United States housing bubble

Fig. 1: Robert Shiller's plot of U.S. home prices, population, building costs, and bond yields, from Irrational Exuberance, 2nd ed.[1] Shiller shows that inflation-adjusted U.S. home prices increased 0.4% per year from 1890 to 2004 and 0.7% per year from 1940 to 2004, whereas U.S. census data from 1940 to 2004 shows that the self-assessed value increased 2% per year.
Subprime mortgage crisis

The United States housing bubble was a real estate bubble affecting over half of U.S. states. Housing prices peaked in early 2006, started to decline in 2006 and 2007, and reached new lows in 2012.[2] On December 30, 2008, the Case-Shiller home price index reported its largest price drop in its history.[3] The credit crisis resulting from the bursting of the housing bubble is—according to general consensus—the primary cause of the credit default swap bubble of the 2007–2009 recession in the United States.[4]

Increased foreclosure rates in 2006–2007 among U.S. homeowners led to a crisis in August 2008 for the subprime, Alt-A, collateralized debt obligation (CDO), mortgage, credit, hedge fund, and foreign bank markets.[5] In October 2007, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury called the bursting housing bubble "the most significant risk to our economy."[6]

Any collapse of the U.S. housing bubble has a direct impact not only on home valuations, but mortgage markets, home builders, real estate, home supply retail outlets, Wall Street hedge funds held by large institutional investors, and foreign banks, increasing the risk of a nationwide recession.[7][8][9][10] Concerns about the impact of the collapsing housing and credit markets on the larger U.S. economy caused President George W. Bush and the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke to announce a limited bailout of the U.S. housing market for homeowners who were unable to pay their mortgage debts.[11]

In 2008 alone, the United States government allocated over $900 billion to special loans and rescues related to the U.S. housing bubble, with over half going to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (both of which are government-sponsored enterprises) as well as the Federal Housing Administration.[12] On December 24, 2009, the Treasury Department made an unprecedented announcement that it would be providing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac unlimited financial support for the next three years despite acknowledging losses in excess of $400 billion so far.[13]

Background

Land prices contributed much more to the price increases than did structures. This can be seen in the building cost index in Fig. 1. An estimate of land value for a house can be derived by subtracting the replacement value of the structure, adjusted for depreciation, from the home price. Using this methodology, Davis and Palumbo calculated land values for 46 U.S. metro areas, which can be found at the website for the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy.[14]

Housing bubbles may occur in local or global real estate markets. In their late stages, they are typically characterized by rapid increases in the valuations of real property until unsustainable levels are reached relative to incomes, price-to-rent ratios, and other economic indicators of affordability. This may be followed by decreases in home prices that result in many owners finding themselves in a position of negative equity—a mortgage debt higher than the value of the property. The underlying causes of the housing bubble are complex. Factors include tax policy (exemption of housing from capital gains), historically low interest rates, tax lending standards, failure of regulators to intervene, and speculative fever.[5][7][15][16][17][18] This bubble may be related to the stock market or dot-com bubble of the 1990s.[1][19][20][21][22] This bubble roughly coincides with the real estate bubbles of the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Spain,[23] Poland, Hungary and South Korea.[24][25]

While bubbles may be identifiable in progress, bubbles can be definitively measured only in hindsight after a market correction,[26] which began in 2005–2006 for the U.S. housing market.[27][28][29][30][31][32] Former U.S. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan said "We had a bubble in housing",[33][34] and also said in the wake of the subprime mortgage and credit crisis in 2007, "I really didn't get it until very late in 2005 and 2006." In 2001, Alan Greenspan dropped interest rates to a low 1% in order to jump the economy after the ".com" bubble. It was then bankers and other Wall Street firms started borrowing money due to its inexpensiveness.[35]

The mortgage and credit crisis was caused by the inability of a large number of home owners to pay their mortgages as their low introductory-rate mortgages reverted to regular interest rates. Freddie Mac CEO Richard Syron concluded, "We had a bubble",[36] and concurred with Yale economist Robert Shiller's warning that home prices appear overvalued and that the correction could last years, with trillions of dollars of home value being lost.[36] Greenspan warned of "large double digit declines" in home values "larger than most people expect."[34]

