Saxhorn

For the anti-tank missile, see AT-7 Saxhorn.
Saxhorn

A modern 5-valved bass saxhorn.
Brass instrument
Classification

Hornbostel–Sachs classification 423.232
(Valved aerophone sounded by lip movement)
Developed Early-mid 19th century by Adolphe Sax
Playing range

(As written in treble clef for 3-valved instruments. Instruments with more valves can play lower.)

Related instruments

The saxhorn is a family of valved brass instruments that have conical bores and deep cup-shaped mouthpieces. The saxhorn family was developed by Adolphe Sax, who is also known for creating the saxophone family. The sound of the saxhorn has a characteristic mellow tone quality and blends well with other brass.

The saxhorn family

A catalogue showing various Adolphe Sax instruments, including saxhorns, saxophones, and saxotrombas.

The saxhorns form a family of seven brass instruments (although at one point ten different sizes seem to have existed). Designed for band use, they are pitched alternately in E-flat and B-flat, like the saxophone group.

Modern saxhorns still manufactured and in use:

Historically, much confusion exists as to the nomenclature of the various instruments in different languages.

The following table lists the members of the saxhorn family as described in the orchestration texts of Hector Berlioz and Cecil Forsyth, the J. Howard Foote catalog of 1893, and modern names. The modern instrument names continue to exhibit inconsistency, denoted by a "/" between the two names in use. In the table "Pitch" means the concert pitch of notational Middle C on each instrument (2nd partial, no valves depressed) in scientific pitch notation.

Foote Berlioz Forsyth Modern Pitch
--- Sopranino in C/B-flat --- --- C5/B♭4
--- Soprano in E-flat Sopranino in E-flat Sopranino/Soprano in E-flat E♭4
--- Alto in B-flat Soprano in B-flat Soprano/Alto in B-flat B♭3
Alto in E-flat Tenor in E-flat Alto in E-flat Alto/Tenor in E-flat E♭3
Tenor in B-flat Baritone in B-flat Tenor in B-flat Tenor/Baritone in B-flat B♭2
Baritone in B-flat Bass in B-flat Bass in B-flat Baritone/Bass in B-flat B♭1
Bass in E-flat Contrabass in E-flat Bass in E-flat Bass in E-flat E♭1
--- Contrabass in B-flat Contrabass in B-flat Contrabass in B-flat B♭0
Contrabass in E-flat Contrabass in low E-flat --- --- E♭0
--- Bourdon in B-flat --- --- B♭-1 (?)

This list is not exhaustive of historic nomenclature for the saxhorns, for which there may exist no comprehensive and authoritative source.

Ranges of individual members

The saxhorn is based on the same three-valve system as most other valved brass instruments. Each member of the family is named after the root note produced by the second partial with no valves actuated. Each member nominally possesses or possessed the typical three-valve brass range from the note one tritone below that root note (second partial, all valves actuated) to the note produced by eighth partial with no valves actuated, i.e., the note two octaves above the root note.

All the modern members of the family are transposing instruments written in the treble clef with the root note produced by the second partial with no valves actuated being written as middle C, though the baritone horn often plays bass clef parts, especially in concert band music and when playing parts written for the trombone.

History

Developed during the mid-to-late 1830s, the saxhorn family was patented in Paris in 1845 by Adolphe Sax. During the 19th century, the debate as to whether the saxhorn family was truly new, or rather a development of previously existing instruments, was the subject of prolonged lawsuits.[2]

Throughout the mid-1850s, Sax continued to experiment with the instrument's valve pattern.

The Trojan March (Marche Troyenne) of the Berlioz opera Les Troyens (1856–58) features an on-stage band which includes a family of saxhorns.

Saxhorns were popularized by the distinguished Distin Quintet, who toured Europe during the mid-19th century. This family of musicians, publishers and instrument manufacturers had a significant impact on the growth of the brass band movement in Britain during the mid- to late-19th century.

The saxhorn was the most common brass instrument in American Civil War bands. The over-the-shoulder variety of the instrument was used, as the backward-pointing bell of the instrument allowed troops marching behind the band to hear the music.

Contemporary works featuring this instrument are Désiré Dondeyne's "Tubissimo" for bass tuba or saxhorn and piano (1983) and Olivier Messiaen's "Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum" (1964).

Historical saxhorns
Saxhorn used by the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. The backward-facing bell version became the most common brass instrument in Civil War bands so that troops marching behind the band could hear the music. From the collection of the Minnesota Historical Society. 
Band of 10th Veteran Reserve Corps, Washington, D.C., April, 1865 

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.alsmiddlebrasspages.com/brasshistory/flugelhistory.html
  2. ↑ The British Brass Band : A Musical and Social History. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 169. ISBN 0-19-816698-2.

Discography

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