Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Providence, Rhode Island, United States.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Prior to 19th century
![](../I/m/Providence_Gazzette_Constitution.jpg)
Providence Gazette, 1782
![](../I/m/The_Old_Providence_Bank.jpg)
Old Providence Bank around the time of its founding, 1791
- 1635 – Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635
- 1636 – Providence founded by Roger Williams.
- 1638 – Baptist congregation formed.
- 1700 – North Burial Ground established[1]
- 1711 – First burial at North Burial Ground[1]
- 1753 – Providence Library Company organized.
- 1762
- State House built.
- William Goddard sets up printing press; Providence Gazette newspaper begins publication.[2]
- 1764 – College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations established.
- 1768 – Brick Schoolhouse built on Meeting Street.
- 1770 – Brown College relocated to Providence.[3]
- 1775 – Market House and First Baptist Meetinghouse built.
- 1776 – 1777: Colonial and French troops use University Hall as a barracks and hospital during the American Revolutionary War[4]
- 1785 – Beneficent Congregational Society established.[5]
- 1789
- 1790
- 1791
- Providence Bank founded on South Main Street. Later known as Providence National Bank, Providence Union Bank and Trust Company, Industrial National Bank, and FleetBoston Financial.
- 1793
- The first covered drawbridge is built over the Seekonk River where the Washington Bridge currently stands, followed the same year by the Central Bridge further north.[10]
- 1794 – Serril Dodge opens his first jewelry store on North Main Street, thus beginning Providence's jewelry industry[11]
- 1795 – Theatre opens.[12]
- 1798 – Providence Marine Society established.[13]
19th century
![](../I/m/Union_Horse_R.R._Station%2C_Providence%2C_R.I%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg)
Union Railroad depot, Providence, 19th century
![](../I/m/Arcade%2C_Providence%2C_R.I%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg)
Arcade, Providence, 19th century
![](../I/m/1882_ProvidenceRI_byBailey_BPL_10162.png)
Map of Providence, 1882
- 1801 – Providence Marine Corps of Artillery founded.[14]
- 1802 – Providence Phoenix newspaper begins publication.[15]
- 1814
- Union Bank of Providence founded.[16]
- 1815
- September 23: The Great Gale of 1815 causes extensive damage and flooding.[17]
- 1816
- October 13: The First Congregational Church (Unitarian) dedicated; now known as First Unitarian Church.[18]
- 1818 – Rhode Island Peace Society[19] and Merchants Bank established.[20]
- 1819
- 1820
- January 3: The Manufacturers' & Farmers' Journal, Providence & Pawtucket Advertiser, precursor to The Providence Journal, begins publication[21]
- 1822 – Rhode Island Historical Society founded.
- 1823 – Providence Franklin Society incorporated.[22]
- 1824 – Race riot in Hard Scrabble.
- 1828
- Dexter Asylum built.[23]
- Westminster Arcade built.
- High Street Bank established.
- Herald newspaper begins publication.[15]
- 1829
- The Providence Journal newspaper begins publishing daily.[21]
- 1831
- Boston and Providence Railroad begins operating.
- Race riot in Snow Town.
- Gorham Silver and Franklin Lyceum established.
- 1832
- City incorporated.[24] City government meets at Market House[25]
- Samuel W. Bridgham elected first mayor.
- 1835 – Train station and first India Point Railroad Bridge built.
- 1836
- Providence Athenaeum formed.
- City hosts Rhode-Island Anti-Slavery convention.[26]
- 1838 – Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Children organized.[27] and Narragansett Boat Club organized.[22]
- 1839 – Providence Marine Corps of Artillery armory built.
- 1841 – 1842: Dorr Rebellion
- 1843 – Classical High School established.
- 1844
- Butler Hospital for the Insane founded[28]
- Corliss, Nightingale & Co. in business.[29]
- 1845
- The City Council votes to prepare plans for a new City Hall[25]
- Grace Church built.
- Laureldale Chemical Works established.[30]
- 1846
- Swan Point Cemetery established.
- Scholfield's Commercial College, a business college located downtown, established.[31]
- 1847
- Providence and Worcester Railroad begins operating
- Union Railroad Depot built
- Providence Tool Company[32] established.
- 1848 – Providence Medical Association instituted.[27]
- 1850 – Providence Reform School opens.[27]
- 1852
- Central Congregational Church established.[33]
- Locust Grove Cemetery incorporated.[34]
- 1853 – Providence Young Men's Christian Union[27] and J.R. Brown & Sharpe established.[35]
- 1854 – Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad begins operating.
