Troy Davis

For other people named Troy Davis, see Troy Davis (disambiguation).
Troy Davis
Born Troy Anthony Davis
(1968-10-09)October 9, 1968
Savannah, Georgia, U.S.
Died September 21, 2011(2011-09-21) (aged 42)
Butts County, Georgia, U.S.
Criminal penalty Death
Criminal status Executed at Georgia Diagnostic and Classification State Prison
Conviction(s) Murder with aggravating factor
Georgia Diagnostic and Classification State Prison, where Davis was held on death row and where he was executed

Troy Anthony Davis (October 9, 1968 – September 21, 2011)[1][2] was an American man convicted of and executed for the August 19, 1989, murder of police officer Mark MacPhail in Savannah, Georgia. MacPhail was working as a security guard at a Burger King restaurant when he intervened to defend a man being assaulted in a nearby parking lot. During Davis's 1991 trial, seven witnesses testified they had seen Davis shoot MacPhail, and two others testified Davis had confessed the murder to them. There were 34 witnesses who testified for the prosecution, and six others for the defense, including Davis. Although the murder weapon was not recovered, ballistic evidence presented at trial linked bullets recovered at or near the scene to those at another shooting in which Davis was also charged. He was convicted of murder and various lesser charges, including the earlier shooting, and was sentenced to death in August 1991.

Davis maintained his innocence up to his execution. In the 20 years between his conviction and execution, Davis and his defenders secured support from the public, celebrities, and human rights groups. Amnesty International and other groups such as National Association for the Advancement of Colored People took up Davis's cause. Prominent politicians and leaders, including former President Jimmy Carter, Rev. Al Sharpton, Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former U.S. Congressman from Georgia and presidential candidate Bob Barr, and former FBI Director and judge William S. Sessions called upon the courts to grant Davis a new trial or evidentiary hearing. In July 2007, September 2008, and October 2008, execution dates were scheduled, but each execution was stayed shortly before it was to take place.

In 2009, the Supreme Court of the United States ordered the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Georgia to consider whether new evidence "that could not have been obtained at the time of trial clearly establishes [Davis's] innocence." The evidentiary hearing was held in June 2010. The defense presented affidavits from seven of the nine trial witnesses whose original testimony had identified Davis as the murderer, but who it contended had changed or recanted their previous testimony. Some of these writings disavowed parts of prior testimony, or implicated Sylvester "Redd" Coles, who Davis contended was the actual triggerman. The state presented witnesses, including the police investigators and original prosecutors, who described a careful investigation of the crime, without any coercion. Davis did not call some of the witnesses who had supposedly recanted, despite their presence in the courthouse; accordingly their affidavits were given little weight by the judge. Evidence that Coles had confessed to the killing was excluded as hearsay because Coles was not subpoenaed by the defense to rebut it.

In an August 2010 decision, the conviction was upheld. The court described defense efforts to upset the conviction as "largely smoke and mirrors"[3] and found that several of the proffered affidavits were not recantations at all. Subsequent appeals, including to the Supreme Court, were rejected, and a fourth execution date was set for September 21, 2011. Nearly one million people signed petitions urging the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles to grant clemency.[4] The Board denied clemency[5] and, on September 21, it refused to reconsider its decision.[6] After a last minute appeal to the United States Supreme Court was denied, the sentence was carried out through lethal injection on September 21, 2011.[7]

Events of August 18–23, 1989

The charges against Troy Davis arose from the shooting of Michael Cooper, the beating of Larry Young and the murder of Officer Mark MacPhail on August 18–19, 1989.

On the evening of August 18, 1989, Davis attended a pool party in the Cloverdale neighborhood of Savannah, Georgia. As he left the party with his friend Daryl Collins, the occupants of a passing car yelled obscenities. A bullet was fired at the passing car[8] and Michael Cooper, a passenger, was struck in the jaw.[9] Davis and Collins then went to a pool hall on Oglethorpe Avenue in the Yamacraw Village section of Savannah.[10]

Later that evening, Davis and Collins proceeded to the parking lot of a Burger King restaurant on Oglethorpe Avenue, not far from the pool hall.[10] There they encountered Sylvester "Redd" Coles arguing with a homeless man, Larry Young, over alcohol.[8][11]

At about 1:15 am on August 19, 1989, Mark MacPhail, an off-duty police officer who was working as a security guard at the Burger King, attempted to intervene in the pistol-whipping of Young at the parking lot.[12] MacPhail was shot twice: once through the heart and once in the face. He did not draw his gun.[8][11][13][14] Bullets and shell casings which were determined to have come from a .38-caliber pistol were retrieved from the crime scene. Witnesses to the shooting agreed that a man in a white shirt had struck Young and then shot MacPhail.[8]

On August 19, Coles told Savannah Police he had seen Davis with a .38-caliber pistol, and that Davis had assaulted Young.[8][15] The same evening, Davis drove to Atlanta with his sister.[8][15] In the early morning of August 20, 1989, Savannah Police searched the Davis home and seized a pair of Davis's shorts, found in a clothes dryer and reportedly stained with blood.[16][17] Davis's family began negotiating with police, motivated by concerns about his safety; local drug dealers were making death threats because the police dragnet seeking Davis had disrupted their business.[15][18] On August 23, 1989, Davis returned to Savannah, surrendered himself to police and was charged with MacPhail's murder.[15]

