Pentatomidae

Pentatomidae
Nezara viridula
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Family: Pentatomidae
Leach, 1815
Subfamilies

Pentatomidae, Greek pente meaning five and tomos meaning section, are a family of insects belonging to order Hemiptera including some of the stink bugs and shield bugs.[1]

Taxonomy

There are several subfamilies, of which the Australian Aphylinae is often given family status, but is here retained as a subfamily, following Grazia et al. (2008).[2]

Description

The scutellum body is typically half of an inch long, green or brown color, usually trapezoidal in shape, giving this family the name "shield bug".[3] The tarsi are 3-segmented. The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous (as are the hindwings).

Biology

The stink bug derives its name from an unpleasant scent from a glandular substance released from pores in the thorax when disturbed. The chemicals involved include aldehydes, making the smell similar to that of coriander. In some species the liquid contains cyanide compounds and a rancid almond scent, used to protect themselves and discourage predators.

The term 'stink bug' is also used in referring to the distantly-related species Boisea trivittata and to some unrelated insects, including beetles in the genus Eleodes such as the Pinacate beetle.

Economic importance

Many stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pest insects, because they can create large populations which feed on crops (damaging production), and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.[4] However, some genera of Pentatomidae are considered highly beneficial: the anchor bug, which can be distinguished by the red-orange anchor shape on the adult, is one example. It is a predator of other insects, especially Mexican bean beetles, Japanese beetles, and other pest insects.

Pentatomidae morphology

Some also are commonly eaten in Laos, and are regarded as delicious due to their extremely strong odor. The insects are sometimes pounded together with spices and a seasoning to prepare cheo, a paste mixed with chilies and herbs.

See also

Since recent arrival in the USA, populations of the brown marmorated stink bug have grown significantly. As of October 2014, brown marmorated stink bugs can be found in 41 out of 50 states within the U.S.A.[5]

European species

European species within this family include:[6]