Problems for home owners with good credit surfaced in mid-2007, causing the United States' largest mortgage lender, Countrywide Financial, to warn that a recovery in the housing sector was not expected to occur at least until 2009 because home prices were falling "almost like never before, with the exception of the Great Depression".[8] The impact of booming home valuations on the U.S. economy since the 2001–2002 recession was an important factor in the recovery, because a large component of consumer spending was fueled by the related refinancing boom, which allowed people to both reduce their monthly mortgage payments with lower interest rates and withdraw equity from their homes as their value increased.[7]

Timeline

Identification

A graph showing the median and average sales prices of new homes sold in the United States between 1963 and 2010.[37]
Internal email from Deutsche Bank in 2005, describing a CDO trader's view of the housing bubble

Although an economic bubble is difficult to identify except in hindsight, numerous economic and cultural factors led several economists (especially in late 2004 and early 2005) to argue that a housing bubble existed in the U.S.[1][26][38][39][40][41][42][43] Dean Baker identified the bubble in August 2002, thereafter repeatedly warning of its nature and depth, and the political reasons it was being ignored.[44][45] Prior to that, Robert Prechter wrote about it extensively as did Professor Shiller in his original publication of Irrational Exuberance in the year 2000.

The burst of the housing bubble was predicted by a handful of political and economic analysts, such as G. Edward Griffinin in his 1994 book, The Creature from Jekyll Island, and Jeffery Robert Hunn in a March 3, 2003, editorial. Hunn wrote:

"[W]e can profit from the collapse of the credit bubble and the subsequent stock market divestment [(decline)]. However, real estate has not yet joined in a decline of prices fed by selling (and foreclosing). Unless you have a very specific reason to believe that real estate will outperform all other investments for several years, you may deem this prime time to liquidate investment property (for use in more lucrative markets)."[46]

Many contested any suggestion that there could be a housing bubble, particularly at its peak from 2004 to 2006,[47] with some rejecting the "house bubble" label in 2008.[48] Claims that there was no warning of the crisis were further repudiated in an August 2008 article in The New York Times, which reported that in mid-2004 Richard F. Syron, the CEO of Freddie Mac, received a memo from David Andrukonis, the company's former chief risk officer, warning him that Freddie Mac was financing risk-laden loans that threatened Freddie Mac's financial stability. In his memo, Mr. Andrukonis wrote that these loans "would likely pose an enormous financial and reputational risk to the company and the country".[49] The article revealed that more than two-dozen high-ranking executives said that Mr. Syron had simply decided to ignore the warnings.

Other cautions came as early as 2001, when the late Federal Reserve governor Edward Gramlich warned of the risks posed by subprime mortgages.[50] In September 2003, at a hearing of the House Financial Services Committee, Congressman Ron Paul identified the housing bubble and foretold the difficulties it would cause: "Like all artificially-created bubbles, the boom in housing prices cannot last forever. When housing prices fall, homeowners will experience difficulty as their equity is wiped out. Furthermore, the holders of the mortgage debt will also have a loss."[51] Reuters reported in October 2007 that a Merrill Lynch analyst too had warned in 2006 that companies could suffer from their subprime investments. But,

The Economist magazine stated, "The worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history",[52] so any explanation needs to consider its global causes as well as those specific to the United States. The then Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan said in mid-2005 that "at a minimum, there's a little 'froth' (in the U.S. housing market) ... it's hard not to see that there are a lot of local bubbles"; Greenspan admitted in 2007 that froth "was a euphemism for a bubble".[34] In early 2006, President Bush said of the U.S. housing boom: "If houses get too expensive, people will stop buying them... Economies should cycle".[53]

Throughout the bubble period there was little if any mention of the fact that housing in many areas was (and still is) selling for well above replacement cost.

