U.S. Route 75 in Iowa

U.S. Highway 75
Route information
Maintained by Iowa DOT
Length:	79.994 mi[1] (128.738 km)
Existed:	July 1, 1926[2] – present
Major junctions
South end:	I-129 / US 20 / US 75 at Sioux City
	I-29 in Sioux City US 20 east of Sioux City Iowa 60 at Le Mars US 18 near Hull Iowa 9 in Rock Rapids
North end:	US 75 north of Rock Rapids
Location
Counties:	Woodbury Plymouth Sioux Lyon
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System List Bannered Divided Replaced Iowa Primary Highway System Interstate U.S. State Secondary Scenic ← I-74 Iowa 76 →

U.S. Highway 75 (US 75) is a United States Highway in northwestern Iowa. It begins at the Missouri River on a bridge with Interstate 129 (I-129) and US 20. Immediately upon landing in Iowa, I-129 ends at an interchange with I-29. US 20 and US 75 continue around Sioux City on a four-lane expressway until US 20 exits to the east. US 75 heads to the north-northeast, parallel to the Floyd River, until Le Mars. There, Iowa Highway 60 (Iowa 60) continues northeastward on the expressway while US 75 heads due north. Near Hull, it is briefly overlapped by US 18. It leaves the state north of Rock Rapids.

US 75 was one of the original U.S. Highways to be created in 1926, though its roots trace back nine years prior to the creation of the King of Trails, a 2,000-mile-long (3,200 km) auto trail that connected Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Galveston, Texas. In the Upper Midwest, there were two branches of the King of Trails that converged at Sioux City, which then continued south to Council Bluffs. In 1920, the Iowa State Highway Commission assigned route numbers to roads in order to improve wayfinding for travelers. The King of Trails was assigned Primary Road No. 12 (No. 12) from Council Bluffs to Sioux City and the western branch and No. 22 along the eastern branch. In 1926, the U.S. Highway 75 name was applied through Iowa to Primary Roads No. 12 and 22, the King of Trails route.

In the 1950s, US 75's importance began to wane as I-29 was built along the Missouri River. As sections of the Interstate Highway opened up between Council Bluffs and Sioux City, US 75 were rerouted onto the new road. In 1984, the southern half of US 75 was removed from Iowa and rerouted into Nebraska. Today, the highway is still an important part of Iowa's highway system. In the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, the highway along with Iowa 60 were improved into a continuous four-lane expressway between Sioux City and Minnesota.

Route description

US 75 enters Iowa on the Sergeant Floyd Memorial Bridge, which also carries I-129 and US 20, over the Missouri River. Almost immediately upon landing in Iowa, there is an interchange with I-29, at which I-129 ends. US 75's business loop of Sioux City begins at the I-29 interchange as well. Continuing east, US 20 and US 75 run together around the southern and eastern sides of Sioux City. The two routes split and US 75 continues to the north; it soon curves to the west around Bacon Creek Park. In the northeastern corner of the city, two half interchanges complete the reconnection of the business loop to the mainline highway. The four-lane highway now heads to the north-northeast parallel to the meandering Floyd River. Between the road and the river lie two sets of railroad tracks, one track operated by BNSF Railway and the other Union Pacific.^[3]

In Hinton, the highway and railroads separate the residential western half of the town from the eastern half's grain elevator operation. Through Merrill, the highway's divided highway configuration ends, though it remains a four-lane road. There is a level crossing with the BNSF Railway line as it splits away to the north. After crossing the western branch of the Floyd River, the four-lane, divided highway resumes. US 75 bypasses Le Mars to the west and north. Near the southwestern corner of the city, there is an interchange that marks the beginning of the business route through the city. On the western side, an interchange with Iowa 3 helps direct more traffic to the downtown area. The last Le Mars interchange takes US 75 off of the four-lane road; Iowa 60 assumes the expressway. At the end of the exit ramp, US 75 reconnects with the business loop and the highway heads north.^[3]