- 1855
- James Y. Smith becomes mayor.
- Providence Aid Society organized.[27]
- U.S. Customshouse built.
- 1860 - Population: 50,666.[9]
- 1863
- Bryant and Stratton National Business College, now Bryant University, opens a campus in Providence[36]
- 1865 – Population: 54,595.
- 1866
- Providence receives state approval to tap the Pawtuxet River as a source of drinking water[37]
- 1867
- Prospect Terrace Park created.
- Young Women's Christian Association organized.[22]
- 1868
- Rhode Island Hospital dedicated.[38]
- Women's City Missionary Society organized.[39]
- 1869 – Morning Star newspaper begins publication.[15]
- "1870's" – A sewer system is constructed which discharges city waste into the harbor.[40]
- 1871
- Roger Williams Park donated to the people of Providence by Betsy Williams
- Thanksgiving Day: Providence municipal water service begins, pumping water from the Pawtuxet River[37]
- Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument dedicated.[41]
- 1872
- Roger Williams Park Zoo founded.
- First Universalist Church built.
- First Point Street Bridge built.
- 1874
- 1876 – Rhode Island Women's Club established.[22]
- 1877
- Rhode Island School of Design and museum established.
- Providence County Court House dedicated.[43]
- Grammar school built on Candace Street.[44]
- 1878
- Providence Grays baseball team formed; Messer Street Grounds baseball stadium built
- Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul completed
- City Hall opens, November 14.[42]
- Providence Public Library opens.[45][46]
- Homeopathic Hospital founded.[47]
- 1880 – Providence Art Club incorporated.[48]
- 1883
- 1884
- Providence Lying-In Hospital founded.
- Providence Camera Club organized.[22]
- October: The Providence Grays win baseball's 1884 World Series championship game
- 1885
- Fleur-de-lys Studios built
- Providence Grays baseball team disbanded
- The Providence Journal begins publishing seven days per week.[21]
- 1886
- June 9: Thomas A. Doyle, Providence's longest-serving mayor (18 years), dies in office.[50]
- June 14: Providence businesses shut down as Mayor Doyle's funeral procession marches through the city.[51]
- 1888
- City Hall is powered by electric lighting for the first time[25]
- 1890
- Providence's jewelry industry includes more than 200 firms with almost 7,000 workers[11]
- 1891
- Providence Athletic Association incorporated.[52]
- The Outlet Company established.
- Providence News begins publication.[15]
- 1892
- First electric streetcar begins operation on January 20.[53]
- 1894 – Providence Engineering Society founded.[6]
- 1896 – Providence Water Color Club organized.[48]
- 1897 – Emma Goldman arrested for "open-air speaking" at Market Square.
- 1898 – Union Station rebuilt.
20th century
- 1900 – Population: 175,597.
- 1901 – Providence's first sewage treatment plant begins "chemical precipitation" treatment of city waste, one of the first such plants in the US.[40]
- 1904 – Rhode Island State House built.
- 1905 – Handicraft Club organized.[48]
- 1906 – Evening Tribune newspaper begins publication.[54]
- 1907 – Annmary Brown Memorial museum dedicated.[48]
- 1908 – Federal Building constructed.
- 1913
- Turk's Head Building constructed
- 1914
- Johnson & Wales School of Business is formed, later becomes known as Johnson & Wales University[55]
- 1926
- Miriam Hospital opens.
- 1928
- Construction finishes on the Industrial Trust Building (aka "Superman Building").
- February: Providence author H. P. Lovecraft publishes his most famous story The Call of Cthulhu in Weird Tales magazine
- Vedanta Society of Providence founded.[56]
- 1930
- 25 September: Current Washington Bridge south span opens
- 1932
- Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council headquartered in city.[57]
- 1935
- Bryant College of Business Administration, now known as Bryant University, moves from downtown to the East Side[36]
- 1937
- March 15: Author H.P. Lovecraft dies, aged 47
- 1938 – September: Hurricane.
- 1945 – The Providence Journal wins its first Pulitzer Prize[21]
- 1949 – WJAR-TV begins broadcasting.
- 1950 – Veterans Memorial Auditorium opens.
- 1953 – The Providence Journal wins its second Pulitzer Prize[21]
- 1954 – Hurricane Carol strikes the area.
- 1955 – WPRO-TV begins broadcasting.
- 1956 – Providence Preservation Society organized.
- 1957 – Dexter Asylum demolished.[23]
- 1961 — July: Construction on Fox Point Hurricane Barrier begun[58]
- 1962 – Brown Broadcasting Service established.