On the basis of 2006 market data that were indicating a marked decline, including lower sales, rising inventories, falling median prices and increased foreclosure rates, some economists have concluded that the correction in the U.S. housing market began in 2006.[9][54] A May 2006 Fortune magazine report on the US housing bubble states: "The great housing bubble has finally started to deflate ... In many once-sizzling markets around the country, accounts of dropping list prices have replaced tales of waiting lists for unbuilt condos and bidding wars over humdrum three-bedroom colonials."[28]

The chief economist of Freddie Mac and the director of Joint Center for Housing Studies (JCHS) denied the existence of a national housing bubble and expressed doubt that any significant decline in home prices was possible, citing consistently rising prices since the Great Depression, an anticipated increased demand from the Baby Boom generation, and healthy levels of employment.[55][56][57] However, some have suggested that the funding received by JCHS from the real estate industry may have affected their judgment.[58] David Lereah, former chief economist of the National Association of Realtors (NAR), distributed "Anti-Bubble Reports" in August 2005 to "respond to the irresponsible bubble accusations made by your local media and local academics".[59]

Among other statements, the reports stated that people "should [not] be concerned that home prices are rising faster than family income", that "there is virtually no risk of a national housing price bubble based on the fundamental demand for housing and predictable economic factors", and that "a general slowing in the rate of price growth can be expected, but in many areas inventory shortages will persist and home prices are likely to continue to rise above historic norms". Following reports of rapid sales declines and price depreciation in August 2006,[60][61] Lereah admitted that he expected "home prices to come down 5% nationally, more in some markets, less in others. And a few cities in Florida and California, where home prices soared to nose-bleed heights, could have 'hard landings'."[31]

National home sales and prices both fell dramatically in March 2007 — the steepest plunge since the 1989 Savings and Loan crisis. According to NAR data, sales were down 13% to 482,000 from the peak of 554,000 in March 2006, and the national median price fell nearly 6% to $217,000 from a peak of $230,200 in July 2006.[32]

John A. Kilpatrick, of Greenfield Advisors, was cited by Bloomberg News on June 14, 2007, on the linkage between increased foreclosures and localized housing price declines: "Living in an area with multiple foreclosures can result in a 10 percent to 20 percent decrease in property values". He went on to say, "In some cases that can wipe out the equity of homeowners or leave them owing more on their mortgage than the house is worth. The innocent houses that just happen to be sitting next to those properties are going to take a hit."[62]

The US Senate Banking Committee held hearings on the housing bubble and related loan practices in 2006, titled "The Housing Bubble and its Implications for the Economy" and "Calculated Risk: Assessing Non-Traditional Mortgage Products". Following the collapse of the subprime mortgage industry in March 2007, Senator Chris Dodd, Chairman of the Banking Committee held hearings and asked executives from the top five subprime mortgage companies to testify and explain their lending practices. Dodd said that "predatory lending" had endangered home ownership for millions of people.[18] In addition, Democratic senators such as Senator Charles Schumer of New York were already proposing a federal government bailout of subprime borrowers in order to save homeowners from losing their residences.[18]

Causes

Extent

Inflation-adjusted housing prices in the United States by state, 1998–2006.

Home price appreciation has been non-uniform to such an extent that some economists, including former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan, have argued that United States was not experiencing a nationwide housing bubble per se, but a number of local bubbles.[63] However, in 2007 Greenspan admitted that there was in fact a bubble in the U.S. housing market, and that "all the froth bubbles add up to an aggregate bubble".[34]

Despite greatly relaxed lending standards and low interest rates, many regions of the country saw very little price appreciation during the "bubble period". Out of 20 largest metropolitan areas tracked by the S&P/Case-Shiller house price index, six (Dallas, Cleveland, Detroit, Denver, Atlanta, and Charlotte) saw less than 10% price growth in inflation-adjusted terms in 2001–2006.[64] During the same period, seven metropolitan areas (Tampa, Miami, San Diego, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Washington, D.C.) appreciated by more than 80%.

