F Sharp (programming language)

F#
Paradigm multi-paradigm: functional, imperative, object-oriented, metaprogramming, concurrent
Designed by Microsoft Research, Don Syme
Developer Microsoft, The F# Software Foundation
First appeared 2005 (version 1.0) (2005 (version 1.0))
Stable release
4.0.1.20[1] / November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
Typing discipline static, strong, inferred
OS Cross-platform (.NET Framework, Mono, JavaScript)
License Apache license
Filename extensions .fs, .fsi, .fsx, .fsscript
Website fsharp.org
Influenced by
ML, OCaml,[2][3] C#, Python, Haskell,[4] Scala, Erlang
Influenced
C#,[5] Elm, F*, LiveScript

F# (pronounced F sharp) is a strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming techniques. F# is most often used as a cross-platform CLI language, but can also be used to generate JavaScript[6] and GPU[7] code.

F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation,[8] Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform compiler for F# is available from the F# Software Foundation.[9] F# is also a fully supported language in Visual Studio[10] and Xamarin Studio.[11] Other tools supporting F# development include Mono, MonoDevelop, SharpDevelop, MBrace and WebSharper.[12] Plugins supporting F# exist for a number of widely used editors, most notably the Ionide extension for Atom and Visual Studio Code, as well as integrations for other editors such as Vim, Emacs or Sublime Text.

F# originated as a .NET implementation of a core of the OCaml programming language,[2][3] and has also been influenced by C#, Python, Haskell,[4] Scala and Erlang.

History

Versions

In the course of its development, the F# language has gone through several versions:

Version Language specification Date Platforms Runtime Development Tools
F# 1.x May 2005[13] Windows .NET 1.0 - 3.5 Visual Studio 2005, Emacs
F# 2.0 August 2010 April 2010[14] Linux, OS X, Windows .NET 2.0 - 4.0, Mono Visual Studio 2010, Emacs
F# 3.0 November 2012 August 2012[15] Linux, OS X, Windows
JavaScript,[6] GPU[7]		 .NET 2.0 - 4.5, Mono Visual Studio 2012, Emacs
WebSharper
F# 3.1 November 2013 October 2013[16] Linux, OS X, Windows
JavaScript,[6] GPU[7]		 .NET 2.0 - 4.5, Mono Visual Studio 2013, Xamarin Studio
Emacs, MonoDevelop
SharpDevelop, WebSharper
CloudSharper
F# 4.0 January 2016 July 2015[17] Visual Studio 2015

Language evolution

F# uses an open development and engineering process. The language evolution process is managed by Don Syme from Microsoft Research as the BDFL for the language design in conjunction with the F# Software Foundation. Earlier versions of the F# language were designed by Microsoft and Microsoft Research using a closed development process.

F# originates from Microsoft Research, Cambridge, and the language was originally designed and implemented by Don Syme,[2] according to whom the name F# refers to either functional programming or System F.[18] Andrew Kennedy contributed to the design of units of measure.[2] The Visual F# Tools for Visual Studio are developed by Microsoft.[2] The F# Software Foundation developed the F# open-source compiler and tools, incorporating the open-source compiler implementation provided by the Microsoft Visual F# Tools team.[8]

Summary of versions
F# 1.0 F# 2.0 F# 3.0[19] F# 3.1[20] F# 4.0 / planned[21]
Features
added
  • Functional programming
  • Discriminated unions
  • Records
  • Tuples
  • Pattern matching
  • Type abbreviations
  • Object programming
  • Structs
  • Signature files
  • Scripting files
  • Imperative programming
  • Modules (no functors)
  • Nested modules
  • .NET Interoperability
  • Active patterns
  • Units of measure
  • Sequence expressions
  • Asynchronous programming
  • Agent programming
  • Extension members
  • Named arguments
  • Optional arguments
  • Array slicing
  • Quotations
  • Native interoperability
  • Computation expressions
  • Type providers
  • LINQ query expressions
  • CLIMutable attribute
  • Triple-quoted strings
  • Auto-properties
  • Provided units-of-measure
  • Named union type fields
  • Extensions to array slicing
  • Type inference enhancements
  • Printf on unitized values
  • Extension property initializers
  • Non-null provided types
  • Primary constructors as functions
  • Static parameters for provided methods
  • Printf interpolation
  • Extended #if grammar
  • Support for 'fixed'
  • Tailcall attribute
  • Multiple interface instantiations
  • Optional type args
  • Params dictionaries

Language overview

Functional programming

F# is a strongly typed functional-first language that uses type inference. The programmer does not need to declare types—the compiler deduces types during compilation. F# also allows explicit type annotations, and requires them in some situations.