  • Acrosternum arabicum Wagner, 1959
  • Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, 1861
  • Acrosternum malickyi Josifov & Heiss, 1989
  • Acrosternum millierei (Mulsant & Rey, 1866)
  • Acrosternum rubescens (Noualhier, 1893)
  • Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Aelia albovittata Fieber, 1868
  • Aelia angusta Stehlik, 1976
  • Aelia cognata Fieber, 1868
  • Aelia cribrosa Fieber, 1868
  • Aelia furcula Fieber, 1868
  • Aelia germari Kuster, 1852
  • Aelia klugii Hahn, 1833
  • Aelia notata Rey, 1887
  • Aelia rostrata Boheman, 1852
  • Aelia sibirica Reuter, 1884
  • Aelia virgata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841)
  • Ancyrosoma leucogrammes (Gmelin, 1790)
  • Andrallus spinidens (Fabricius, 1787)
  • Antheminia absinthii (Wagner, 1952)
  • Antheminia aliena (Reuter, 1891)
  • Antheminia lunulata (Goeze, 1778)
  • Antheminia pusio (Kolenati, 1846)
  • Antheminia varicornis (Jakovlev, 1874)
  • Apodiphus amygdali (Germar, 1817)
  • Arma custos (Fabricius, 1794)
  • Arma insperata Horvath, 1899
  • Asaroticus solskyi Jakovlev, 1873
  • Bagrada abeillei Puton, 1881
  • Bagrada confusa Horvath, 1936
  • Bagrada elegans Puton, 1873
  • Bagrada funerea Horvath, 1901
  • Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister, 1835)
  • Bagrada stolida (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839)
  • Bagrada turcica Horvath, 1936
  • Brachynema cinctum (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Brachynema germarii (Kolenati, 1846)
  • Brachynema purpureomarginatum (Rambur, 1839)
  • Capnoda batesoni Jakovlev, 1889
  • Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899
  • Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1850)
  • Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
  • Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761)
  • Carpocoris purpureipennis (De Geer, 1773)
  • Chlorochroa juniperina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Chlorochroa pinicola (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
  • Chlorochroa reuteriana (Kirkaldy, 1909)
  • Chroantha ornatula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842)
  • Codophila varia (Fabricius, 1787)
  • Crypsinus angustatus (Baerensprung, 1859)
  • Derula flavoguttata Mulsant & Rey, 1856
  • Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Dolycoris numidicus Horvath, 1908
  • Dryadocoris apicalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842)
  • Dybowskyia reticulata (Dallas, 1851)
  • Dyroderes umbraculatus (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Eudolycoris alluaudi (Noualhier, 1893)
  • Eurydema cyanea (Fieber, 1864)
  • Eurydema dominulus (Scopoli, 1763)
  • Eurydema eckerleini Josifov, 1961
  • Eurydema fieberi Schummel, 1837
  • Eurydema gebleri Kolenati, 1846
  • Eurydema herbacea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1833)
  • Eurydema lundbaldi Lindberg, 1960
  • Eurydema maracandica Oshanin, 1871
  • Eurydema nana Fuente, 1971
  • Eurydema oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Eurydema ornata (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Eurydema rotundicollis (Dohrn, 1860)
  • Eurydema rugulosa (Dohrn, 1860)
  • Eurydema sea Pericart & De la Rosa 2004
  • Eurydema spectabilis Horvath, 1882
  • Eurydema ventralis Kolenati, 1846
  • Eysarcoris aeneus (Scopoli, 1763)
  • Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood, 1837)
  • Eysarcoris venustissimus (Schrank, 1776)
  • Graphosoma interruptum White, 1839
  • Graphosoma lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Graphosoma melanoxanthum Horvath, 1903
  • Graphosoma semipunctatum (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855)
  • Holcogaster fibulata (Germar, 1831)
  • Holcostethus albipes (Fabricius, 1781)
  • Holcostethus evae Ribes, 1988
  • Holcostethus sphacelatus (Fabricius, 1794)
  • Jalla dumosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Leprosoma inconspicuum Baerensprung, 1859
  • Leprosoma stali Douglas & Scott, 1868
  • Leprosoma tuberculatum Jakovlev, 1874
  • Macrorhaphis acuta Dallas, 1851
  • Mecidea lindbergi Wagner, 1954
  • Mecidea pallidissima Jensen-Haarup, 1922
  • Menaccarus arenicola (Scholz, 1847)
  • Menaccarus deserticola Jakovlev, 1900
  • Menaccarus dohrnianus (Mulsant & Rey, 1866)
  • Menaccarus turolensis Fuente, 1971
  • Mustha spinosula (Lefèbvre, 1831)
  • Neostrachia bisignata (Walker, 1867)
  • Neottiglossa bifida (A. Costa, 1847)
  • Neottiglossa flavomarginata (Lucas, 1849)