Background of Troy Davis

Davis was the eldest child of Korean War veteran Joseph Davis and hospital worker Virginia Davis.[19][20] The couple divorced when Davis was very young,[20] and Davis grew up with four siblings in the predominantly black, middle-class neighborhood of Cloverdale in Savannah, Georgia.[20]

Davis attended Windsor Forest High School, where one teacher described him as a poor student.[20] He dropped out in his junior year so he could drive his disabled younger sister to her rehabilitation.[19] Davis obtained his high-school equivalency diploma from Richard Arnold Education Center in 1987. A teacher noted that he attended school regularly but seemed to lack discipline.[19] Davis's nickname at the time was "Rah," or "Rough as Hell," but some neighbors reported that it did not reflect his behavior; they described him as a "straight-up fellow" who acted as a big brother to local children.[20]

In July 1988, Davis pleaded guilty to carrying a concealed weapon; he was fined $250 as part of a plea agreement in which a charge of possession of a gun with altered serial numbers was dropped.[21]

In August 1988, Davis began work as a drill technician at a plant that manufactured railroad crossing gates. His boss commented that while Davis was a likeable and good worker who appeared to have positive life goals, his job attendance was poor; by Christmas 1988, he had stopped coming to work.[19] Davis returned to the job twice in the following months but neither time remained for long.[19]

Davis was a coach in the Savannah Police Athletic League and had signed up for service in the United States Marine Corps.[22]

Background of Mark MacPhail

Mark Allen MacPhail, Sr., was 27 years old at the time of his murder. He was the son of a U.S. Army colonel, was married, and was father to a two-year-old daughter and an infant son. He had joined the Savannah Police Department in 1986 following six years of military service as an Army Ranger. MacPhail had worked for three years as a regular patrol officer and in the summer of 1989 had applied to train as a mounted policeman.[23]

Hundreds of mourners, including county, state, and federal law enforcement officers, attended MacPhail's funeral at Trinity Lutheran Church in Savannah on August 22, 1989.[24]

Trial and conviction

Pre-trial proceedings

On November 15, 1989, a grand jury indicted Davis for murder, assaulting Larry Young with a pistol, shooting Michael Cooper, obstructing MacPhail in performance of his duty and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime.[25] Davis pleaded not guilty in April 1990.[14]

In November 1990, the presiding judge excluded forensic evidence from the pair of shorts seized at the Davis home. The judge ruled that Davis's mother did "not freely and voluntarily grant the police the right to search her home."[16] She had testified that police officers had threatened to break down her door unless she let them into her home. The Georgia Supreme Court upheld the exclusion of the evidence in May 1991, saying that the police should have obtained a search warrant.[25]

Davis was brought to trial in August 1991.

Prosecution case

The prosecution claimed that Davis had shot Cooper in Cloverdale, then met up with Redd Coles at a pool hall, pistol-whipped the homeless man Larry Young in the parking lot and then killed Mark MacPhail.[9]

The prosecution called three eyewitnesses to the shooting of Cooper:

The prosecution called a number of eyewitnesses to MacPhail's murder:

Two witnesses to whom Davis was claimed to have confessed were called at trial:

In total, thirty four witnesses testified at trial for the prosecution.[32]

The prosecution did not produce a weapon (neither the gun which Davis was said to have used nor the gun owned by Coles) as evidence.[30] A ballistics expert testified that the .38 caliber bullet that killed MacPhail could have been fired from the same gun that wounded Cooper. He also stated that he was confident that .38 casings found at Cloverdale matched bullet casings found near the scene of MacPhail's shooting.[28][33][34]

Defense case

Davis denied shooting Cooper and denied shooting MacPhail. Davis testified to having seen Coles assault Young, and Davis said that he had fled the scene before any shots were fired and, therefore, did not know who had shot MacPhail.[35][36]

Six witnesses, including Davis, testified at trial for the defense.[32] Davis's mother testified that Davis had been at home on August 19, 1989, until he left for Atlanta with his sister at about 9 pm.[35]

Verdict and sentencing

On August 28, 1991, the jury took under two hours to find Davis guilty of murder, aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony and obstruction of a law enforcement officer.[13]

The prosecution sought the death penalty during sentencing proceedings for the murder conviction. Davis and three of his family members testified on Davis's behalf. In a final address to the jury, Davis pleaded, "Spare my life. Just give me a second chance. That's all I ask." He told jurors he was convicted for "offenses I didn't commit." MacPhail's family members and friends were not allowed to testify.[37][38] On August 30, 1991, after seven hours of deliberation, the jury recommended the death penalty and Davis was sentenced to death.[19]

Appeals and challenges to conviction and sentence

First appellate proceedings

Since the death penalty was imposed, both the conviction and sentence were automatically appealed to the Georgia Supreme Court.[39] Davis and his lawyers requested a new trial, citing problems with the trial site and selection of the jury.[40] The request was denied in March 1992.[41] In March 1993, the Georgia Supreme Court also upheld Davis's conviction and sentence, ruling that the judge had correctly refused to change trial site and that the racial composition of the jury did not deny his rights.[42][43] The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal in November 1993.[44] Direct appeals having been exhausted, in March 1994 an order was signed for Davis's execution.[45]