- 1966 – January: Fox Point Hurricane Barrier completed[58]
- 1968 – Rhode Island League of Cities and Towns headquartered in Providence.[59]
- 1969 – Current Henderson Bridge opens
- 1971
- Bryant College vacates Providence for Smithfield[36]
- 1972 – Providence Zen Center founded.[60]
- 1975 – Buddy Cianci becomes mayor.
- 1976
- November: Masjid Al-Karim, Islamic Center of Rhode Island, established.[56]
- 1978
- 1980
- 1984
- First Night Providence begins
- Mayor Buddy Cianci forced to resign after pleading "no contest" to an assault charge
- 1986
- Providence Business News begins publication.
- Providence Station opens.
- 1990 – Governor Henry Lippitt House museum opens (approximate date).[63]
- 1991
- Buddy Cianci returns to the mayor's office
- 1994
- Waterplace Park constructed.
- WaterFire begins.
- Gun court established in the Providence Superior Court.[64]
- 1996
- The Providence Journal goes public and subsequently is purchased by the Dallas-based A.H. Belo Company[21]
- 1997
- City website online (approximate date).[65]
- Providence Children's Museum opens.
- 1999
- Providence Urban Debate League founded.
- Providence Place Mall opens.
21st century
- 2001
- April: Sitting mayor Buddy Cianci is indicted on federal criminal charges of racketeering, conspiracy, extortion, witness tampering, and mail fraud
- 2002
- Soviet submarine K-77 museum opens
- September: Mayor Buddy Cianci is sentenced to serve five years in federal prison
- 2003 – David Cicilline becomes mayor.
- 2006 – Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology opens at Brown University.
- 2007
- April 18: Soviet submarine K-77 sinks after a storm.[66]
- May: Former mayor Cianci released from prison[67]
- November: New Iway bridge opens for eastbound traffic
- 2008
- Historic Westminster Arcade closes for renovations[68]
- 2009
- 2010
- Population: 178,042.
- March: A series of rainstorms causes severe flood damage. President Obama declares a state of emergency for the region.[70]
- 2011
- January: Angel Taveras becomes mayor.
- August 28: Hurricane Irene downs 300-400 trees and leaves 12,700 without power.[71]
- October: Occupy protest begins.
- November: Open Providence Commission for Transparency and Accountability established.[72]
- 2012
- October 29: Hurricane Sandy hits Providence. The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier is credited with saving the city from major damage.[73]
- 2013
- Historic Westminster Arcade re-opens after renovation[68]
- Historic Mayoral portraits in City Hall cleaned and restored[74]
- April: The landmark Industrial Trust Building, aka "Superman Building," loses its sole tenant, and goes dark.[75]
- 2014
- October 17: The Phoenix publishes its last print issue[76]
- 2015
- January 5: Jorge Elorza sworn in as mayor
- January: Kennedy Plaza re-opens after major renovation[77]
- September 20: George Redman Linear Park, a bicycle and pedestrian path on the Washington Bridge, is dedicated.[78]
- 2016
- January 28: Former mayor Buddy Cianci dies
- February 6-7: Former mayor Cianci lies in state at City Hall[79]
- February 8: Cianci's funeral procession marches through the city, stopping for a funeral mass at the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul and ending at St. Ann’s Cemetery in Cranston for burial.[79]
- September 11: Mayor Elorza and the president of the firefighter's union come to an agreement after a 13-month contract dispute.[80]
See also
- History of Providence, Rhode Island
- List of mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island
- Construction projects in Providence
- Timeline of Newport, Rhode Island
- Timeline of Rhode Island[81]
References
- 1 2 Hill, John (24 Jan 2015). "Providence's North Burial Ground is running out of room". The Providence Journal.
- ↑ Rhode Island imprints: a list of books, pamphlets, newspapers and broadsides printed at Newport, Providence, Warren, Rhode Island, between 1727 and 1800, Providence: Rhode Island Historical Society, 1915
- ↑ Brewster 1830.
- ↑ Mitchell, Margaret. "University Hall". Encyclopedia Brunoniana. Brown University. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ↑ Mark Tucker (1845), Centennial sermon preached before the Beneficent Congregational Church and Society in Providence, R.I. March 19, 1843, Providence: Knowles & Vose
- 1 2 "Providence Engineering Society". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Constitution of a Society for Abolishing the Slave-Trade, Providence: Printed by John Carter, 1789
- ↑ "United States Custom House Records, Providence, Rhode Island". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- 1 2 Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998
- ↑ Conforti 1976.
