Ryuzo Yanagimachi

Yanagimachi 2014 IBR Picture

Ryuzo Yanagimachi (柳町 隆造 Yanagimachi Ryūzō, born August 27, 1928) is a Japan-born US based scientist. He has made numerous key contributions to the study of mammalian fertilization. He is a pioneer of assisted fertilization technologies such as in vitro fertilization and direct sperm injection into egg (commonly called intracytoplasmic sperm injection or ICSI) which are widely used today in human infertility clinics throughout the world. He was also a pioneer in the cloning field. In 1997 his laboratory at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa successfully cloned mice using the Honolulu technique. The first one was a female named Cumulina from the cells that surround the developing ovarian follicle in mice.

Early and later years

Yanagimachi was born in Ebetsu and raised in Sapporo, Japan.[1] He received a BS in zoology in 1952 and a DSc in animal embryology in 1960 from Hokkaido University. He then taught high school and junior college for two years because he could not find a research position.[2]

Yanagimachi applied for a post-doctoral position with Dr. M. C. Chang of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. He got this position and there discovered how to fertilize hamster eggs "in vitro." This work led to in vitro fertilization of eggs of human and other mammalian species.

In 1964 he returned to Hokkaido University as a temporary lecturer with the possibility of later being appointed to an assistant professorship. However, another person eventually got the position.[2]

In 1966 Yanagimachi ended up at the University of Hawaii as an assistant professor and has become a full professor of department of of anatomy and reproductive biology at the John A. Burns School of Medicine. After working for 38 years at the university of Hawaii, he retired the end of 2004 to become a professor emeritus, but keeps working with junior fellows. He is married to Hiroko, a former child psychologist. She could not find work in her field when they came to the U.S. due to a language barrier, so she went to work with researchers in his lab as an electron microscopist.[2]

Cloning

In July 1998 the Yanagimachi laboratory published work in Nature on cloning mice from adult cells. Yanagimachi named the new cloning technique they had created to do this work the "Honolulu technique". The first mouse born was named Cumulina, after the cumulus cells whose nuclei were used to clone her. At the time of the publication of this work over fifty mice spanning three generations had been produced through this technique.[3][4]

This work was done by an international team of scientists dubbed "Team Yanagimachi" or "Team Yana" for short. This team included co-authors Teruhiko "Teru" Wakayama (also a native of Japan), Anthony "Tony" Perry (United Kingdom), Maurizio Zuccotti (Italy), and K. R. Johnson (United States).

The Yanagimachi laboratory moved from the warehouse which had housed it for over thirty years into the newly created Institute for Biogenesis Research in the biomedical tower of the John A. Burns School of Medicine. Money and renown from the opportunities opened up by the Nature article made the institute possible.

The Yanagimachi laboratory and his former associates continue to make advances in cloning. The first male animal cloned from adult cells was announced in 1999. In 2004 the laboratory participated in the cloning of an infertile male mouse. This advance may be used to produce many infertile animals for use in research in human infertility.[5]

Mice cloned by the Honolulu technique were displayed at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, and the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois.

Major work before and after 1960

As a graduate student of Hokkaido University in Japan Yanagimachi studied fish (herring) fertilization and the sexual organization of rhizocephalans (parasitic barnacles). In fish, he discovered calcium-dependent, chemotactic movement of spermatozoa into the micropyle through which the fertilizing spermatozoon enters the egg. This was the first discovery of sperm chemotaxis in vertebrate animals. In rhizocephala, he found that adults are not hermaphroditic as generally thought, but bisexual. So-called "testis" in an adult animal is a receptacle of cells from larval males. This discovery revolutionized biological studies of rhizocephalans and related animals.

While he was at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology as a Dr. M.C. Chang's postdoctoral fellow (1960-1964), he witnessed and recorded the entire process of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida and fusion with the egg proper in living (hamster) egg, which was the first in mammals. He was one of the first who began to study the process and mechanisms of mammalian fertilization using in vitro fertilization technique.

Throughout his career he has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of mammalian fertilization and to the development of assisted fertilization technologies such as in vitro fertilzation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) which are widely today in human infertility clinics throughout the world. His comprehensive review of the basic biology of "Mammalian Fertilization" published in 1994 (In: Physiology of Reproduction, Knobil & Neill eds, Raven Press) is classic.

Yanagimachi himself consider that "cloned mice" were byproducts of fertilization study and that the production of cloned animals in various species triggered/accelerated the research on the genomic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei as well as the production of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells for therapeutic purposes. He retired in 2005, but continues working on natural and assisted fertilization.

Awards and honors

References

  1. ↑ Ryuzo Yanagimachi - Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. 1 2 3 GINA KOLATA (July 24, 1988) Man in the News; Pushing the Boundaries of Reproductive Biology New York Times
  3. ↑ Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News
  4. ↑ Cloning Pioneer Is Focused and Creative in His Research
  5. ↑ UH team makes cloning advance - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
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