F# is an expression-based language using eager evaluation. Every statement in F#, including if expressions, try expressions and loops, is a composable expression with a static type.[22] Functions and expressions that do not return any value have a return type of unit. F# uses the let keyword for binding values to a name.[22] For example:

let x = 3 + 4

binds the value 7 to the name x.

New types are defined using the type keyword. For functional programming, F# provides tuple, record, discriminated union, list and option types.[22] A tuple represents a collection of n values, where n ≥ 0. The value n is called the arity of the tuple. A 3-tuple would be represented as (A, B, C), where A, B and C are values of possibly different types. A tuple can be used to store values only when the number of values is known at design-time and stays constant throughout execution.

A record is a type where the data members are named, as in { Name:string; Age:int }<nowiki />. Records can be created as { Name="AB"; Age=42 }<nowiki />. The with keyword is used to create a copy of a record, as in { r with Name="CD" }<nowiki />, which creates a new record by copying r and changing the value of the Name field (assuming the record created in the last example was named r).

A discriminated union type is a type-safe version of C unions. For example,

 type A = 
    | UnionCaseX of string
    | UnionCaseY of int

Values of the union type can correspond to either union case. The types of the values carried by each union case is included in the definition of each case.

The list type is an immutable linked list represented either using a head::tail notation (:: is the cons operator) or a shorthand as [item1; item2; item3]. An empty list is written []. The option type is a discriminated union type with choices Some(x) or None. F# types may be generic, implemented as generic .NET types.

F# supports lambda functions and closures.[22] All functions in F# are first class values and are immutable.[22] Functions can be curried. Being first-class values, functions can be passed as arguments to other functions. Like other functional programming languages, F# allows function composition using the >> and << operators.

F# provides sequence expressions[23] that define a sequence seq { ... }, list [ ... ] or array [| ... |] through code that generates values. For example,

 seq { for b in 0 .. 25 do
           if b < 15 then
               yield b*b }

forms a sequence of squares of numbers from 0 to 14 by filtering out numbers from the range of numbers from 0 to 25. Sequences are generators – values are generated on-demand (i.e. are lazily evaluated) – while lists and arrays are evaluated eagerly.

F# uses pattern matching to bind values to names. Pattern matching is also used when accessing discriminated unions - the union is value matched against pattern rules and a rule is selected when a match succeeds. F# also supports Active Patterns as a form of extensible pattern matching.[24] It is used, for example, when multiple ways of matching on a type exist.[22]

F# supports a general syntax for defining compositional computations called computation expressions. Sequence expressions, asynchronous computations and queries are particular kinds of computation expressions. Computation expressions are an implementation of the monad pattern.[23]

Imperative programming

F# support for imperative programming includes

Values and record fields can also be labelled as mutable. For example:

// Define 'x' with initial value '1'
let mutable x = 1
// Change the value of 'x' to '3'
x <- 3

In addition, F# supports access to all CLI types and objects such as those defined in the System.Collections.Generic namespace defining imperative data structures.

Object programming

F#, like other CLI languages, can use CLI types and objects through object programming.[22] F# support for object programming in expressions includes:

Support for object programming in patterns includes

F# object type definitions can be class, struct, interface, enum or delegate type definitions, corresponding to the definition forms found in the C#. For example, here is a class with a constructor taking a name and age, and declaring two properties.

/// A simple object type definition
type Person(name : string, age : int) =
    member x.Name = name
    member x.Age = age

Asynchronous programming

F# supports asynchronous programming through asynchronous workflows.[25] An asynchronous workflow is defined as a sequence of commands inside an async{ ... }, as in

let asynctask = 
    async { let req = WebRequest.Create(url)
            let! response = req.GetResponseAsync()
            use stream = response.GetResponseStream()
            use streamreader = new System.IO.StreamReader(stream)
            return streamreader.ReadToEnd() }

The let! indicates that the expression on the right (getting the response) should be done asynchronously but the flow should only continue when the result is available. In other words, from the point of view of the code block, it's as if getting the response is a blocking call, whereas from the point of view of the system, the thread won't be blocked and may be used to process other flows while the result needed for this one doesn't become available.

The async block may be invoked using the Async.RunSynchronously function. Multiple async blocks can be executed in parallel using the Async.Parallel function that takes a list of async objects (in the example, asynctask is an async object) and creates another async object to run the tasks in the lists in parallel. The resultant object is invoked using Async.RunSynchronously.[25] Inversion of control in F# follows this pattern.[25]

Parallel programming

Parallel programming is supported partly through the Async.Parallel, Async.Start and other operations that run asynchronous blocks in parallel.

