Unicycle

A unicycle is a vehicle that touches the ground with only one wheel. The most common variation has a frame with a saddle, and has a pedal-driven direct drive. Unicycling is practiced professionally in circuses, by street performers, and in festivals and as a hobby. Unicycles have also been used to create new sports such as unicycle hockey. In recent years unicycles have been also been used in activities similar to mountain biking or trials.

A Torker unicycle

History

"If I only had a Continental bicycle tire." Advertising poster for Continental tires showing a hobo on a unicycle with his dog running beside (c. 1900).

US patents for single-wheeled 'velocipedes' were published in 1869 by Frederick Myers[1] and in 1881 by Battista Scuri.[2]

Unicycle design has developed since the advent of the first unicycle into many variations including: the seatless unicycle ("ultimate wheel") and the tall ("giraffe") unicycle. During the late 1980s some extreme sportsmen took an interest in the unicycle and modified unicycles to enable them to engage in off-road or mountain unicycling, trials unicycling and street unicycling.

Unicycles compared to other pedal powered vehicles

Bicycles, tricycles and quadracycles share (with minor variations) several basic parts including wheels, pedals, cranks, forks, and the saddle with unicycles. Without a rider unicycles lack stability - however a proficient unicyclist is usually more stable than a similarly proficient rider on a bicycle as the wheel is not constrained by the linear axis of a frame. Unicycles usually lack brakes, gears, and the ability to freewheel.

Construction

A unicycle hub

Unicycles have a few key parts:

The wheel is usually similar to a small bicycle wheel with a special hub designed so the axle is a fixed part of the hub. This means the rotation of the cranks directly controls the rotation of the wheel (called direct drive). The frame sits on top of the axle bearings, while the cranks attach to the ends of the axle, and the seatpost slides into the frame to allow the saddle to be height adjusted.

Types of unicycles

Off-road unicycles.
Trial unicycle

Types of unicycle include:

Each type has special components unique to that type of unicycle.

Freestyle unicycles

Generally used for flatland skills and freestyle routines, freestyle unicycles typically have a relatively high seatpost, a narrow saddle, and a squared fork (used for one-footed tricks). These unicycles are used similarly to flatland bicycles. Wheel size is usually 20 inches (510 mm), but smaller riders may use 16-or-12-inch (410 or 300 mm) unicycles. Some people prefer 24-inch (610 mm) wheels.

Trials unicycles

Designed for unicycle trials, these unicycles are stronger than standard unicycles in order to withstand the stresses caused by jumping, dropping, and supporting the weight of the unicycle and rider on components such as the pedals and cranks. Many trials unicycles also have wide, 19- or 20-inch (510 mm) knobby tires to absorb some of the impact on drops.

Mountain unicycles ("Munis")

Muni with disk brake

Mountain unicycling (abbreviated to muni) consists of riding specialized unicycles on mountain bike trails. Mountain unicycles have thicker, wider tires for shock absorption. Tires are usually 20, 24, or 26 inches, though rarely as large as 29 inches. Many riders choose to use long cranks to increase power when riding up hills and over rough terrain. Mountain unicycle cranks are usually 125 to 175 millimeters long. In addition to standard unicycle parts, a disk brake is sometimes used for descents.

Touring unicycles

36" unicycle with Schlumpf-gear

Used for long distances, these unicycles are specially made to cover distances. They have a large wheel diameter, between 26 and 36 in., so more distance is covered in less pedal rotation. A 36" unicycle made by the Coker Tire company started the big wheel trend.[3] Some variations on the traditional touring unicycle include the Schlumpf "GUni" (geared unicycle), which uses a two-speed internal fixed-geared hub. Larger direct-drive wheels tend to have shorter cranks to allow for easier cadence and more speed. Geared wheels, with an effective diameter larger than the wheel itself, tend to use longer cranks to increase torque as they are not required to achieve such high cadences as direct-drive wheels, but demand greater force per pedal stroke.