However, housing bubbles did not manifest themselves in each of these areas at the same time. San Diego and Los Angeles had maintained consistently high appreciation rates since late 1990s, whereas the Las Vegas and Phoenix bubbles did not develop until 2003 and 2004 respectively. It was in the East Coast, the more populated part of the country where the economic real estate turmoil was the worst.

Somewhat paradoxically, as the housing bubble deflates[65] some metropolitan areas (such as Denver and Atlanta) have been experiencing high foreclosure rates, even though they did not see much house appreciation in the first place and therefore did not appear to be contributing to the national bubble. This was also true of some cities in the Rust Belt such as Detroit[66] and Cleveland,[67] where weak local economies had produced little house price appreciation early in the decade but still saw declining values and increased foreclosures in 2007. As of January 2009 California, Michigan, Ohio and Florida were the states with the highest foreclosure rates.

By July 2008, year-to-date prices had declined in 24 of 25 U.S. metropolitan areas, with California and the southwest experiencing the greatest price falls. According to the reports, only Milwaukee had seen an increase in house prices after July 2007.[68]

Side effects

Prior to the real estate market correction of 2006–2007, the unprecedented increase in house prices starting in 1997 produced numerous wide-ranging effects in the economy of the United States.

These trends were reversed during the real estate market correction of 2006–2007. As of August 2007, D.R. Horton's and Pulte Corp's shares had fallen to 1/3 of their respective peak levels as new residential home sales fell. Some of the cities and regions that had experienced the fastest growth during 2000–2005 began to experience high foreclosure rates.[65] It was suggested that the weakness of the housing industry and the loss of the consumption that had been driven by the withdrawal of mortgage equity could lead to a recession, but as of mid-2007 the existence of this recession had not yet been ascertained.[75] In March 2008, Thomson Financial reported that the "Chicago Federal Reserve Bank's National Activity Index for February sent a signal that a recession [had] probably begun".[76]

The share prices of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac plummeted in 2008 as investors worried that they lacked sufficient capital to cover the losses on their $5 trillion portfolio of loans and loan guarantees.[77] On June 16, 2010, it was announced that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac would be delisted from the New York Stock Exchange; shares now trade on the over-the-counter market.[78]

Housing market correction

Comparison of the percentage change in the Case-Shiller Home Price Index for the housing corrections in the periods beginning in 2005 (red) and the 1980s–1990s (blue), comparing monthly CSI values with the peak values immediately prior to the first month of decline all the way through the downturn and the full recovery of home prices.

NAR chief economist David Lereah's explanation, "What Happened", from the 2006 NAR Leadership Conference[79]

  • Boom ended in August 2005
  • Mortgage rates rose almost one point
  • Affordability conditions deteriorated
  • Speculative investors pulled out
  • Homebuyer confidence plunged
  • Resort buyers went to sidelines
  • Trade-up buyers went to sidelines
  • First-time buyers priced out of market

Basing their statements on historic U.S. housing valuation trends,[1][80] in 2005 and 2006 many economists and business writers predicted market corrections ranging from a few percentage points to 50% or more from peak values in some markets,[27][81][82][83][84][85] and although this cooling had yet not affected all areas of the U.S., some warned that it still could, and that the correction would be "nasty" and "severe".[86][87] Chief economist Mark Zandi of the economic research firm Moody's Economy.com predicted a "crash" of double-digit depreciation in some U.S. cities by 2007–2009.[5][88][89] In a paper he presented to a Federal Reserve Board economic symposium in August 2007, Yale University economist Robert Shiller warned, "The examples we have of past cycles indicate that major declines in real home prices—even 50 percent declines in some places—are entirely possible going forward from today or from the not-too-distant future."[90]

To better understand how the mortgage crisis played out, a 2012 report from the University of Michigan analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which surveyed roughly 9,000 representative households in 2009 and 2011. The data seem to indicate that, while conditions are still difficult, in some ways the crisis is easing: Over the period studied, the percentage of families behind on mortgage payments fell from 2.2 to 1.9; homeowners who thought it was "very likely or somewhat likely" that they would fall behind on payments fell from 6% to 4.6% of families. On the other hand, family's financial liquidity has decreased: “As of 2009, 18.5% of families had no liquid assets, and by 2011 this had grown to 23.4% of families.”[91][92]

Subprime mortgage industry collapse

Bank run on the U.K.'s Northern Rock Bank by customers queuing to withdraw savings in a panic related to the U.S. subprime crisis.