Now on a two-lane road, US 75 heads due north. The BNSF Railway line and West Branch Floyd River, which previously split away from the course of the highway, rejoin the highway near Maurice. Two miles (3.2 km) north of Maurice is an intersection with Iowa 10, which connects to Orange City and Alton to the east and Hawarden to the west. A curve in the railway forces the highway to deviate from its due-north path, though it shortly resumes that course; the river again departs here. As the road enters Sioux Center, it becomes a four-lane, undivided highway again. It passes through the city's downtown area and then through the industrial district. North of the town, the road becomes three lanes for a short while, and then two lanes again as it approaches US 18 near Hull. The two highways overlap for one mile (1.6 km) before US 18 turns to the west.^[3]

North of US 18, US 75 continues on its due-north course. It is crossed twice by the BNSF Railway line as the railroad tracks curve to the northwest. Near Doon, it crosses the Little Rock River followed by the Rock River four miles (6.4 km) later. It soon enters Rock Rapids and meets Iowa 9, the northernmost east–west highway in the state, west of the downtown area. The two highways head west out of the city and US 75 turns to the north shortly thereafter. The road continues north toward the Minnesota state line still on a northerly path. At the state line, Iowa's section lines do not line up with Minnesota's section lines, so US 75 turns west to follow the state line. At the halfway point of the section line correction, maintenance of the highway is taken over by the Minnesota Department of Transportation.^[4] The road then turns north and enters the state completely.^[3]

History

US 75 was created in 1926 with the U.S. Highway System, but its route dates back to 1917 when the King of Trails Association formed. The King of Trails entered Iowa at Council Bluffs and traveled north along the Missouri River to Sioux City, where it branched. The western branch traveled up into South Dakota while the eastern branch followed the Floyd River to Le Mars and then north to Minnesota from Le Mars.^[5] In 1920, the Iowa State Highway Commission applied route numbers to the King of Trails — Primary Road No. 12 from Council Bluffs to Sioux City and the western branch and No. 22 along the eastern branch.^[6] In 1926, US 75 was designated along Primary Roads No. 12 and 22.^[2] As Interstate 29 (I-29) was built along the banks of the Missouri River, US 75 was gradually moved on Interstate Highway. The portion of the highway south of Sioux City was moved into Nebraska in 1984.^[7]

King of Trails

King of Trails
Location:	Council Bluffs–Sioux City Sioux City–Luverne, Minnesota
Existed:	1918–1926

The King of Trails was a 2,000-mile-long (3,200 km) highway that connected Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Galveston, Texas.^[8] The road connected 89 cities with populations over 1000 residents and nine military posts.^[9] Through Iowa, the King of Trails entered at Council Bluffs and traveled north along the Missouri River through Onawa and Salix before it reached Sioux City. There, the route divided into two forks which met again at Ortonville, Minnesota. The western branch followed the Big Sioux River through the eastern tier of counties in South Dakota. The eastern branch traveled through Le Mars and Rock Rapids before entering Minnesota.^[10] There had been some competition between advocates for the South Dakota–Minnesota and Iowa–Minnesota routes, but in early 1918, compromise was reached and both forks were designated as the King of Trails.^[5]

Primary highways

In 1919, the Iowa General Assembly passed a bill that created a fund for improving and hard-surfacing nearly 6,300 miles (10,100 km) of primary roads in the state. The primary road system was to connect every city and town with at least 1000 inhabitants.^[11] The bill gave Iowa's 99 counties the responsibility for maintaining the roads, which had previously fallen upon road associations that sponsored their respective highways.^[12] The new primary roads were assigned route numbers, a trend in other Midwestern states. Route numbers were painted onto telegraph and telephone poles in order to guide travelers without the need for maps.^[13] The King of Trails route was assigned two numbers: Primary Road No. 12 from Council Bluffs to Sioux City, which included the western fork into South Dakota, and Primary Road No. 22 from Sioux City to Minnesota.^[6]

U.S. Highway origins

In the mid-1920s, automobile associations continued to sponsor their named routes — there were 64 such named routes in Iowa — on top of the route numbers given by the state highway commission. This proved to be more confusing than helpful to the casual traveler, so in 1924, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, later AASHTO) called for a national system of interstate highways. Of the 75,884 miles (122,123 km) proposed by AASHO, nearly 3,000 miles (4,800 km) were allocated to Iowa.^[14] Support for the system was unanimous among Iowa transportation officials and the new national routings and route numbers were assigned in 1925. The Iowa State Highway Commission chose to renumber a few highways as to not have conflicting route numbers along important routes. U.S. Highway 75 was designated along Primary Roads No. 12 and 22, which was the King of Trails route.^[2] Once the U.S. Highway System was established, the automobile association-sponsored roads gradually disappeared.^[14]