First habeas corpus proceedings

In 1994, Davis began habeas corpus proceedings, filing a petition in state court alleging that he had been wrongfully convicted and that his death sentence was a miscarriage of justice.[28] The following year, the federal funding of the Georgia Resource Center, which helped represent Davis, was cut by 70%, leading to the departures of most of the center's lawyers and investigators. According to a later affidavit by the Executive Director, the "work conducted on Mr. Davis's case was akin to triage... There were numerous witnesses that we knew should have been interviewed, but lacked the resources to do so."[46] The appeal stated that the testimony of the prosecution witnesses had been coerced by law enforcement personnel. The petition was denied in September 1997, with the court ruling that claims of improper law enforcement approaches should have been raised earlier in the appeal process, and the court could not usurp the jury's role to evaluate the evidence offered during the trial.[47] The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the denial of state habeas corpus relief on November 13, 2000.[48]

In 2000 Davis challenged his conviction in state court. He alleged that the use of the electric chair during executions in Georgia constituted cruel and unusual punishment.[49][50] By a 4–3 margin the Georgia Supreme Court rejected the challenge, stating once again that Davis should have raised the issue earlier in the appeal process.[51]

Federal appeals

In December 2001, Davis filed a habeas corpus petition in the United States District Court.[50] From 1996 onwards, seven of the nine principal prosecution eyewitnesses changed all or part of their trial testimony.[52][53] Dorothy Ferrell, for example, stated in a 2000 affidavit that she felt under pressure from police to identify Davis as the shooter because she was on parole for a shoplifting conviction.[53] In a 2002 affidavit, Darrell Collins wrote that the police had scared him into falsely testifying by threatening to charge him as an accessory to the crime, and alleged that he had not seen Davis do anything to Young.[54] Antoine Williams, Larry Young and Monty Holmes also stated in affidavits that their earlier testimony implicating Davis had been coerced by strong-arm police tactics.[28] In addition, three witnesses signed affidavits stating that Red Coles had confessed to the murder to them.[30]

The State of Georgia argued that the evidence had been procedurally defaulted since it should have been introduced earlier. Davis's petition was denied in May 2004; the judge stated in an opinion that the "submitted affidavits are insufficient to raise doubts as to the constitutionality of the result at trial, there is no danger of a miscarriage of justice in declining to consider the claim."[50] He also rejected other defense contentions about unfair jury selection, ineffective defense counsel and prosecutorial misconduct. The decision was appealed to the 11th Circuit Court, which heard oral arguments in the case in September 2005. On September 26, 2006, the court affirmed the denial of federal habeas corpus relief, and determined that Davis had not made "a substantive claim of actual innocence"[50] or shown that his trial was constitutionally unfair; the circuit court found that neither prosecutors nor defense counsel had acted improperly or incompetently at trial.[55][56] A petition for panel rehearing was denied in December 2006.[50]

Legal experts argued that a major obstacle to granting Davis a new trial was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, passed after the Oklahoma City bombing, which bars death row inmates from later presenting evidence they could have presented at trial.[57] Members of the legal community have criticized the restricting effect of the 1996 Act on the ability of wrongfully convicted persons to prove their innocence.[46][54]

First execution date

On June 25, 2007, Davis's first certiorari petition to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied,[50][58] and his execution was then set for July 17, 2007.[46]

Davis's case gained increasing public exposure and support from organizations and prominent individuals. Nobel Peace Prize winner Archbishop Desmond Tutu urged the courts to agree to hear the evidence of police coercion and recanted testimony.[59][60] An appeal to Governor of Georgia Sonny Perdue urging him to spare Davis's life was sent on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI.[61] Similar appeals were sent by singer Harry Belafonte,[62] Sister Helen Prejean, author of Dead Man Walking,[63] and actor Mike Farrell.[64] Amnesty International published a report about Davis's case characterizing it as a miscarriage of justice and a "catastrophic flaw in the U.S. death penalty machine."[65] The human rights group initiated a letter-writing campaign and delivered 4,000 letters to the clemency board.[66] William S. Sessions, former FBI Director and federal judge, called on authorities to halt the execution process, writing that "[i]t would be intolerable to execute a man without his claims of innocence ever being considered by the courts or by the executive".[60] Politicians and others such as Jesse Jackson, Jr. and Sheila Jackson Lee, and former Texas District Attorney Sam D. Millsap, Jr., and the organization Murder Victims Families for Reconciliation requested that the courts grant Davis a new trial.[67] U.S. Congressman John Lewis spoke to the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles, suggesting that Coles – one of the witnesses who had not recanted – was the real killer.[68] Representatives from the Council of Europe and European Parliament also spoke out on Davis's case, asking U.S. authorities to halt the planned execution and calling for a new trial.[69]

On July 16, 2007, the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles granted a ninety-day stay of execution in order to allow the evaluation of evidence presented, including the doubts about Davis's guilt.[70][71] The stay was superseded by the August 2007 decision of the Georgia Supreme Court to grant Davis’ application for discretionary appeal from the denial of his Extraordinary Motion for a New Trial.[72] Defense lawyers requested a new trial based on statements of mistaken identity.[73] On March 17, 2008, the Georgia Supreme Court denied the appeal by a 4–3 majority. The majority wrote that the recanting witnesses "have merely stated they now do not feel able to identify the shooter", that the trial testimony could not be ignored, and that they "in fact, favor[ed] that original testimony over the new."[74][75] In dissent, the Chief Justice wrote that "if recantation testimony, either alone or supported by other evidence, shows convincingly that prior trial testimony was false, it simply defies all logic and morality to hold that it must be disregarded categorically".[75]