Other variations

Giraffe unicycle
Multi-wheeled unicycle

Other variations include:

Training aids

Having training aids may make it easier to become comfortable with riding a unicycle. One method for training is using a spotter to make riding easier. One other easy way to learn is to find a narrow hallway that can be used to help alleviate left and right balancing while allowing a beginner to focus on forward and backward balance. If a hallway cannot be found, a fence or clothes line is suitable. Equally, riding back and forth between two chairs, faced back to back, whilst holding on to the chair backs allows the user to gauge how to appropriately position oneself before setting off. Using props such as sticks or ski poles is generally discouraged as they hinder balance and create dependence. A fall onto props could also cause serious injury.[11]

Freestyle

Riding styles

Jess Riegel grinds a rail, a street unicycling skill
Commuting-style riding on a 36er at the Five Boro Bike Tour

Traditionally, unicycling has been seen as a circus skill which has been performed at events to entertain the public in the circus or during parades, carnivals or street festivals. Recent developments in the strength and durability of bicycle (and consequently unicycle) parts have given rise to many new activities including trials unicycling and mountain unicycling. Unicycling is arguably now as much a competitive sport and recreational pursuit as an entertainment activity.

The principal types of unicycling are:

Freestyle
Perhaps the oldest form of unicycling, traditional freestyle riding is based on performance. Freestyle tricks and moves are derived from different ways of riding the unicycle, and linking these moves together into one long flowing line that is aesthetically pleasing. Competitions look very similar to figure skating
Comedy
Along with freestyle it is a performance style of unicycling. Often employed by clowns and other circus skills performers. Comedy unicycling exaggerates the perceived difficulty of riding a unicycle to create a comedic performance.
Trials unicycling
Trials unicycling is specifically aimed at negotiating obstacles. Analogous to trials bike riding.
Street unicycling
Street unicycling as a style involves riders using a combination of objects found in urbanized settings (such as ledges, handrails, and stairs) to perform a wide variety of tricks. Many tricks are similar to those performed in other extreme sports, such as BMX and skateboarding.
Off-road or mountain unicycling (abbreviated to 'MUni')
Muni is riding on rough terrain and has developed as a form of unicycling in recent years.
Touring or commuting
This style concentrates on distance riding. With a 29-or-36-inch (740 or 910 mm) wheel cruising speeds of 10 to 15 mph (24 km/h) or more can easily be reached.
Flatland
As of 2009 This style of unicycling is similar to freestyle in that various tricks and movements are performed on flat ground. Flatland, however, does not have the performance element of freestyle, but instead has tricks that are similar to those in BMX and skateboarding.

Unicycle team sports

Unicycling is also performed as a team sport.

Unicycle basketball

Main article: Unicycle basketball

Unicycle basketball uses a regulation basketball on a regular basketball court with the same rules, e.g., one must dribble the ball while riding. There are a number of rules that are particular to unicycle basketball as well, e.g., a player must be mounted on the unicycle when in-bounding the ball. Unicycle basketball is usually played using 24 inches (610 mm) or smaller unicycles, and using plastic pedals, both to preserve the court and the players' shins. In North America, regular unicycle basketball games are organized in Berkeley, San Luis Obispo, Detroit, Phoenix, Minneapolis, and Toronto. Switzerland, France, Germany and Puerto Rico are all field teams. The Puerto Rico All Star Unicycling Basketball Team has been one of the dominant teams and has won several world championships.

Unicycle hockey

Main article: Unicycle hockey
Unicycle Hockey

Unicycle hockey follows rules basically similar to ice hockey or inline hockey, using a tennis ball and ice-hockey sticks. Play is mostly non-contact. The sport has active leagues in Germany, Switzerland and the UK and international tournaments held at least bi-annually. Tournaments in the UK are held by various teams across the country usually in sports halls, but occasionally outside. Each tournament lasts a day and around 8 teams normally compete in a round-robin league with the winner being whoever has the most points. If two teams have the same number of points the winner can be decided by goal difference or a penalty shoot-out.

Unicycle handball

Unicycle handball uses a handball-sized ball. The teams aim to throw it into a vertical hoop placed about 6 feet (1.8 m) above the ground. It has been played in the Polish village of Chrzelice since the late 1970s[12][13]

Notable unicyclists

Known as unicyclists

Individuals

Groups

Known in other fields

UNICON and regional championships

Start of the 100 km race at the UNICON 16 in Brixen 2012

UNICON, Eurocycle and APUC are regular international unicycling conventions.

The biennial UNICON (International Unicycling Convention), sanctioned by the International Unicycling Federation, comprises all major unicycling disciplines and is a major event on the international unicycling calendar. Events include: artistic (group, pairs, individual, standard skill, open-X), track racing (100 metres, 400 metres, 800 metres, 30 metres walk the wheel, 50 metres one-foot), 10 kilometres, marathon (42.195 km), muni (cross-country, uphill, downhill, North Shore downhill), trials, basketball and hockey.[36]

The Eurocycle (EUROpean uniCYCLE meeting) is a similar convention but based in Europe.