In March 2007, the United States' subprime mortgage industry collapsed due to higher-than-expected home foreclosure rates (no verifying source), with more than 25 subprime lenders declaring bankruptcy, announcing significant losses, or putting themselves up for sale.[93] The stock of the country's largest subprime lender, New Century Financial, plunged 84% amid Justice Department investigations, before ultimately filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on April 2, 2007, with liabilities exceeding $100 million.[94]

The manager of the world's largest bond fund, PIMCO, warned in June 2007 that the subprime mortgage crisis was not an isolated event and would eventually take a toll on the economy and ultimately have an impact in the form of impaired home prices.[95] Bill Gross, a "most reputable financial guru",[10] sarcastically and ominously criticized the credit ratings of the mortgage-based CDOs now facing collapse:

AAA? You were wooed, Mr. Moody's and Mr. Poor's, by the makeup, those six-inch hooker heels, and a "tramp stamp." Many of these good-looking girls are not high-class assets worth 100 cents on the dollar... [T]he point is that there are hundreds of billions of dollars of this toxic waste... This problem [ultimately] resides in America's heartland, with millions and millions of overpriced homes".[10]

Business Week has featured predictions by financial analysts that the subprime mortgage market meltdown would result in earnings reductions for large Wall Street investment banks trading in mortgage-backed securities, especially Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, and Morgan Stanley.[93] The solvency of two troubled hedge funds managed by Bear Stearns was imperiled in June 2007 after Merrill Lynch sold off assets seized from the funds and three other banks closed out their positions with them. The Bear Stearns funds once had over $20 billion of assets, but lost billions of dollars on securities backed by subprime mortgages.[96]

H&R Block reported that it had made a quarterly loss of $677 million on discontinued operations, which included the subprime lender Option One, as well as writedowns, loss provisions for mortgage loans and the lower prices achievable for mortgages in the secondary market. The unit's net asset value had fallen 21% to $1.1 billion as of April 30, 2007.[97] The head of the mortgage industry consulting firm Wakefield Co. warned, "This is going to be a meltdown of unparalleled proportions. Billions will be lost." Bear Stearns pledged up to U.S. $3.2 billion in loans on June 22, 2007, to bail out one of its hedge funds that was collapsing because of bad bets on subprime mortgages.[98]

Peter Schiff, president of Euro Pacific Capital, argued that if the bonds in the Bear Stearns funds were auctioned on the open market, much weaker values would be plainly revealed. Schiff added, "This would force other hedge funds to similarly mark down the value of their holdings. Is it any wonder that Wall street is pulling out the stops to avoid such a catastrophe?... Their true weakness will finally reveal the abyss into which the housing market is about to plummet."[99] The New York Times report connects the hedge fund crisis with lax lending standards: "The crisis this week from the near collapse of two hedge funds managed by Bear Stearns stems directly from the slumping housing market and the fallout from loose lending practices that showered money on people with weak, or subprime, credit, leaving many of them struggling to stay in their homes."[98]

On August 9, 2007, BNP Paribas announced that it could not fairly value the underlying assets in three funds because of its exposure to U.S. subprime mortgage lending markets.[100] Faced with potentially massive (though unquantifiable) exposure, the European Central Bank (ECB) immediately stepped in to ease market worries by opening lines of €96.8 billion (U.S. $130 billion) of low-interest credit.[101] One day after the financial panic about a credit crunch had swept through Europe, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank conducted an "open market operation" to inject U.S. $38 billion in temporary reserves into the system to help overcome the ill effects of a spreading credit crunch, on top of a similar move the previous day. In order to further ease the credit crunch in the U.S. credit market, at 8:15 a.m. on August 17, 2007, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank Ben Bernanke decided to lower the discount window rate, which is the lending rate between banks and the Federal Reserve Bank, by 50 basis points to 5.75% from 6.25%. The Federal Reserve Bank stated that the recent turmoil in the U.S. financial markets had raised the risk of an economic downturn.