Parallel programming is also supported through the Array.Parallel functional programming operators in the F# standard library, direct use of the System.Threading.Tasks task programming model, the direct use of .NET thread pool and .NET threads and through dynamic translation of F# code to alternative parallel execution engines such as GPU[7] code.

Units of measure

The F# type system supports units of measure checking for numbers.[26] The units of measure feature integrates with F# type inference to require minimal type annotations in user code.[27]

Metaprogramming

F# allows some forms of syntax customization to support embedding custom domain-specific languages within the F# language itself, particularly through computation expressions.[22]

F# includes a feature for run-time meta-programming called quotations.[28] A quotation expression evaluates to an abstract syntax representation of F# expressions. A definition labelled with the [<ReflectedDefinition>] attribute can also be accessed in its quotation form. F# quotations are used for various purposes including to compile F# code to JavaScript[6] and GPU[7] code.

Information-rich programming

F# 3.0 introduced a form of compile-time meta-programming through statically extensible type generation called F# type providers.[29] F# type providers allow the F# compiler and tools to be extended with components that provide type information to the compiler on-demand at compile time. F# type providers have been used to give strongly typed access to connected information sources in a scalable way, including to the Freebase knowledge graph.[30]

In F# 3.0 the F# quotation and computation expression features are combined to implement LINQ queries.[31] For example:

// Use the OData type provider to create types that can be used to access the Northwind database.
open Microsoft.FSharp.Data.TypeProviders

type Northwind = ODataService<"http://services.odata.org/Northwind/Northwind.svc">
let db = Northwind.GetDataContext()

// A query expression.
let query1 = query { for customer in db.Customers do
                     select customer }

The combination of type providers, queries and strongly typed functional programming is known as information rich programming.[32]

Agent programming

F# supports a variation of the Actor programming model through the in-memory implementation of lightweight asynchronous agents. For example, the following code defines an agent and posts 2 messages:

let counter =
    MailboxProcessor.Start(fun inbox ->
        let rec loop n =
            async { do printfn "n = %d, waiting..." n
                    let! msg = inbox.Receive()
                    return! loop(n+msg) }
        loop 0)

Development tools

Application areas

F# is a general purpose programming language.

Web programming

F# is a central part of the WebSharper framework where F# code is executed as a .NET code on the server and as JavaScript code on the client-side.[33]

Analytical programming

Among others, F# is used for quantitative finance programming,[34] energy trading and portfolio optimization,[35] machine learning,[36] business intelligence[37] and social gaming on Facebook.[38]

In recent years F# has been positioned as an optimized alternative to C#. F#'s scripting ability and IL compatibility with all Microsoft products have made it popular among developers. Many developers are creating solutions based on F# and use C# WCF Services.

Scripting

F# is often used as a scripting language, mainly for desktop REPL scripting.[39]

Open-source community

The F# open-source community includes the F# Software Foundation[8] and the F# Open Source Group at GitHub.[9]

Compatibility

F# features a legacy "ML compatibility mode" that can directly compile programs written in a large subset of OCaml (roughly, with no functors, objects, polymorphic variants and other additions).

Examples

A few small samples follow:

// This is a comment for a sample hello world program.
printfn "Hello World!"

A Person class with a constructor taking a name and age and two properties.

/// This is a documentation comment for a type definition.
type Person(name : string, age : int) =
    member x.Name = name
    member x.Age = age

A simple example that is often used to demonstrate the syntax of functional languages is the factorial function for non-negative 32-bit integers, here shown in F#:

/// This is a documentation comment for a function.
let rec factorial n =
    match n with
    | 0 -> 1
    | _ -> n * factorial (n - 1)

Iteration examples:

/// Iteration using a 'for' loop
let printList lst = 
    for x in lst do
        printfn "%d" x

/// Iteration using a higher-order function
let printList2 lst = 
    List.iter (printfn "%d") lst

/// Iteration using a recursive function and pattern matching
let rec printList3 lst =
    match lst with
    | [] -> ()
    | h :: t ->
        printfn "%d" h
        printList3 t

Fibonacci examples:

/// Fibonacci Number formula
let rec fib n =
    match n with
    | 0 | 1 -> n
    | _ -> fib (n - 1) + fib (n - 2)

/// Another approach - a lazy infinite sequence of Fibonacci numbers
let fibSeq = Seq.unfold (fun (a,b) -> Some(a+b, (b, a+b))) (0,1)

