Red-flanked bluetail

Red-flanked bluetail
Male
Female
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Muscicapidae
Genus:	Tarsiger
Species:	T. cyanurus
Binomial name
Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas, 1773)
Synonyms
Luscinia cyanura Erithacus cyanurus

The red-flanked bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus), also known as the orange-flanked bush-robin, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. It, and related species, are often called chats.

Habitat

It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in mixed coniferous forest with undergrowth in northern Asia and northeastern Europe, from Finland east across Siberia to Kamchatka and south to Japan. It winters mainly in southeastern Asia, in the Indian Subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina. The breeding range is slowly expanding westwards through Finland (where up to 500 pairs now breed), and it is a rare but increasing vagrant to western Europe, mainly to Great Britain.^[2][3][4] There have also been a few records in westernmost North America, mostly in western Alaska.^[5][6]

Description

At 13–14 cm long and 10–18 g weight, the red-flanked bluetail is similar in size and weight to the common redstart and slightly smaller (particularly with a slimmer build) than the European robin. As the name implies, both sexes have a blue tail and rump, and orange-red flanks; they also have a white throat and greyish-white underparts, and a small, thin black bill and slender black legs. The adult male additionally has dark blue upperparts, while females and immature males are plain brown above apart from the blue rump and tail, and have a dusky breast. In behaviour, it is similar to a common redstart, frequently flicking its tail in the same manner, and regularly flying from a perch to catch insects in the air or on the ground. The male sings its melancholy trill from treetops. Its call is a typical chat "tacc" noise. The nest is built on or near the ground, with 3–5 eggs which are incubated by the female.^[2][7]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

The genus name Tarsiger is from Ancient Greek tarsos, "flat of the foot" and Latin gerere, "to carry". The specific cyanurus is also derived from Greek, the roots being kuanos, "dark-blue", and oura, "tail".^[8]

In the past generally treated as comprising two subspecies, T. c. cyanurus breeding in northern Asia and T. c. rufilatus breeding in the Himalaya, it is now increasingly being treated as monotypic, with T. c. rufilatus split off as a distinct species, Himalayan bluetail T. rufilatus. The species has also been known by a variety of English and scientific names in the ornithological literature. The table below details the treatments adopted by some major works, by publication date (newest first):

Publication	English name	Scientific name	Taxonomic notes
IOC standard list, version 2.5[9]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	monotypic; excludes rufilatus
Collins Bird Guide[7]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus
IOC standard list, version 1[10]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Clements Checklist (6th edition)[11]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Birds of South Asia[12]	Northern red-flanked bush-robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	monotypic; rufilatus split off
HBW[13]	Orange-flanked bush-robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus, although split suggested
Howard & Moore (3rd edition)[14]	Orange-flanked bush robin	Luscinia cyanura	polytypic; includes rufilatus
OBC Checklist[15]	Orange-flanked bush robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Howard & Moore (2nd edition)[16]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
BWP[17]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Voous[18]	Red-flanked bluetail or orange-flanked bush robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus

References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Tarsiger cyanurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2. Hoyo, J. del; et al., eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 754. ISBN 84-87334-72-5.
3. British Birds Rarities Committee occurrences, 1950-2006
4. Hudson, N. et al. (2009). Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2008. British Birds 102: 572-573.
5. National Geographic (1999). Field Guide to the Birds of North America 3rd ed. ISBN 0-7922-7451-2.
6. eBird: Red-flanked Bluetail in California (Dec 2011)
7. Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2009) Collins Bird Guide, ed. 2. ISBN 0-00-219728-6, pages 260-1
8. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 128, 379. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
9. IOC World Bird List, version 2.5 (2010). Family Muscicapidae
10. Gill, Frank and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names ISBN 978-0-7136-7904-5, page 175
11. Clements, James F. (2007) The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World 6th edition ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9, page 456
12. Rasmussen, Pamela C. and John C. Anderton (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide ISBN 84-87334-67-9, volume 2, page 394
13. del Hoyo, Josep, Andy Elliot & David Christie (2005) Handbook of the Birds of the World volume 10 ISBN 84-87334-72-5, pages 754-5
14. Dickinson, Edward C. (2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 3rd edition ISBN 0-7136-6536-X, page 677
15. Inskipp, Tim, Nigel Lindsey and William Duckworth (1996) An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region ISBN 0-9529545-0-8, page 144
16. Howard, Richard and Alick Moore (1991) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 2nd edition ISBN 0-12-356910-9, page 316
17. Cramp, S. (1988) The Birds of the Western Palearctic volume 5. ISBN 978-0-19-857508-5
18. Voous, Karel H. (1977) List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species ISBN 0-907446-13-2, page 43