Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
Great Seal of the United States
Long title An Act to consolidate and improve provisions of law relating to absentee registration and voting in elections for Federal office by members of uniformed services and persons who reside overseas.
Nicknames Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1986
Enacted by the 99th United States Congress
Effective August 28, 1986
Citations
Public law 99-410
Statutes at Large 100 Stat. 924
Codification
Titles amended 42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare transferred to 52 U.S.C.: Voting and Elections
U.S.C. sections created 42 U.S.C. ch. 20, subch. I-G § 1973ff et seq. transferred to 52 U.S.C. §§ 20301–20311
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House as H.R. 4393 by Al Swift (D–WA) on March 12, 1986
  • Committee consideration by House Administration
  • Passed the House on August 12, 1986 (Passed Voice Vote)
  • Passed the Senate on August 16, 1986 (Passed Voice Vote)
  • Signed into law by President Ronald W. Reagan on August 28, 1986
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Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA), P.L. 99-410, 4 U.S.C. §§ 1973ff–1973ff-6, 39 U.S.C. § 3406, 18 U.S.C. §§ 608–609, is a United States federal law dealing with elections and voting rights for United States citizens residing overseas. The act requires that all U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands allow certain U.S. citizens to register to vote and to vote by absentee ballot in federal elections.[1] The act is Public Law 99-410 and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on August 28, 1986.[2]

Groups of people covered under the act are:

The act provides for an emergency back-up ballot, the Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot (FWAB), which can be cast by voters who "have made a timely application for but have not received their regular ballot from the state or territory, subject to certain conditions."[1]

The act does not apply to non-federal elections, although some states and territories also allow citizens covered by the UOCAVA to register and vote in state and local elections as well.[3]

FVAP

The Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP), part of the Department of Defense, is the program that administers the UOCAVA as well as the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 on behalf of the Secretary of Defense.[3] The FVAP states its goals as to "inform and educate U.S. citizens worldwide of their right to vote; facilitate voting participation; and protect the integrity of, and simultaneously enhance, the electoral process at the Federal, State and local levels."[3]

Executive Order 12642

An executive order issued by President Reagan on June 9, 1988, designated the Secretary of Defense as the presidential designee responsible for administering the act and authorizes the Secretary of Defense to delegate the responsibilities under the act and executive order to any person or persons within the Department of Defense.[4] Department of Defense directives issued by Secretaries of Defense have delegated responsibilities for the FVAP to a FVAP director. The current director is Matt Boehmer.

The act was amended by the Help America Vote Act (2002)[2] and the National Defense Authorization Acts in 2002)[2] and 2005.

Relevance to District of Columbia voting rights

The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act allows U.S. citizens to vote from overseas, even if they have permanently left the United States. Since these citizens are no longer residents of a U.S. State but maintain their right to vote, legal scholars have therefore argued that United States Congress also has the authority to grant voting rights to residents of the District of Columbia.[5]

Relevance to Puerto Rico voting rights

The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act has also been challenged in federal court by U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico. Plaintiffs in the case of Igartua de la Rosa v. United States claimed that the Act is unconstitutional because it allows U.S. citizens who move abroad to vote in federal elections, but not if they relocate to Puerto Rico. The challenge was dismissed by the courts.[6] However, in his dissent, Judge Juan R. Torruella argued that the United States Constitution neither denies citizens of Puerto Rico the right to vote for members of the United States House of Representatives nor imposes a limitation on the federal government's authority to extend federal voting rights to territorial residents under other constitutional powers.[7]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (as modified by the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2005)". U.S. Department of Justice; Civil Rights Division; Voting Section. December 31, 1987. Archived from the original on 2008-07-17. Retrieved 2010-12-18
  2. 1 2 3 Coleman, Kevin J. "Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act: Background and Issues." Congressional Research Service, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 Federal Voting Assistance Program
  4. ↑ "Executive Order 12642–Designation of the Secretary of Defense as the Presidential Designee Under Title I of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act". The American Presidency Project. 8 June 1988. Retrieved 2007-12-03
  5. ↑ "25 Legal Scholars Support Constitutionality of DC Voting Rights" (PDF). 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  6. ↑ Román, José D. (April 2002). "Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution: Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood". Fordham Urban Law Journal. 29.
  7. ↑ GREGORIO IGARTÚA ET AL v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ET AL (IGARTUA IV)
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