Original routing

US 75 and US 30 entered Iowa via the Ak-Sar-Ben Bridge over the Missouri River. The two highways followed Broadway through Council Bluffs and then north along the Lincoln Highway, which was a graded dirt road. The routes winded through the Loess Hills until Honey Creek and at the base of the hills until Missouri Valley. There, US 30 split away to the east and US 75 to the west and then to the north again. US 75 continued along the base of the Loess Hills where it met Iowa 127. It then curved west onto the Missouri River flats. At Mondamin, the highway turned north again to run roughly parallel to the Missouri River. It passed through Little Sioux, River Sioux, and Blencoe before meeting Iowa 37 in Onawa.^[15]

4th Street in Sioux City

North of Onawa to the Monona–Woodbury county line, US 75 headed north-northwest on a gravel road. After crossing into Woodbury County near Sloan, a long section of paved road began. The road headed north-northwest through Whiting and Sloan. At Sergeant Bluff, it turned north toward Sioux City. Upon entering the city, US 75 followed Lakeport Road until reaching Morningside Avenue, which carried Iowa 141. US 75 turned west to follow Morningside Avenue past the eponymous college. The routes followed a stair-step routing until they reached Correctionville Road, which carried US 20. The three routes crossed the Floyd River together and entered downtown Sioux City along 4th Street. At Court Street, they diverged; US 20 and Iowa 141 continued west along 4th and US 75 turned north onto Court. When it reached 27th Street, the route turned back to the east toward Floyd Avenue, onto which it turned. Floyd Avenue headed northeast; it became Leeds Road upon exiting the city.^[15]

North of Sioux City, US 75 followed a paved road that ran parallel to the Floyd River and two rail lines, the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway and the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad operated by Illinois Central. It passed through Hinton and Merrill before entering Le Mars. It intersected Iowa 27 a few blocks west of downtown. North of Le Mars, US 75 followed a gravel road that roughly traveled due north; it passed near Struble and Maurice, intersected Iowa 10 and then went through Sioux Center. At Perkins, the highway intersected US 18 and the two highways headed north, then west, and then north again for a few miles. At Doon, US 18 turned west to go toward Inwood. US 75 eased back to the east to reach Rock Rapids and Iowa 9. The highway moved back to the west and entered Minnesota.^[15]

Improvements

The system of auto trails that coursed through Iowa prior to the U.S. Highway System were routed to bring tourist traffic through the towns along the trails. Often times, trail routes were determined by which cities had paid dues to the trail's association.^[16] By 1929, the highway was paved from Council Bluffs to Missouri Valley, the stretch of highway overlapped by US 30.^[17] The next year, the entire route between Council Bluffs and Sioux City was paved.^[18] In the 1930s, Iowa received a $10 million grant, equivalent to $1.23 billion in 2015,^[19] from the federal government for improving highways. Along the northern section of US 75, engineers sought to straighten the highway before paving could begin.^[20] By the end of the decade, the highway was straightened and paved between Sioux Center and Rock Rapids. US 18 was also relocated in the area, so the overlap of the two routes was eliminated between Perkins and Doon. Since Doon was bypassed to the east, Iowa 167 was created to serve the town. In Sioux City, the road was shifted west to near the Missouri River, past the Sergeant Floyd Memorial along Lewis Road and Plymouth Street. In later years, the road would be straightened through Sioux City again and renamed Lewis Boulevard. The former alignment on Lakeport Road and Morningside Avenue became Iowa 230.^[21]

Decline

The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 brought the Interstate Highway System to the United States and 700 miles (1,100 km) of new highways to Iowa, which included a highway along the eastern bank of the Missouri River.^[22] Construction began, in segments, on what would become Interstate 29 in the late 1950s near Sioux City and Council Bluffs. When the 20-mile-long (32 km) section of I-29 opened between N. 16th Street in Council Bluffs and Missouri Valley, US 75 was rerouted off of its old Lincoln Highway alignment and onto the new freeway. US 30 Alternate, which had replaced the mainline US 30 years ago, was the only remaining route along the old Lincoln Highway.^[23] A new bridge for I-480 adjacent to the Ak-Sar-Ben Bridge opened in 1966. Within a few years, I-29 was complete between Council Bluffs and Sioux City and US 75 was shifted off of its two-lane road and onto the Interstate Highway.^[24][25]

