Therapeutic ultrasound
| Therapeutic ultrasound | |
|---|---|
| Intervention | |
| ICD-10-PCS | |
| ICD-9-CM | 00.0 |
Therapeutic ultrasound refers generally to any type of ultrasonic procedure that uses ultrasound for therapeutic benefit. This includes HIFU, lithotripsy, targeted ultrasound drug delivery, trans-dermal ultrasound drug delivery, ultrasound hemostasis, cancer therapy, and ultrasound assisted thrombolysis[1] [2] It may use focused ultrasound (FUS) or unfocused ultrasound.
Ultrasound is a method of stimulating the tissue beneath the skin's surface using very high frequency sound waves, between 800,000 Hz and 2,000,000 Hz, which cannot be heard by humans.
History
The first large scale application of ultrasound was around World War II. Sonar systems were being built and used to navigate submarines. It was realized that the high intensity ultrasound waves that they were using were heating and killing fish.[3] This led to research in tissue heating and healing effects. Since the 1940s, ultrasound has been used by physical and occupational therapists for therapeutic effects.
Physical therapy
Ultrasound is applied using a transducer or applicator that is in direct contact with the patient's skin. Gel is used on all surfaces of the head to reduce friction and assist transmission of the ultrasonic waves. Therapeutic ultrasound in physical therapy is alternating compression and rarefaction of sound waves with a frequency of 0.7 to 3.3 MHz. Maximum energy absorption in soft tissue occurs from 2 to 5 cm. Intensity decreases as the waves penetrate deeper. They are absorbed primarily by connective tissue: ligaments, tendons, and fascia (and also by scar tissue).[4]
Conditions for which ultrasound may be used for treatment include the follow examples: ligament sprains, muscle strains, tendonitis, joint inflammation, plantar fasciitis, metatarsalgia, facet irritation, impingement syndrome, bursitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and scar tissue adhesion.
Benefits
There are three primary benefits to ultrasound. The first is the speeding up of the healing process from the increase in blood flow in the treated area. The second is the decrease in pain from the reduction of swelling and edema. The third is the gentle massage of muscles tendons and/ or ligaments in the treated area because no strain is added and any scar tissue is softened. These three benefits are achieved by two main effects of therapeutic ultrasound. The two types of effects are: thermal and non thermal effects. Thermal effects are due to the absorption of the sound waves. Non thermal effects are from cavitation, microstreaming and acoustic streaming.[1]
Cavitational effects result from the vibration of the tissue causing microscopic bubbles to form, which transmit the vibrations in a way that directly stimulates cell membranes. This physical stimulation appears to enhance the cell-repair effects of the inflammatory response.
Effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound for pain, musculoskeletal injuries, and soft tissue lesions remains questionable.[5][6]
Medical applications
Relatively high power ultrasound can break up stony deposits or tissue, accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area, assist in the measurement of the elastic properties of tissue, and can be used to sort cells or small particles for research.
- Focused high-energy ultrasound pulses can be used to break calculi such as kidney stones and gallstones into fragments small enough to be passed from the body without undue difficulty, a process known as lithotripsy.
- Cleaning teeth in dental hygiene.
- Focused ultrasound sources may be used for cataract treatment by phacoemulsification.
- Ultrasound can ablate tumors or other tissue non-invasively. This is accomplished using a technique known as High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), also called focused ultrasound surgery (FUS surgery). This procedure uses generally lower frequencies than medical diagnostic ultrasound (250–2000 kHz), but significantly higher time-averaged intensities. The treatment is often guided by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); the combination is then referred to as Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS).
- Delivering chemotherapy to brain cancer cells and various drugs to other tissues is called acoustic targeted drug delivery (ATDD).[7] These procedures generally use high frequency ultrasound (1–10 MHz) and a range of intensities (0–20 W/cm2). The acoustic energy is focused on the tissue of interest to agitate its matrix and make it more permeable for therapeutic drugs.[8][9]
- Ultrasound has been used to trigger the release of anti-cancer drugs from delivery vectors including liposomes, polymeric microspheres and self-assembled polymeric.[1]
- Ultrasound is essential to the procedures of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy and endovenous laser treatment for the non-surgical treatment of varicose veins.
- Ultrasound-assisted lipectomy is Liposuction assisted by ultrasound.
