani language in Serbia was published by linguist Rajko Đurić, titled "Gramatika e Rromane čhibaki - Граматика ромског језика".

Discrimination

A large number of Serbian Roma people live in slums, and so-called "cardboard cities". Many Roma children never go to school. Instead they are often used as beggars, occasionally even mutilated in order to earn more money. On 3 April 2009, a group of Romani people who had been living in an unlawful settlement in Novi Beograd were evicted on the orders of the mayor of Belgrade. According to the press, bulldozers accompanied by police officers arrived to clear the site early in the morning before the formal eviction notice was presented to the community. The makeshift dwellings were torn apart while their former occupants watched. The site was cleared in order to make way for an access road to the site of the 2009 Student Games, to be held in Belgrade later this year. Temporary alternative accommodation in the form of containers had apparently been provided by the Mayor of Belgrade, but some 50 residents of the suburb where they had been located attempted to set fire to three of the containers. Many of the evicted Roma have spent five nights sleeping in the open in the absence of any alternative accommodation.[12]

There has been incidents of FK Rad hooligan (and skinhead) attacks on Roma, such as the death of thirteen-year-old Dušan Jovanović (1997),[13] and also the death of actor Dragan Maksimović, who was assumed to be Romani (2001).[14]

Demographics

Romani minority in Serbia (2002 census).

There are 147,604 Romani people in Serbia, but unofficial estimates put the figure up to 450,000-500,000.[15] Between 23,000-100,000 Serbian Roma are internally displaced persons from Kosovo.[16][17]

Census Population Notes
1866 24,607
1895 46,000
1921 34,919 Analysis of census (including SR Serbia and SR Macedonia).[6]
1948 52,181
1953 58,800
1961 9,826
1971 49,894
1981 110,959
1991 94,492
2002 108,193
2011 147,604

Political parties

Notable people

See also

Part of a series on
Romani people
  • Romani people portal
  • WikiProject

References

  1. ↑ http://www.osce.org/odihr/39623?download=true
  2. ↑ Relief, UN (2010). "Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1st January 2009" (PDF). UN Relief. 8 (1).
  3. 1 2 3 IFDT 2005, p. 21.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vlahović 2004, p. 67.
  5. 1 2 Human Rights and Collective Identity: Serbia 2004. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. 1 January 2005. ISBN 978-86-7208-106-0.
  6. 1 2 IFDT 2005, p. 22.
  7. 1 2 Sait Balić (1989). Džanglimasko anglimasqo simpozium I Romani ćhib thaj kultura. Institut za proučavanje nacionalnih odnosa--Sarajevo. p. 53.
  8. 1 2 3 Adrian Marsh; Elin Strand (22 August 2006). Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. p. 180. ISBN 978-91-86884-17-8.
  9. 1 2 Vlahović 2004, p. 66.
  10. ↑ Djordjević , T.R. (1924). Iz Srbije Kneza Milosa. Stanovnistvo—naselja. Beograd: Geca Kon.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 IFDT 2005, p. 23.
  12. ↑ https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/feature-stories/europes-roma-community-still-facing-massive-discrimination-20090408#serbia. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ http://www.e-novine.com/mobile/srbija/srbija-tema/73056-Smrt-dravi-nasilja.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ http://www.opustise.rs/tracevi/14-godina-od-smrti-dragan-maksimovic-maksa-zasluzio-da-dobije-svoju-ulicu/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ (World Bank, 2005b; Antic, 2005)
  16. ↑ http://www.osce.org/odihr/39623?download=true
  17. ↑ Relief, UN (2010). "Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1st January 2009" (PDF). UN Relief. 8 (1).

Sources

Further reading

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