Second execution date

In July 2008, Davis's lawyers filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court, seeking review of the Georgia Supreme Court decision and arguing that the Eighth Amendment creates a substantive right of the innocent not to be executed.[76][77] However, an execution date was scheduled for September 23, 2008, before the United States Supreme Court decided whether to take up Davis's case.[78] The Georgia Supreme Court refused to grant a stay of execution and the Board of Pardons and Paroles denied clemency.[79][80]

Demonstration in support of Troy Davis, Paris, July 2008

Amnesty International condemned the decision to deny clemency,[81] and former President (and Georgia Governor) Jimmy Carter released a public letter in which he stated "Executing Troy Davis without a real examination of potentially exonerating evidence risks taking the life of an innocent man and would be a grave miscarriage of justice."[82][83] Reverend Al Sharpton also called for clemency after he met and prayed with Davis on death row.[84] A stay of execution was also supported by the NAACP; the president of the Georgia state conference said "This is a modern-day lynching if it's allowed to go forward."[80] Former Republican Congressman and Libertarian presidential candidate Bob Barr wrote that he is "a strong believer in the death penalty as an appropriate and just punishment," but that the proper level of fairness and accuracy required for the ultimate punishment has not been met in Davis's case.[85]

A last minute emergency stay, issued by the Supreme Court less than two hours before Davis was scheduled to be put to death, halted the execution.[86][87] Lawyers for Davis argued that lower courts had failed to permit a hearing to carefully examine the recanted testimony and four witnesses who implicated Coles. Lawyers for the Georgia attorney general's office argued that most of the affidavits had already been presented and reviewed, and that questions about the quality and credibility of the witnesses were raised at the initial trial.[88]

On October 14, 2008, the Supreme Court declined to hear Davis's petition,[77][89] and a new execution date was set for October 27, 2008.[90]

Third execution date

On October 21, 2008, Davis's lawyers requested an emergency stay of the pending execution, and three days later the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay of execution to consider a newly filed federal habeas petition.[91][92] Davis's supporters continued their appeals and actions; these included rallies held worldwide,[93] a petition with 140,000 signatures presented to the state Board of Pardons and Paroles,[91] and an appeal from the European Union calling for the death sentence to be commuted.[92] In contrast, the Chatham County prosecutors asserted that Davis was guilty and deserved the death penalty.[91]

Rapper M-1 speaks at a rally held in 2009 in New York City in support of Troy Davis

Oral arguments were heard by a three-judge panel on December 9 in Atlanta. Davis's lawyers again argued that exculpatory affidavits proving Davis innocent had not been examined in a court of law; they noted the witnesses who had implicated Coles, and that his photo was not included among those shown to witnesses in the case.[94][95] The Senior Assistant Attorney General argued that, in extraordinary cases, evidence of wrongful conviction could be heard at this stage of the appeals process, but that in this case the recantation evidence was untrustworthy, and are generally regarded with the "highest suspicion."[94] Multiple courts and boards had also previously declined appeals.[94] During the hearing, judge Joel F. Dubina commented: "As bad as it would be to execute an innocent man, it's also possible the real guilty person who shot Officer MacPhail is not being prosecuted."[94] Another judge, Stanley Marcus, noted that two of the witnesses had not changed their recollections,[95] and that no DNA evidence was available to categorically clear Davis.[94] After the hearing, Davis's sister, Martina Correia, an active campaigner for her brother stated "This is not family against family. We have no ill will against the MacPhail family. When justice is found for Troy, there will be justice for Officer MacPhail."[96]

On April 16, 2009, the panel denied Davis's application by a 2–1 majority. Judges Dubina and Marcus rejected the petition, stating that Davis's claims having been reviewed and rejected in the past, and that the recantations were not persuasive.[97][98] Judge Rosemary Barkett, in dissent, expressed her belief that as Davis might prove his innocence, it would be wrong to execute him.[97] In an interview, Mark MacPhail Jr. said of his father, "He gave his life for the community and now I'm trying to help out his name and help him in some way." Of the appeals process, he says, "The past two years we've had countless appeals and it just keeps on getting drug out." Of Davis, MacPhail said, "He decided to break the law. And our law says, you kill an officer of the law, who tries to uphold it, you must be punished."[99] The 11th Circuit issued an order extending the stay of execution for 30 days to allow Davis the opportunity to file a habeas corpus petition with the U.S. Supreme Court.[97] Davis filed a petition for habeas corpus with the U.S. Supreme Court on May 19, 2009.[100]

On August 17, 2009, the Supreme Court ordered the Savannah federal district court to "receive testimony and make findings of fact as to whether evidence that could not have been obtained at the time of trial clearly establishes [Davis'] innocence."[101][102] Justice John Paul Stevens, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer, wrote that "[t]he substantial risk of putting an innocent man to death clearly provides an adequate justification for holding an evidentiary hearing." Justice Antonin Scalia dissented, stating that a new hearing would be "a fool's errand" because Davis's claim of innocence was "a sure loser". He was joined by Justice Clarence Thomas.[103]