- 1 2 Davis, Paul (4 July 2015). "R.I.'s jewelry industry history in search of a permanent home". Providence: The Providence Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
In 1794, Seril Dodge opened a jewelry store on North Main Street in Providence ... started Rhode Island’s jewelry industry.
- ↑ Willard 1891.
- ↑ "Providence Marine Society Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ "Providence Marine Corps of Artillery Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ "Union Bank Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Greene 1886, p. 73.
- ↑ Greene 1886, p. 148.
- ↑ Sampson 1919.
- ↑ Merchants National Bank 1918.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Providence Journal Company - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on The Providence Journal Company". Reference for Business. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sampson 1889.
- 1 2 Brown Daily Herald 2009.
- ↑ Charter 1845.
- 1 2 3 Campbell, Paul. "A Brief History of Providence City Hall". City Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Proceedings of the Rhode-Island Anti-Slavery convention, held in Providence, on the 2d, 3d and 4th of February, 1836, Providence: H. H. Brown, printer, 1836
- 1 2 3 4 5 George Adams (1856), Rhode Island Register, Providence: Gladding & Brother, OCLC 5628226
- ↑ "About Butler Hospital". Butler Hospital. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1888. D. Appleton & Company. 1891.
- ↑ Rhode Island industries catalogued, Providence, Rhode Island: Providence Chamber of Commerce, 1904, OCLC 36983588
- ↑ Greene 1886, p. 174.
- ↑ "Providence Tool Company Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Historical manual of the Central Congregational Church, Providence, R.I. 1852-1902, Providence: E.L. Freeman & Sons, 1902
- ↑ Sampson 1899.
- ↑ Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co. (1902), Catalogue ... of Machinery and Tools, Providence, Rhode Island
- 1 2 3 "About Bryant: History & Traditions". Bryant University. Bryant University. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- 1 2 "Recent Gift offers Details on Development of City's Water System". City Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ "A History of Rhode Island Hospital". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Greene 1886.
- 1 2 3 4 Fitzpatrick, Edward (28 Nov 2010). "Rhode Island was one of first states to build sewers and treatment plants". The Providence Journal.
- ↑ Rhode Island. General Assembly. Committee on the soldiers' and sailors' monument (1871), Proceedings at the dedication of the Soldiers' and sailors' monument, in Providence, Providence R.I.: A. C. Greene, printer
- 1 2 "City Hall built atop 3,128 pilings". City of Providence. City of Providence. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Thomas Durfee (1879), Oration delivered at the dedication of the Providence County Court House, December 18, 1877, Providence: E.L. Freeman & Co., printers to the state, OCLC 5762443
- ↑ Providence city manual: or, Organization of the municipal government. 1878.
- ↑ American Library Annual, 1917-1918. New York: R.R. Bowker Co. 1918.
- ↑ Providence Public Library. "Providence Public Library History". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Providence Magazine, February 1916
- 1 2 3 4 "American art annual". 13. American Federation of Arts. 1916.
- ↑ Half a century with the Providence Journal, Providence, R.I.: The Journal Company, 1904, OCLC 333328
- ↑ The Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Rhode Island Vol 2. Providence: Providence National Biographical Publishing Co. 1881. pp. 512–513.
- ↑ Memorial of Thomas Arthur Doyle. Providence, RI: Providence City Council. 1886.
- ↑ Souvenir club book of the Providence Athletic Association, Boston: G. L. Doane & Co., 1899
- ↑ Molloy, Scott (2007). Trolley Wars: Streetcar Workers on the Line. UPNE. p. 66. ISBN 978-1584656302.
- ↑ Printers and printing in Providence, 1762-1907, Providence: Providence Print. Co., 1907, OCLC 4125028
- ↑ "Countdown to 100 Years: 1914-1947". About JWU. Johnson and Wales University. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- 1 2 Pluralism Project. "Masjid Al-Karim, Islamic Center of Rhode Island (2006)". Directory of Religious Centers. Harvard University. Retrieved 26 Jan 2016.
- ↑ "About Us". Providence, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council.
- 1 2 "Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier". US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ↑ "About the League". Rhode Island League of Cities and Towns. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
- ↑ Pluralism Project. "Buddhism in America". America's Many Religions: Timelines. Harvard University. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
- ↑ "Providence City Archives". ProvidenceRI.com. City of Providence. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Abbott, Elizabeth (26 January 1997). "Providence Jewelry District Gets a New Luster". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ Preserve Rhode Island. "Governor Henry Lippitt House, 1865". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Gregg Lee Carter, ed. (2012). "Chronology". Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38671-8.