// Print even fibs
[1 .. 10]
|> List.map     fib
|> List.filter  (fun n -> (n % 2) = 0)
|> printList

// Same thing, using a list expression
[ for i in 1..10 do
    let r = fib i
    if r % 2 = 0 then yield r ]
|> printList

A sample Windows Forms program:

// Open the Windows Forms library
open System.Windows.Forms

// Create a window and set a few properties
let form = new Form(Visible=true, TopMost=true, Text="Welcome to F#")

// Create a label to show some text in the form
let label =
    let x = 3 + (4 * 5)
    new Label(Text = sprintf "x = %d" x)

// Add the label to the form
form.Controls.Add(label)

// Finally, run the form
[<System.STAThread>]
Application.Run(form)

Asynchronous parallel programming sample (parallel CPU and I/O tasks):

/// A simple prime number detector
let isPrime (n:int) =
   let bound = int (sqrt (float n))
   seq {2 .. bound} |> Seq.forall (fun x -> n % x <> 0)

// We are using async workflows
let primeAsync n =
    async { return (n, isPrime n) }

/// Return primes between m and n using multiple threads
let primes m n =
    seq {m .. n}
        |> Seq.map primeAsync
        |> Async.Parallel
        |> Async.RunSynchronously
        |> Array.filter snd
        |> Array.map fst

// Run a test
primes 1000000 1002000
    |> Array.iter (printfn "%d")

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ https://github.com/fsharp/fsharp/releases
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "F# Historical Acknowledgements". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  3. 1 2 Syme, Don (2006). "Leveraging .NET Meta-programming Components from F#". "[F#] is rooted in the Core ML design, and in particular has a core language largely compatible with that of OCaml"
  4. 1 2 Syme, Granicz & Cisternino (2007:2) "F# also draws from Haskell particularly with regard to two advanced language features called sequence expressions and workflows."
  5. ↑ for async
  6. 1 2 3 4 The F# Software Foundation. "Using F# with HTML5 Web Applications". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 The F# Software Foundation. "Using F# for GPU Programming". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  8. 1 2 3 The F# Software Foundation. "The F# Software Foundation". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  9. 1 2 The F# Software Foundation. "F# Compiler (open source edition) @ github". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  10. ↑ S. Somasegar. "F# - A functional Programming Language". Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  11. ↑ Friedman, Nat (May 28, 2014). "Announcing Xamarin 3". Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  12. ↑ Pickering, Robert (2009). Beginning F#, Apress. p. 11.
  13. ↑ Syme, Don. "F# 1.0.8 released". Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  14. ↑ Syme, Don. "F# 2.0 released as part of Visual Studio 2010". Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  15. ↑ Zander, Jason. "Visual Studio 2012 and .NET Framework 4.5 released to the web". Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Visual Studio 2013 released to web". Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Announcing the RTM of Visual F# 4.0". Microsoft. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  18. ↑ Edwards, Kathryn (23 December 2008). "The A-Z of programming languages: F#". networkworld.com. IDG. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  19. ↑ McNamara, Brian. "More About F# 3.0 Language Features". Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  20. ↑ McNamara, Brian. "Announcing a pre-release of F# 3.1". Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  21. ↑ Syme, Don. "Status of F# 4.0+ Approved Language/Library Items". F# Language Evolution BDFL. Microsoft. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "F# Language Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  23. 1 2 "Some Details on F# Computation Expressions". Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  24. 1 2 "Pattern Matching in F# Part 2 : Active Patterns". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  25. 1 2 3 "Introducing F# Asynchronous Workflows". Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  26. ↑ "Units of Measure (F#)". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  27. ↑ "Units of Measure in F#: Part One, Introducing Units". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  28. ↑ "Code Quotations (F#)". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  29. ↑ "Type Providers". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  30. ↑ "New Tech Report from Microsoft Research: Strongly-Typed Language Support for Internet-Scale Information Sources". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  31. ↑ "Query Expressions (F#)". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  32. ↑ "F# 3.0 – LINQ + Type Providers = Information Rich Programming". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  33. 1 2 Intellifactory. "WebSharper home". Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  34. ↑ "Microsoft Case Studies:Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 - Financial Services Firm". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  35. ↑ "F# for Energy Trading and Portfolio Optimization". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  36. ↑ "Microsoft Case Study: Grange Insurance". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  37. ↑ "Learning with F#". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  38. ↑ "F# Job in Facebook Social Gaming". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  39. ↑ "Scripting in F#". Retrieved 2012-11-25.

References

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: F Sharp Programming
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