In Sioux City, US 75 exited I-29 at Industrial Road, now known as Singing Hills Boulevard, which was a short connector to Lewis Boulevard.^[26] In 1984, the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Nebraska Department of Roads proposed to AASHTO a number of changes that would alter the highway systems of both states. Nebraska proposed that US 73, which ended at US 20 in South Sioux City would be truncated and its northern end pulled all the way back to an intersection with US 75 in southeastern Nebraska. Iowa and Nebraska jointly proposed moving US 75 out of Iowa between Council Bluffs and Sioux City, from the redundant I-29 corridor, and onto the abandoned US 73 corridor. The proposed changes were approved.^[7] Iowa DOT officials made the transfer official on December 5, 1984.^[26] Now a much shorter highway, it entered the state on the I-129 bridge with US 20. Upon entering the state, northbound US 75 immediately exited onto southbound I-29 in order to reach Singing Hills Boulevard and resume its course.^[27]

Modernization

While the highway south of Sioux City was growing less important due to the construction of I-29, the highway north of Sioux City was growing. In the late 1950s, US 75 was widened to four lanes from Lewis Boulevard in Sioux City to Le Mars.^[23][28] In the late 1990s, the Iowa DOT identified six corridors in need of upgrading to four lane highway. One of those corridors was US 75 and Iowa 60 from Sioux City to Minnesota.^[29] Part of the corridor improvements included two bypasses on US 75, the completion of the one around Sioux City and construction of one around Le Mars. The Sioux City bypass took five years to complete and opened on November 19, 2001. The former routing along Lewis Boulevard became US 75 Business.^[30] Residents of the Le Mars area were presented plans for construction of their bypass in February 2003.^[31] Acquisition of property and construction of the bypass took three-and-a-half years; the bypass opened on November 22, 2006.^[32] Like in Sioux City, the former routing of US 75 through Le Mars became a business route.^[33]

Major intersections

County	Location	mi[1]	km	Exit	Destinations	Notes
Dakota	South Sioux City				I-129 / US 20 west / US 75 south – South Sioux City	Continuation into Nebraska
Missouri River		0.000	0.000	Sergeant Floyd Memorial Bridge; Nebraska–Iowa state line
Woodbury	Sioux City	0.286	0.460	1	I-129 ends / I-29 / US 75 Business – Council Bluffs, Sioux Gateway Airport, Downtown Sioux City	Eastern end of I-129 overlap; exit number follows I-129; no exit number southbound
		1.741	2.802	1	Lakeport Street	Exit numbers follow US 20
		2.859	4.601	2	Sunnybrook Drive
		3.407	5.483	3	Morningside Avenue	Formerly Iowa 141
		4.529	7.289	4 93	US 20 east / US 20 Business west (Gordon Drive) – Fort Dodge	Eastern end of US 20 overlap; signed as exits 4A (east) and 4B (west) northbound; exit 93 on US 75 south
		7.839	12.616	97	Outer Drive North, 28th Street
		9.853	15.857	99	CR D12 (46th Street) / Floyd Boulevard	Northbound exit and southbound entrance
		10.587	17.038		US 75 Business to CR D12 (Floyd Boulevard) / 46th Street	Southbound exit and northbound entrance; north end of freeway
Plymouth	Le Mars	26.704	42.976	116	US 75 Business north (24th Street SW) – Airport	Interchange; south end of expressway; US 75 Business only signed northbound
	America Township	28.737	46.248	118	Iowa 3 (Plymouth Street) – Business District	Interchange
		31.256	50.302	120	US 75 Business south (5th Avenue NW) / Iowa 60 north – Sheldon	Interchange; US 75 Business only signed southbound; expressway continues on Iowa 60
Sioux	Sherman–West Branch township line	43.712	70.348		Iowa 10 – Hawarden, Orange City
	Lincoln Township	56.774	91.369		US 18 east – Hull	Southern end of US 18 overlap
		57.772	92.975		US 18 west – Rock Valley	Northern end of US 18 overlap
Lyon	Rock Rapids	73.780	118.737		Iowa 9 east (Main Street)	Eastern end of Iowa 9 overlap
	Riverside Township	74.771	120.332		Iowa 9 west – Lester, Larchwood	Western end of Iowa 9 overlap
		79.994	128.738		US 75 north; Iowa–Minnesota state line	Continuation into Minnesota
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus       Incomplete access