Federal hearing

In response to the Supreme Court order, a two-day hearing was held in June 2010 in a federal district court in Savannah in front of Judge William Moore.[103][104] Former prosecution witness Antoine Williams stated he did not know who had shot MacPhail, and that because he was illiterate he could not read the police statements he had signed in 1989.[105] Other prosecution witnesses Jeffrey Sapp and Kevin McQueen testified that Davis had not confessed to them as they had stated at the initial trial.[106] Darrell Collins also recanted his previous evidence that he had seen Davis shoot Cooper and MacPhail.[105] The witnesses variously described their previous testimony against Davis as being the result of feeling scared, of feeling frightened and pressured by police or to get revenge in a conflict with Davis.[105][106] Anthony Hargrove testified that Redd Coles had admitted the killing to him. The state's lawyers described Hargrove's testimony as hearsay evidence; Judge William T. Moore permitted the evidence but stated that unless Coles appeared, he might give the evidence "no weight whatsoever."[105][106] Another witness making a similar statement was heard, but a third was rejected by Judge Moore as the claims were inadmissible hearsay because Coles was not called as a witness and given the opportunity for rebuttal.[104][107] Moore criticized the decision not to call Coles, saying that he was "one of the most critical witnesses to Davis's defense". One of Davis's lawyers stated that the day before they had been unsuccessful in serving a subpoena on Coles; Moore responded that the attempt had been made too late, given that the hearing date had been set months in advance.[104]

State attorneys called current and former police officers and the two lead prosecutors, who testified that the investigation had been careful, and that no witnesses had been coerced or threatened.[104] The lead detective testified that his investigation was "very meticulous and careful… I was in no rush just to pick the first guy we got our hands on. I wanted the right guy."[106] He stated that witnesses gave "strikingly similar descriptions on how the shooter was dressed", mostly describing the shooter as wearing a white T-shirt and dark pants, which other witnesses said Davis was wearing that evening.[106] A state attorney asserted that the testimony of at least five prosecution witnesses remained unchallenged, and the evidence of Davis's guilt was overwhelming.[104] In July 2010, Davis's lawyers filed a motion asking Moore to reconsider his decision to exclude testimony from a witness to a confession by Coles,[107] but in August 2010, Moore stood by his initial decision, stating that in not calling Coles, Davis's lawyers were seeking to implicate Coles without desiring his rebuttal.[108]

Moore ruled that executing an innocent person would violate the Eighth Amendment. "However, Mr. Davis is not innocent."[102] In his decision, Moore wrote: "while Mr. Davis's new evidence casts some additional, minimal doubt on his conviction, it is largely smoke and mirrors."[57][102] Of the seven papers described as recantations by the defense, Moore found that only one was wholly credible and two were partly credible.[102][109] He did not consider Coles' alleged confessions because of the failure of Davis's lawyers to subpoena Coles, and suggested that Davis should appeal directly to the Supreme Court.[109] In November 2010, the federal appeals panel dismissed an appeal on the case, without ruling on its merits. They stated that Davis should appeal the case directly to the U.S. Supreme Court "because he had exhausted his other avenues of relief."[110] Rosemary Barkett, one of the panel judges, later released a statement saying that although she agreed with the decision, she still believed that Davis should be given a new trial.[111]

Renewed U.S. Supreme Court petition

A man protesting the September 21 execution date at the September 17 Occupy Wall Street rally

In January 2011, Davis's legal team filed a new petition with the United States Supreme Court, alleging that District Judge Moore had "evinced a clear hostility" against Davis during the August 2010 hearing, and again asking for a new trial.[112] The petition was rejected without comment by the Supreme Court in March 2011, allowing a new execution date.[113][114]

In May 2011, Amnesty International and People of Faith Against the Death Penalty asked religious leaders to sign a petition to the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles calling for the commutation of Davis's death sentence. By September 17, 2011, over 660,000 people[115] had signed the petition for clemency including Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop Wilton Gregory, William Sessions (former head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation), former President Jimmy Carter and representatives for the European Parliament.[116]

In contrast, law enforcement officials such as Spencer Lawton, the former Chatham County prosecutor who put Davis on trial, remained convinced of the evidence for Davis's guilt and that Davis's supporters "would know differently if they looked at the record."[117] He stated: "We have consistently won the case as it has been presented in court. We have consistently lost the case as it has been presented in the public realm, on TV and elsewhere."[117] Members of MacPhail's family were also convinced of Davis's guilt, and thought his execution would bring a measure of peace.[118][119] His mother reported "That hole in my heart will be there until the day I die, but it [the execution] may give me some peace and quiet."[119] Mark MacPhail, Jr. stated "It's not animosity or anger or rage that has kept us going; that's not what my father would want. It's justice. The law is what he was all about. That's what we have to uphold."[120]

Execution of Troy Davis

On September 7, 2011, Georgia set Davis's execution date for two weeks later, September 21.[121] The Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles set a hearing for Davis's second bid for clemency for September 19. This Board had not granted him clemency in September 2008, but the five-member Board now included three new members who had not previously heard the case.[122][123] On September 20, the Board denied him clemency.[124]

On the morning of September 21, the Butts County Superior Court denied Davis's request to halt his execution. The Georgia Supreme Court also denied his appeal. Davis was due to be executed at 7 pm EDT.[125] The same night, Jay Carney, the White House Press Secretary, announced that President Obama would not intervene in the case (while the president could not have pardoned Davis, he did have the authority to order a federal investigation that might have led to a delay in the execution).[126] Davis filed a request with the U.S. Supreme Court to stay his execution. Almost an hour after Davis's scheduled execution time, the Supreme Court announced they would review his petition, thereby postponing the execution.[127] The Supreme Court, however, denied Davis's petition, after deliberating for several hours.[128]

The execution by lethal injection began at 10:53 pm EDT.[129] In his final words, Davis maintained his innocence, saying:[130]