Research tools
- Acoustophoresis is an emerging tool for contactless separation, concentration and manipulation of microparticles and biological cells, using ultrasound in the low MHz range to form standing waves. This is based on the acoustic radiation force which causes particles to be attracted to either the nodes or anti-nodes of the standing wave depending on the acoustic contrast factor, which is a function of the sound velocities and densities of the particle and of the medium in which the particle is immersed.
- Application of focused ultrasound in conjunction with microbubbles has been shown to enable non-invasive delivery of epirubicin across the blood–brain barrier in mouse models.[1]
Research
- Using ultrasound to generate cellular effects in soft tissue. This particular application has fallen out of favor as research has shown a lack of efficacy[10] and a lack of scientific basis for proposed biophysical effects.[11]
- Low intensity pulsed ultrasound is used for therapeutic tooth and bone regeneration. Researchers have successfully used ultrasound to regenerate dental material.[12]
- Additional physiological effects of low-intensity ultrasound have recently been discovered, e.g. the ability to stimulate bone-growth and its potential to disrupt the blood–brain barrier for drug delivery.[13]
- Transcranial ultrasound is being tested for use in aiding tissue plasminogen activator treatment in stroke sufferers in the procedure called ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis.
- Ultrasound has been shown to act synergistically with antibiotics in killing bacteria.[14]
- Ultrasound has been postulated to allow thicker eukaryotic cell tissue cultures by promoting nutrient penetration.[15]
- Long-duration therapeutic ultrasound called Sustained Acoustic Medicine is a daily slow-release therapy that can be applied to increase local circulation and accelerate healing of musculoskeletal tissues after an injury.[16]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 Steven Mo; Constantin-C Coussios; Len Seymour; Robert Carlisle (2012). "Ultrasound-Enhanced Drug Delivery for Cancer". Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 9 (12): 1525. doi:10.1517/17425247.2012.739603.
- ↑ Therapeutic Ultrasound: A Promising Future in Clinical Medicine Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Woo, Joseph. "A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology". esource Discovery Network, University of Oxford. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ↑ Watson, T. (2006). "Therapeutic Ultrasound". (see here for a pdf version with the author and date information)
- ↑ A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound: Effectiveness Studies
- ↑ Wilkin, H. D., et al. (2004). Influence of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Following Blunt Contusion. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, 73-77.
- ↑ Lewis Jr., George K.; Olbricht, Willam L.; Lewis, George (2008). "Acoustic enhanced Evans blue dye perfusion in neurological tissues". Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. 2 (1): 020001. doi:10.1121/1.2890703.
- ↑ Lewis, George K.; Olbricht, William (2007). "A phantom feasibility study of acoustic enhanced drug delivery to neurological tissue": 67. doi:10.1109/LSSA.2007.4400886. ISBN 978-1-4244-1812-1.
- ↑ "Acoustics and brain cancer".
- ↑ Valma J Robertson; Kerry G Baker (2001). "A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound: Effectiveness Studies". Physical Therapy. 81 (7): 1339–50. PMID 11444997.
- ↑ Kerry G Baker; Robertson, VJ; Duck, FA (2001). "A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound: Biophysical Effects". Physical Therapy. 81 (7): 1351–8. PMID 11444998.
- ↑ Toothsome research may hold key to repairing dental disasters – ExpressNews – University of Alberta. Expressnews.ualberta.ca. Retrieved on 2011-11-13.
- ↑ Fotios Vlachos,Yao-Sheng Tung,Elisa Konofagou,Permeability Dependence Study of the Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood–Brain Barrier Opening at Distinct Pressures and Microbubble Diameters Using DCE-MRI,Magnetic Resonance in Medicine,2011,vol.66,p.821-830
- ↑ Carmen, JC; Roeder, BL; Nelson, JL; Beckstead, BL; Runyan, CM; Schaalje, GB; Robison, RA; Pitt, WG (2004). "Ultrasonically enhanced vancomycin activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vivo". Journal of biomaterials applications. 18 (4): 237–45. doi:10.1177/0885328204040540. PMC 1361255
. PMID 15070512. - ↑ Pitt WG, Ross SA (2003). "Ultrasound increases the rate of bacterial cell growth". Biotechnol Prog. 19 (3): 1038–44. doi:10.1021/bp0340685. PMC 1361254. PMID 12790676.
- ↑ Rigby, J., R. Taggart, K. Stratton, G.K. Lewis Jr, and D.O. Draper, Multi-Hour Low Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound (LITUS) Produced Intramuscular Heating by Sustained Acoustic Medicine. J Athl Train, 2015.