Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats

Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats refers to a 2009 confidential directive from the United States Department of State instructing US diplomats to spy on top officials of the United Nations. The intelligence information to be gathered included biometric information and passwords and other authentication keys used in official communications. The directives were revealed as part of the United States diplomatic cables leak in late 2010. While spying by the US on the UN was not new, the directive's aggressive goals for information gathering and desire for use of regular diplomats in the gathering was, and caused a strain in relations between the US and UN.

The directive

In July 2009, a confidential cable[1] originating from the United States Department of State, and under US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's name, ordered US diplomats to spy on Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, and other top UN officials.[2] The intelligence information the diplomats were ordered to gather included biometric information (which apparently included DNA, fingerprints, and iris scans), passwords, and personal encryption keys used in private and commercial networks for official communications.[2][3] It also included Internet and intranet usernames, e-mail addresses, web site URLs useful for identification, credit card numbers, frequent flier account numbers, and work schedules.[2][4][5] The targeted human intelligence was requested in a process known as the National Humint Collection Directive, and was aimed at foreign diplomats of US allies as well.[5]

The news of the cable and directive was revealed by website WikiLeaks on 28 November 2010, as part of the overall United States diplomatic cables leak.

The disclosed cables on the more aggressive intelligence gathering went back to 2008 when they went out under Condoleezza Rice's name during her tenure as Secretary of State.[5]

US State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley stated that Clinton had not drafted the directive and that the Secretary of State's name is systematically attached to the bottom of cables originating from Washington.[6] In fact, further leaked material revealed that the guidance in the cables was actually written by the Central Intelligence Agency before being sent out under Clinton's name, as the CIA cannot directly instruct State Department personnel.[3][7] Specifically, the effort came from the National Clandestine Service, a CIA service formed in the years following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks with the goal of better coordinating human intelligence activities.[3] According to former US officials, the instructions given in these cables may have been largely ignored by American diplomats as ill-advised.[7]

Breach of international laws

The UN had previously declared that spying on the secretary-general was illegal, as a breach of the 1946 UN convention.[2] Peter Kemp, Solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and international-law professor Ben Saul, publicly asked Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia, to complain "to the U.S. about both Secretaries of State Condoleezza Rice and Hillary Clinton being in major breach of International law ie UN Covenants, by making orders to spy on UN personnel, including the Secretary General, to include theft of their credit card details and communication passwords. Perhaps the Attorney General should investigate this clear prima facie evidence of crime (likely against Australian diplomats as well), rather than he attempts to prosecute the messenger of those crimes."[8][9]

WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange claimed that not only Secretary Clinton, but "the whole chain of command who was aware of this order, and approved it, must resign if the U.S. is to be seen to be a credible nation that obeys the rule of law."[10] When asked whether US President Barack Obama was also responsible for the order and should resign, Assange added that "the order is so serious it may well have been put to the president for approval", and that "Obama must answer what he knew about this illegal order and when. If he refuses to answer or there is evidence he approved of these actions, he must resign." [10] President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez also said that Clinton should resign.[11]

International reactions

The practice of the US and the State Department gathering intelligence on the UN was not new.[12] Former UN diplomats commented that UN officials already work under the assumption that they are spied on and are used to getting around it, but the surprise in this case was that it was done by other diplomats rather than intelligence agencies.[13] The Guardian wrote that the directive "appears to blur the line between diplomacy and spying".[2] Another surprise was the specific types of information being asked for, including the biometric information and credit card and frequent flyer numbers, which went beyond past practice and was not the kind of information diplomats would normally be expected to gather. [3][5][7][13][14]

At this early December 2010 summit in Kazakhstan, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (center left) expressed her regrets to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon (far left) for the leaked disclosures regarding US diplomats spying on the UN.

Staff at the UN privately expressed unhappiness at the apparent scale of the intelligence-gathering operation,[13] and the UN sought an official explanation from the US.[14] On 1 December, Clinton and Ban met at a summit of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in Astana, Kazakhstan,[15] where Clinton was doing damage control with world leaders regarding the embarrassing contents of the State Department cables overall.[16] In an attempt to repair the strain for the Humint relevations, Clinton expressed regret for the disclosures, but did not make an apology per se.[13][15] A UN statement relayed that Ban thanked Clinton "for clarifying the matter and for expressing her concern about the difficulties created."[13]

Germany Ministry of the Interior Thomas de Maizière said he was "astounded" by the order, though he expressed regret that Wikileaks activity was being focused on "transparent and open Western democracies" instead of "the world's dictatorships and oppressive regimes" and thus lacked "genuine informative purpose".[17] Former US official Carl Ford called the order "unprecedented", although "other U.S. diplomats said such headquarters directives were a longtime and routine practice", albeit one which was "not always fully obeyed." [17]

The Guardian quoted Carne Ross, "a former British diplomat at the UN who now runs the Independent Diplomat advisory group", as saying that "The fact that the US is spying on the UN can't be a surprise. Lots of countries do it, including our own." [14] Christopher Meyer, a former British ambassador to the United States, said that it would be a "serious misinterpretation" to conclude that the cables were asking diplomats to spy, adding that "In reality this is the usual vast bureaucratic laundry list dumped by the US intelligence establishment on diplomats around the world asking them to do a number of things".[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "(S) Reporting and collection needs: the United Nations". WikiLeaks. 2009-07-31. WikiLeaks cable: 09STATE80163. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Booth, Robert; Borger, Julian (28 November 2010). "US Diplomats Spied on UN Leadership". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 MacAskill, Ewen; Booth, Robert (2 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: CIA drew up UN spying wishlist for diplomats". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  4. ↑ "Cables show US sought personal info of foreign diplomats at UN". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Mazzetti, Mark (28 November 2010). "U.S. Expands Role of Diplomats in Spying". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  6. ↑ Tandon, Shaun (2 December 2010). "Arrest Warrant for WikiLeaks Chief as Chaos Spreads". The China Post. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 "Diplomats ignored spying requests, former officials say". Los Angeles Times. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  8. ↑ "2010-12-04: NSW Supreme Court Solicitor Peter Kemp: Letter to Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard". WL Central. 4 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  9. ↑ Saul, Ben (2 December 2010). "Don't Cry over WikiLeaks". The Age. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  10. 1 2 Elola, Joseba (5 December 2010). "Julian Assange: "Geopolitics Will Be Separated into Pre and Post 'Cablegate"". El País. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  11. ↑ Cancel, Daniel; Orozco, José (29 November 2010). "Chavez Praises Wikileaks Cables, Calls on Clinton to Resign". Business Week. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  12. ↑ Ambinder, Marc (30 November 2010). "What Hillary Clinton Didn't Do". National Journal. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 MacAskill, Ewen; Booth, Robert; Borger, Julian (2 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables: Hillary Clinton Meets Ban Ki-Moon after Spying Revelations". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Booth, Robert; MacAskill, Ewen (29 November 2010). "US Embassy Cables: UN Seeks Answers from Washington". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  15. 1 2 Norington, Brad (4 December 2010). "Hillary Clinton 'regrets' spying on Ban Ki-moon". The Australian. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  16. ↑ Dougherty, Jill; Labott, Elise (16 December 2010). "WikiLeaks stirs anarchy online". The Sweep. CNN. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  17. 1 2 Stein, Jeff (21 December 2010). "WikiLeaks 'no threat,' top German official says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
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