- ↑ "Providence, RI Home Page". Archived from the original on December 1997 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Providence submarine museum sinks". The Boston Globe. The Associated Press. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ "Cianci leaves prison for Boston halfway house". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- 1 2 "Historic Arcade reopens in Providence". Turn to 10. Associated Press. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ Pateakos, Jay (14 October 2009). "Final section of Providence Iway project opens Tuesday". Fall River, MA: The Herald News. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ "Rhode Island flooding: 'Nobody was prepared'". CNN. CNN Wire Staff. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ Stoller, Gary (28 August 2011). "Irene leaves up to half of Rhode Island without power". USA Today. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ "Open Providence Commission for Transparency and Accountability". City of Providence. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ↑ "At a glance: Damage and recovery from superstorm Sandy state by state". The Providence Journal. The Associated Press. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ "Thirteen Mayoral Portraits Restored, On Display at City Hall". Official website of the City of Providence. City of Providence. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ "Rhode Island's historic 'Superman building' set to go dark as final tenant leaves state's tallest skyscraper | DailyMail on Facebook". The Daily Mail. Associated Press. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ↑ Nesi, Ted (9 Oct 2014). "Providence Phoenix to publish last issue next week". WPRI News. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ↑ Gugliotta, Tony (18 Jan 2015). "Kennedy Plaza reopens after a multi-million dollar renovation". Turn to 10.
- ↑ Kuffner, Alex (21 September 2015). "$21.8-million George Redman Linear Park is dedicated to pioneer of R.I. bike paths". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- 1 2 Mooney, Tom (8 Feb 2016). "Providence bids final farewell to Cianci, its longest-serving mayor". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- ↑ Hill, John (12 September 2016). "Providence firefighters, city reach tentative deal on contract". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Chronology", Rhode Island, American Guide Series, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, OCLC 691847
Bibliography
- Published in the 19th century
- David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Rhode Island". Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
- "Providence, R.I.", American Advertising Directory, for Manufacturers and Dealers in American Goods, New York: Jocelyn, Darling & Co., 1831, OCLC 1018684
- Charter and Ordinances of the City of Providence, Knowles and Vose, printers, 1845
- "Providence", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
- Joseph Sabin, ed. (1885). "Providence, R.I.". Bibliotheca Americana. 15-16. New York. OCLC 13972268. part 2
- Greene, Welcome Arnold (1886). The Providence plantations for two hundred and fifty years. Providence: J.A. & R.A. Reid.
- Providence Directory. Providence, Rhode Island: Sampson, Murdock & Co. 1889.
- George Owen Willard (1891), History of the Providence stage, 1762-1891, Providence: Rhode Island News Co.
- Mariana M. Tallman (1893), "In and about Providence", Pleasant places in Rhode Island, and how to reach them, Providence: The Providence Journal Company
- Providence House Directory and Family Address Book. Sampson, Murdock & Co. 1899.
- Published in the 20th century
- William Kirk (1909), A Modern City: Providence, Rhode Island and Its Activities, University of Chicago Press, OCLC 1431257
- "Providence", Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
- Old Providence: a collection of facts and traditions relating to various buildings and sites of historic interest in Providence, Providence, R.I: Printed for the Merchants National Bank of Providence, 1918, OCLC 9992847
- Providence Directory. Providence, Rhode Island: Sampson & Murdock. 1919.
- Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Providence", Rhode Island: a Guide to the Smallest State, American Guide Series, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
- "Rhode Island, Modern City-State", National Geographic Magazine, Washington DC, 94, 1948 (describes Providence)
- Conforti, Joseph (1976). Our Heritage: a History of East Providence. White Plains, New York: Monarch Publishing, Inc.
- Ory Mazar Nergal, ed. (1980), "Providence, Rhode Island", Encyclopedia of American Cities, New York: E.P. Dutton, OL 4120668M
- Trudy Ring and Robert M. Salkin, ed. (1995). "Providence". Americas. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 524+. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
- Published in the 21st century
- "Rhode Island: Providence", New England (3rd ed.), Lonely Planet, 2002, OL 24765202M
- Li, Sophia (27 February 2009), "The East Side's Untold Story", Brown Daily Herald
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Providence, Rhode Island. |
- City Archives. "History". ProvidenceRI.com. City of Providence.
- Works related to Providence, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
- "Providence". Atlas of the Rhode Island Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century. Rhode Island Historical Society. 2010.
- Map of Providence, 1904
Coordinates: 41°49′25″N 71°25′20″W / 41.823611°N 71.422222°W
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