  • Neottiglossa leporina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1830)
  • Neottiglossa lineolata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
  • Neottiglossa pusilla (Gmelin, 1790)
  • Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Palomena formosa Vidal, 1940
  • Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761)
  • Palomena viridissima (Poda, 1761)
  • Pentatoma rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Peribalus congenitus Putshkov, 1965
  • Peribalus inclusus (Dohrn, 1860)
  • Peribalus strictus (Fabricius, 1803)
  • Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Picromerus brachypterus Ahmad & Onder, 1990
  • Picromerus conformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841)
  • Picromerus nigridens (Fabricius, 1803)
  • Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius, 1794)
  • Piezodorus punctipes Puton, 1889
  • Piezodorus teretipes (Stål, 1865)
  • Pinthaeus sanguinipes (Fabricius, 1781)
  • Podops annulicornis Jakovlev, 1877
  • Podops calligerus Horvath, 1887
  • Podops curvidens Costa, 1843
  • Podops dilatatus Puton, 1873
  • Podops inunctus (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Podops rectidens Horvath, 1883
  • Putonia torrida Stål, 1872
  • Rhacognathus punctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda, 1761)
  • Rubiconia intermedia (Wolff, 1811)
  • Schyzops aegyptiaca (Lefèbvre, 1831)
  • Sciocoris angularis Puton, 1889
  • Sciocoris angusticollis Puton, 1895
  • Sciocoris conspurcatus Klug, 1845
  • Sciocoris convexiusculus Puton, 1874
  • Sciocoris cursitans (Fabricius, 1794)
  • Sciocoris deltocephalus Fieber, 1861
  • Sciocoris distinctus Fieber, 1851
  • Sciocoris galiberti Ribaut, 1926
  • Sciocoris helferi Fieber, 1851
  • Sciocoris hoberlandti Wagner, 1954
  • Sciocoris homalonotus Fieber, 1851
  • Sciocoris luteolus Fieber, 1861
  • Sciocoris macrocephalus Fieber, 1851
  • Sciocoris maculatus Fieber, 1851
  • Sciocoris microphthalmus Flor, 1860
  • Sciocoris modestus Horvath, 1903
  • Sciocoris ochraceus Fieber, 1861
  • Sciocoris orientalis Linnavuori, 1960
  • Sciocoris pallens Klug, 1845
  • Sciocoris pentheri Wagner, 1953
  • Sciocoris pictus Wagner, 1959
  • Sciocoris sideritidis Wollaston, 1858
  • Sciocoris sulcatus Fieber, 1851
  • Sciocoris umbrinus (Wolff, 1804)
  • Sciocoriscanariensis Lindberg, 1953
  • Scotinophara sicula (A. Costa, 1841)
  • Scotinophara subalpina (Bergroth, 1893)
  • Stagonomus amoenus (Brullé, 1832)
  • Stagonomus bipunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Stagonomus devius Seidenstucker, 1965
  • Stagonomus grenieri (Signoret, 1865)
  • Staria lunata (Hahn, 1835)
  • Stenozygum coloratum (Klug, 1845)
  • Sternodontus binodulus Jakovlev, 1893
  • Sternodontus obtusus Mulsant & Rey, 1856
  • Tarisa dimidiatipes Puton, 1874
  • Tarisa elevata Reuter, 1901
  • Tarisa flavescens Amyot & Serville, 1843
  • Tarisa pallescens Jakovlev, 1871
  • Tarisa salsolae Kerzhner, 1964
  • Tarisa subspinosa (Germar, 1839)
  • Tholagmus flavolineatus (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Tholagmus strigatus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1835)
  • Trochiscocoris hemipterus (Jakovlev, 1879)
  • Trochiscocoris rotundatus Horvath, 1895
  • Troilus luridus (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Ventocoris achivus (Horvath, 1889)
  • Ventocoris falcatus (Cyrillus, 1791)
  • Ventocoris fischeri (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
  • Ventocoris halophilum (Jakovlev, 1874)
  • Ventocoris modestus (Jakovlev, 1880)
  • Ventocoris philalyssum (Kiritshenko, 1916)
  • Ventocoris ramburi (Horvath, 1908)
  • Ventocoris rusticus (Fabricius, 1781)
  • Ventocoris trigonus (Krynicki, 1871)
  • Vilpianus galii (Wolff, 1802)
  • Zicrona caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758)

References

  1. ↑ Michael Chinery (1993). Insects of Britain & Western Europe. London: Harper/Collins. p. 72. ISBN 0-00-219137-7.
  2. ↑ J. Grazia, R. T. Schuh & W. C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Cladistics. 24: 932–976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x.
  3. ↑ "Stinkbug Prints Info". Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  4. ↑ "Penn State University". Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Jason Bittel. "Stinkbugs Have Spread to 41 States; Can We Stop Them?". National Geographic. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  6. ↑ Species list in Fauna europaea
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