Well, first of all I'd like to address the MacPhail family. I'd like to let you all know, despite the situation – I know all of you are still convinced that I'm the person that killed your father, your son and your brother, but I am innocent. The incident that happened that night was not my fault. I did not have a gun that night. I did not shoot your family member. But I am so sorry for your loss. I really am – sincerely. All I can ask is that each of you look deeper into this case, so that you really will finally see the truth. I ask my family and friends that you all continue to pray, that you all continue to forgive. Continue to fight this fight. For those about to take my life, may God have mercy on all of your souls. God bless you all.[131]

He was declared dead at 11:08 pm EDT.[7]

Twitter recorded 7671 tweets per second in the moments before word of Davis’s execution, making his death the second most active Twitter event in 2011.[132]

His funeral was attended by more than 1,000 people in Savannah, Georgia, on October 1, 2011.[133]

References

  1. ↑ "Troy Davis put to death – This Just In – CNN.com Blogs". News.blogs.cnn.com. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  2. ↑ "Davis executed". Yahoo.
  3. ↑ Lee, Trymaine (November 20, 2011). "Troy Davis' Execution Eve Sees Last-Minute Efforts To Save His Life". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  4. ↑ "Not In Our Name: Georgia Must Not Execute Troy Davis". Amnesty USA. September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Georgia Board Denies Clemency for Troy Davis". Fox News. September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  6. ↑ "georgia state board of pardons and paroles". Pap.state.ga.us. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  7. 1 2 "Troy Davis Executed After Stay Denied". ABC News. September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Basu, Moni; Jacobs, Sonji (November 11, 2007). "The Troy Davis Saga: Who killed Mark Allen MacPhail". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  9. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (August 23, 1991). "Testimony To Begin In '89 Murder Case" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Skutch, Jan (August 27, 1991). "Jail-mate: Davis admitted shooting officer Part B" (PDF). Savannah Evening Press.
  11. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (June 20, 2010). "Troy Davis heads back to Savannah". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  12. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 5, 2010). "State missed boat, Troy Davis team argues". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  13. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (August 29, 1991). "Davis convicted" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  14. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (May 1, 1990). "Davis pleads not guilty in slaying" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Derek (August 24, 1989). "Suspect jailed in police slaying" (PDF). Savannah Evening Press.
  16. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (November 10, 1990). "Judge Bans Evidence, Cites Excessive Force" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  17. ↑ Merrigan, JoAnn (June 23, 2010). "Troy Davis makes his case to federal judge, claims he's innocent". WSAV-TV. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  18. ↑ Rose, Tom (August 25, 1989). "Police Now Required To Protect Troy Davis" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fishman, Jane (August 31, 1991). "Davises recall the kindness of defendant" (PDF). Savannah Morning News. p. 1A.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Smith, Derek (August 24, 1989). "Neighbors say suspect not the man they knew" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  21. ↑ Lowe, Brendan (July 13, 2007). "Will Georgia Kill an Innocent Man?". Time magazine. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  22. ↑ McDaniel, Sandi (September 15, 1991). "Mark's Story" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  23. ↑ Smith, Derek (August 23, 1989). "Hundreds mourn officer" (PDF). Savannah Evening Press News.
  24. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (May 14, 1991). "Davis evidence can't be used, high court affirms" (PDF). Savannah Evening Post.
  25. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (August 14, 1991). "Eyewitness: Davis Shot Cop, Smiled" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  26. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 26, 1991). "Judge Resumes Davis Murder Trial After Weekend Recess" (PDF). Savannah Evening Press.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "'Where is the justice for me?': The case of Troy Davis, facing execution in Georgia". Amnesty International. February 1, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  28. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 24, 1991). "Eyewitness: Davis Shot Cop, Smiled" (PDF). Savannah Morning News. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Basu, Moni; Jacobs, Sonji (November 12, 2007). "The Troy Davis Saga: High court faces classic murder mystery". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  30. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 27, 1991). "Jail-mate: Davis admitted shooting officer Part A" (PDF). Savannah Evening Press.
  31. 1 2 In re Troy Anthony Davis (United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia August 24, 2010). Text
  32. ↑ "Troy Davis's attorneys file last-ditch court appeal|". CNN. September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  33. ↑ "New Execution Date Set For Troy Anthony Davis Who Was Convicted Of 1989 Murder Of Savannah Police Officer Mark McPhail". Attorney General of Georgia. October 15, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  34. 1 2 Skutch, Jan (August 28, 1991). "Davis: I fled before shots fired" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  35. ↑ McDaniel, Sandi (September 15, 1991). "Mark's story" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  36. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 30, 1991). "Davis to jury: "Spare my life" part a" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  37. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 30, 1991). "Davis to jury: "Spare my life" part b" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  38. ↑ Skutch, Jan (October 2, 1991). "Davis Requests New Trial In Police Officer's Slaying" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  39. ↑ Skutch, Jan (February 19, 1992). "Convicted Murderer Wants New Trial" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  40. ↑ Skutch, Jan (March 21, 1992). "Davis Conviction Upheld" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  41. ↑ Skutch, Jan (March 21, 1992). "Georgia High Court Upholds Sentence" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  42. ↑ Davis v. State, 426 S.E.2d 844 (Georgia Supreme Court 1993).