References

1. "2012 Volume of Traffic on the Primary Road System of Iowa" (PDF). Iowa Department of Transportation. January 1, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
2. "Iowa primary roads soon to be renumbered and remarked to conform to U.S. System of Interstate Highways". Service Bulletin Oct–Nov–Dec 1925. Iowa State Highway Commission. XIII (10–11–12): 3–6. 1925.
3. Iowa Department of Transportation (2014). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
4. Google (May 14, 2016). "Pavement changes at the Minnesota state line" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
5. "Designate both routes". Le Mars Semi Weekly Sentinel. Le Mars, Iowa. February 26, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
6. Iowa State Highway Commission (1919). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
7. Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (May 23, 1984). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Carefree, AZ: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 5. Retrieved May 23, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
8. "Meetings". Good Roads. The E.L. Powers Co. XIV (3): 37. July 21, 1917. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Google Books.
9. "New International Road". American Motorist. American Automobile Association. 9: 40. August 1917. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Google Books.
10. Montgomery, Walter B. (June 18, 1921). "Description of the route of the King of Trails". The Sioux Center Times supplement in The Alton Democrat. Alton, Iowa. p. 9. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
11. "Iowa's new road law provides pay-as-you-go plan for improving and hardsurfacing 6,278 miles of highway". Service Bulletin Supplement March–April 1919. Iowa State Highway Commission. VII (3–4): 3. 1919. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via Google Books.
12. "Iowa Registered Routes". Iowa Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
13. "Iowa primary roads to be marked with official standard symbol and number July 12 to 17". Service Bulletin May–June 1920. Iowa State Highway Commission. VIII (5–6): 3. 1920. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via Google Books.
14. Thompson, William H. (1989). Transportation in Iowa: A Historical Summary. Ames, Iowa: Iowa Department of Transportation. p. 146.
15. Iowa State Highway Commission (1927). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
16. Weingroff, Richard F. "From names to numbers: the origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
17. Iowa State Highway Commission (1929). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
18. Iowa State Highway Commission (1930). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
19. United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2016). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved April 10, 2016. These figures follow the figures as of 2015.
20. "Preliminary work here to start soon". The Alton Democrat. Alton, Iowa. August 11, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved May 22, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
21. Iowa State Highway Commission (1939). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
22. "Journal of the House of the Fifty-Seventh General Assembly". State of Iowa. 1957: 45–48. Retrieved May 22, 2016 – via Google Books.
23. Iowa State Highway Commission (1959). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
24. Iowa State Highway Commission (1969). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
25. Completion Map of Interstate System (PDF) (Map). Iowa Department of Transportation. January 1, 1982. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
26. Cain, Patrick R.; Knight, Peggy. "Primary route descriptions — U.S. 75 (Woodbury County)". Iowa Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
27. Iowa Department of Transportation (1986). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa Department of Transportation. Sioux City inset. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
28. Iowa State Highway Commission (1958). Iowa State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Ames: Iowa State Highway Commission. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
29. Richardson, Nancy (December 2005). "One 2 One" (PDF). Inside. Iowa Department of Transportation: 2.
30. Yoder, Dave. "New U.S. 75 bypass opens". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
31. Morris, Sue (February 17, 2003). "Le Mars bypass will have three access points". Le Mars Daily Sentinel. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
32. Biesanz, Magdalene (November 22, 2006). "Second portion of Le Mars Bypass opens". Le Mars Daily Sentinel. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
33. Biesanz, Magdalene (September 18, 2007). "City prepares to take over Business 75". Le Mars Daily Sentinel. Retrieved May 23, 2016.

External links

Route map: Bing / Google

• Iowa Termini of US 75 at Iowa Highway Ends
• US 75 at the Iowa Highways Page