APUC, the Asia Pacific Unicycling Championships, are held biannually, alternately with Unicon. The first APUC, in 2007, was in Singapore. Subsequently the event has been held in Hong Kong (2009), Seoul (2011), Canberra (2013), and Singapore (2015).

Races

Unicycle Race 2013

The world's first multi-stage unicycle race, Ride the Lobster, took place in Nova Scotia in June 2008. Some 35 teams from 14 countries competed over a total distance of 800 km.[37] Each team consisted of a maximum of 3 riders and 1 support person.

Unicross, or unicycle cyclocross is an emerging race format in which unicycles race over a cyclocross course.

Manufacturers

Unicycle makers include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "US 87355 A". March 2, 1869. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  2. ↑ "US 242161 A". May 31, 1881. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  3. ↑ ""To Coker" is a verb with one wheel and tire on it!". Retrieved 2008-05-13.
  4. ↑ Foss, John. "Multi Wheeled Unicycles". Retrieved 2012-06-26.
  5. ↑ Holm, Kris; Schlumpf. "Schlumpf Geared Unicycle Hub". Retrieved 2012-06-26.
  6. ↑ http://www.unicycling.com/garage/multi.htm
  7. ↑ http://www.gizmag.com/go/2350/
  8. ↑ http://www.unicycling.org/btdt/unique.html
  9. ↑ http://www.unicycling.com/garage/recumben.htm
  10. ↑ http://www.unicycling.org/btdt/unique.html
  11. ↑ Wiley, Jack (1973). The unicycle book. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0416-5.
  12. ↑ How it started in Chrzelice (Polish)
  13. ↑ Pictures of handball played by former and current members of Chrzelice unicycle team
  14. ↑ "Wendy's Shameless Surprise Stunt: The King Charles Unicycle Troupe". The Wendy Williams Show. November 11, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Built to Amaze: King Charles Troupe". Ringling Brothers & Barnes & Bailey. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  16. ↑ "King Charles Troupe: Unicycle Basketball Troupe". Blue Moon Talen. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  17. ↑ "April 26 "Lisa Tolliver Show" features Ray Aydelott, Joe Franklin and David Reid". Lisa Tolliver Show. April 24, 2006.
  18. ↑ 'Dancing With The Stars Eliminates Adam Carolla'
  19. ↑ ohne Autor (15 July 2009): 9 Fun Facts about Rupert Grint! Extra TV (retrieved 16 November 2015)
  20. ↑ 'Mika Häkkinen bio'
  21. 1 2 Lewis Hamilton relishing reunion with old unicycle rival Nico Rosberg, Guardian, 15 March 2013
  22. ↑ 'Eddie Izzard'
  23. ↑ Stephanie Palumbo (September 2012). How Leslie Mann Lives Her Best Life. The star of the new animated film ParaNorman talks about her love of unicycles, her kids, and all things supernatural. O, The Oprah Magazine (retrieved 17 November 2014)
  24. ↑ 'Chris Martin Rides Unicycles'
  25. ↑ Eric Spitznagel (7 April 2011). Demetri Martin on Twitter Battles, Kurt Vonnegut Asterisks, and Unicycle Regret. Vanity Fair online (retrieved 16 November 2014)
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ Paul Cambra (7 February 2013). Jess Riegel makes documentary about Unicycle World Championships. 'Unicon 16 Brixen' available at three Auburn bike shops. Auburn Journal (retrieved 16 November 2014)
  28. ↑ 'Miles Plumlee Rides a Unicycle at Duke basketball game'
  29. ↑ 'Donald Rumsfeld On A Unicycle'
  30. ↑ 'Claude Shannon obituary'
  31. ↑ 'Take That Unicycle (BBC)' on YouTube
  32. 1 2 Babylon By Bike Don Snowden (7 April 1988). Andrew Tosh Shoulders Reggae Legacy. Los Angeles Times (retrieved 16 November 2014)
  33. ↑ 'Hope You Like Jamming Too (Review of Peter Tosh biography)
  34. ↑ 'Quarterback always called right plays'
  35. ↑ Paul Vitello (15 November 2011). Ilya Zhitomirskiy Dies at 22; Co-Founded Social Network. New York Times (retrieved 16 November 2014)
  36. ↑ International Unicycling Federation
  37. ↑ Ride the Lobster
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