  43. ↑ "Death Row Inmate Won't Get Appeal" (PDF). Savannah Morning News. November 2, 1993.
  44. ↑ Lackley, Mark (March 4, 1994). "Convicted Killer's Execution Order Signed" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  45. 1 2 3 Lowe, Brendan (July 13, 2007). "Will Georgia Kill an Innocent Man?". Time magazine. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  46. ↑ Davis v. Turpin, Civ. Action No. 94-V-162 (1997).
  47. ↑ Davis v. Turpin, 539 S.E.2d 129 (Georgia Supreme Court 2000).
  48. ↑ Pettys, Dick (July 16, 2000). "Georgia Court Hears Case Testing Use Of Electric Chair". Tuscaloosa News.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "New Execution Date Set For Troy Anthony Davis". Department of Law, State of Georgia. September 3, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  50. ↑ Rankin, Bill (November 14, 2000). "Debate On Electric Chair Will Continue". Tuscaloosa News.
  51. ↑ Cohen, Andrew (October 14, 2008). "The Long Road To The Davis Case – CBS News". CBS News. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  52. 1 2 Bynum, Russ (June 29, 2009). "'91 death verdict splits Ga. jurors". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  53. 1 2 Whoriskey, Peter (July 16, 2007). "Execution Of Ga. Man Near Despite Recantations". Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  54. ↑ Davis v. Terry, 465 F.3d F.3d 1249 (11th Circuit 2006).
  55. ↑ Eckenrode, Vicky (September 28, 2006). "Federal court rejects Savannah convict's bid" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  56. 1 2 Lundin, Leigh (October 2, 2011). "The Crime of Capital Punishment". Death Penalty. Orlando: SleuthSayers.
  57. ↑ "Docket for 06-1407". Supreme Court of the United States. June 25, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  58. ↑ "Letter of Most Reverend Desmond M. Tutu" (PDF). June 26, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  59. 1 2 "Campaign grows to halt execution". TV New Zealand. July 14, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  60. ↑ Eckenrode, Vicky (July 21, 2007). "Pope makes plea to spare life of Troy Davis". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  61. ↑ "Letter of Harry Belafonte". June 29, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  62. ↑ "Letter of Sister Helen Prejean" (doc). June 26, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  63. ↑ Campos, Carlos (July 20, 2007). "Pope's message for Perdue: Don't execute killer". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  64. ↑ "Supreme Court's Death Penalty Ruling in Troy Davis Case Reveals 'Catastrophic Flaws in the U.S. Death Penalty Machine'". Amnesty International. June 25, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
  65. ↑ Eckenrode, Vicky (July 11, 2007). "Clemency board receives letters supporting Davis" (PDF). Savannah Morning News. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  66. ↑ "Religious Leaders, Members of Congress, Entertainers, Civil Rights Leaders Lead Worldwide Clemency Call for Troy Davis". Amnesty International. July 10, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  67. ↑ Lewis, John (July 16, 2007). "Rep. Lewis' statement at Davis hearing". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  68. ↑ Carrier, Fanny (July 17, 2007). "US inmate's execution on hold". AFP / The Sunday Times. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  69. ↑ Skutch, Jan (July 17, 2007). "Davis wins 90-day stay of execution". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  70. ↑ Lowe, Brendan (July 16, 2007). "Stay of Execution for Georgia Man". Time magazine. Associated Press. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  71. ↑ Skutch, Jan (August 7, 2007). "Parole board bows out of Davis clemency bid" (PDF). Savannah Morning News. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
  72. ↑ Bluestein, Greg. "Death Row Inmate Looks For New Trial". Star-News. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
  73. ↑ Davis v. State, 660 S.E.2d 354 (Georgia Supreme Court 2008).
  74. 1 2 Rankin, Bill, Jacobs, Sonji (March 17, 2008). "Condemned cop killer denied new trial". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
  75. ↑ "Petition for A Writ of Certiorari" (PDF). SCOTUS blog. July 14, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  76. 1 2 Brown, Robbie (October 15, 2008). "U.S. Supreme Court rejects execution appeal". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  77. ↑ Skutch, Jan (September 3, 2008). "Execution set for Davis in killing of policeman". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  78. ↑ "Troy Davis's clemency bid fails". Savannah Morning News. September 13, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  79. 1 2 Rankin, Bill, Garner, Marcus (September 22 222008). "State supreme court denies Davis's stay". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved August 18, 2010. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  80. ↑ "Amnesty International Condemns Parole Board Decision". Amnesty International. September 12, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  81. ↑ "Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter Calls for Clemency for Troy Davis" (Press release). Carter Center. September 19, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
  82. ↑ "Death row inmate's life awaits ruling". The Sydney Morning Herald. October 7, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  83. ↑ Scott, Jeffry; Scott Garner (September 21, 2008). "Sharpton seeks clemency for Troy Anthony Davis". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  84. ↑ Associated Press (September 19, 2008). "Barr, Carter both seek clemency for Troy Davis". WTVM. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
  85. ↑ "Stay of Execution for Troy Davis". Amnesty International. September 24, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  86. ↑ "US Supreme Court Awards Convicted Murderer Troy Davis Late Stay Of Execution In Jackson, Georgia". Sky News. September 24, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  87. ↑ Richey, Warren (October 15, 2008). "Court declines to hear death-row appeal". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  88. ↑ "Docket for 08-66". US Supreme Court. October 14, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  89. ↑ "Supreme Court grants Davis another hearing". WTOC. August 27, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  90. 1 2 3 Rankin, Bill, Cook, Rhonda (October 24, 2008). "Court issues stay of execution for Troy Davis". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  91. 1 2 Rankin, Bill (October 23, 2008). "Lawyers launch new appeals effort". Retrieved December 8, 2008.
  92. ↑ Boone, Christian (October 23, 2008). "Rallies protest impending execution of Troy Davis". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  93. 1 2 3 4 5 "Judges differ as Davis seeks new trial". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. December 10, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  94. 1 2 Armstrong, Jake (December 10, 2008). "Credibility at stake in Davis bid" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  95. ↑ Springston, Jonathan (December 9, 2008). "Troy Davis Makes Case for New Round of Appeals". Atlanta Progressive News. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
  96. 1 2 3 Skutch, Jan (April 17, 1009). "Appellate court rejects Davis" (PDF). Savannah Morning News.
  97. ↑ "In re Troy Davis, Application for Leave to File a Second or Successive Habeas Corpus Petition" (PDF). 11th Circuit. April 16, 2009.
  98. ↑ Manhatton, Mike (April 17, 2009). "MacPhail's son speaks on Davis appeal denial". WTOC. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  99. ↑ "Supreme Court Postpones Davis Decision | WSAV TV". Wsav.com. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  100. ↑ "557 U.S. ____, "In Re Troy Anthony Davis on petition for Habeas Corpus No. 08–1443"" (PDF). Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  101. 1 2 3 4 Richey, Warren (August 24, 2010). "Death row inmate Troy Davis: Judge upholds conviction". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  102. 1 2 Rankin, Bill (June 24, 2010). "Court to hear Troy Davis's innocence claims in cop's 1989 killing". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 Rankin, Bill (June 24, 2010). "Judge must decide whether Troy Davis proved innocence in cop killing". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
  104. 1 2 3 4 Skutch, Jan, Walck, Pamela E. (June 24, 2010). "Troy Davis hearing could end today". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  105. 1 2 3 4 5 Rankin, Bill (June 23, 2010). "Witnesses back off testimony against Troy Davis". Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  106. 1 2 "Troy Davis lawyers ask judge to weigh rejected evidence". Savannah Morning News. July 22, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  107. ↑ Rankin, Bill (August 12, 2010). "Judge stands by decision to exclude testimony in Troy Davis case". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  108. 1 2 Rankin, Bill (August 24, 2010). "Judge rejects Troy Davis's innocence claim". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  109. ↑ "Appeal dismissed for death row inmate Troy Davis". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  110. ↑ "US court denies latest appeal by death row inmate". AFP. November 5, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  111. ↑ "Troy Davis files new appeal with U.S. Supreme Court". Associated Press. January 21, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  112. ↑ Liptak, Adam (March 28, 2011). "Troy Davis's Case Won't Be Reviewed by Supreme Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  113. ↑ Richey, Warren (March 28, 2011). "Supreme Court declines case of death-row inmate who became cause célèbre". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  114. ↑ "More than 600,000 sign petition against planned execution of Troy Davis". Channel 6 News. September 17, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  115. ↑ "Reps. John Lewis and Hank Johnson Urge Clemency For Inmate Troy Anthony Davis". Redding News Review. September 12, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  116. 1 2 "Prosecutor says he has no doubt about Troy Davis's guilt". CNN. September 21, 2011.
  117. ↑ Russ Bynum and Greg Bluestein (September 17, 2011). "Georgia death case grieves families on both sides". The Boston Globe. Boston. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  118. 1 2 Carver, Darryl (September 15, 2011). "Victim's Mother Talks About Troy Davis Execution". Fox Atlanta. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  119. ↑ Van Brimmer, Adam (September 19, 2011). "Van Brimmer: MacPhail family readies for next act in painful tragedy | savannahnow.com". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  120. ↑ "Georgia sets Sept. 21 execution for Troy Davis". CBS News. AP. September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  121. ↑ Rankin, Bill (September 7, 2011). "Troy Anthony Davis's execution set for Sept. 21". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Atlanta News. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  122. ↑ Rankin, Bill (September 7, 2011). "Parole board to again hear Troy Anthony Davis case". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Atlanta News. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  123. ↑ "Board denies clemency for Troy Davis". WSBTV.com. September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  124. ↑ Bluestein, Greg (September 21, 2011). "Ga high court rejects plea to stop Davis execution". AP via Forbes. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  125. ↑ "Obama won't act in Troy Davis execution case". The Raw Story. Agence France-Presse. September 21, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
  126. ↑ Severson, Kim (September 21, 2011). "Last-Ditch Appeals Stalls Georgia Execution". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  127. ↑ Curry, Colleen (September 21, 2011). "Troy Davis Execution Stay Denied". ABC News. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  128. ↑ "Georgia executes Troy Davis after his last pleas fail". NBC News. September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  129. ↑ Associated Press. "Troy Davis maintains innocence in final words". Associated Press News Feed on Yahoo!. Yahoo!. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  130. ↑ Huffington Post (October 7, 2011). "Troy Davis' Last Words Released by Georgia Department of Corrections (AUDIO)". Retrieved October 18, 2011.
  131. ↑ Schonfeld, Erick (December 6, 2011). "The Top Spiking Tweets Of 2011". AOL Inc. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  132. ↑ "Large funeral for executed Georgia inmate Troy Davis". USA Today. AP. October 1, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  133. ↑ Troy Davis profile, haymarketbooks.org; accessed February 17, 2015.
  134. ↑ https://open.spotify.com/album/4Gcdh8BnKBRg2y73ufxODz
  135. ↑ http://www.synchrotheatre.com/season/beyond-reasonable-doubt
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