In the wake of the mortgage industry meltdown, Senator Chris Dodd, Chairman of the Banking Committee held hearings in March 2007 in which he asked executives from the top five subprime mortgage companies to testify and explain their lending practices. Dodd said that "predatory lending practices" were endangering home ownership for millions of people.[18] In addition, Democratic senators such as Senator Charles Schumer of New York were already proposing a federal government bailout of subprime borrowers like the bailout made in the Savings and Loan crisis, in order to save homeowners from losing their residences. Opponents of such a proposal asserted that a government bailout of subprime borrowers is not in the best interests of the U.S. economy because it would simply set a bad precedent, create a moral hazard, and worsen the speculation problem in the housing market.

Lou Ranieri of Salomon Brothers, creator of the mortgage-backed securities market in the 1970s, warned of the future impact of mortgage defaults: "This is the leading edge of the storm…If you think this is bad, imagine what it's going to be like in the middle of the crisis." In his opinion, more than $100 billion of home loans are likely to default when the problems seen in the subprime industry also emerge in the prime mortgage markets.[102]

Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan had praised the rise of the subprime mortgage industry and the tools which it uses to assess credit-worthiness in an April 2005 speech.[103] Because of these remarks, as well as his encouragement of the use of adjustable-rate mortgages, Greenspan has been criticized for his role in the rise of the housing bubble and the subsequent problems in the mortgage industry that triggered the economic crisis of 2008.[104][105][106] Concerning the subprime mortgage mess, Greenspan later admitted that "I really didn't get it until very late in 2005 and 2006."[35]

On September 13, 2007, the British bank Northern Rock applied to the Bank of England for emergency funds because of liquidity problems related to the subprime crisis.[107] This precipitated a bank run at Northern Rock branches across the UK by concerned customers who took out "an estimated £2bn withdrawn in just three days".[108]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Shiller, Robert (2005). Irrational Exuberance (2d ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12335-7.
  2. ↑ report states that the Composite Index hit new lows
  3. ↑ Mantell, Ruth. "Home prices off record 18% in past year, Case-Sheiller says". www.marketwatch.com. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  4. ↑ Holt, Jeff. "A Summary of the Primary Causes of the Housing Bubble and the Resulting Credit Crisis: A Non-Technical Paper" (PDF). 2009, 8, 1, 120-129. The Journal of Business Inquiry. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 "In Washington, big business and big money are writing the rules on trade...". Bill Moyers Journal. 2007-06-29. PBS.
  6. ↑ "Housing woes take bigger toll on economy than expected: Paulson". AFP. 2007-10-17.
  7. 1 2 3 Laperriere, Andrew (2006-04-10). "Housing Bubble Trouble: Have we been living beyond our means?". The Weekly Standard.
  8. 1 2 Bajaj, Vikas (2007-07-25). "Lender Sees Mortgage Woes for 'Good' Risks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  9. 1 2 Roubini, Nouriel (2006-08-23). "Recession will be nasty and deep, economist says". MarketWatch. This is the biggest housing slump in the last four or five decades: every housing indicator is in free fall, including now housing prices.
  10. 1 2 3 "When mainstream analysts compare CDOs to 'subslime', 'toxic waste' and 'six-inch hooker heels'...". RGE Monitor. 2007-06-27.
  11. ↑ Solomon, Deborah (2007-08-31). "Bush Moves to Aid Homeowners". The Wall Street Journal.
  12. ↑ Reuters. (2008). FACTBOX – U.S. government bailout tally tops 504 billion pounds.
  13. ↑ "U.S. to Lose $400 Billion on Fannie, Freddie, Wallison Says". Bloomberg. 2009-12-31.
  14. 1 2 3 Wisconsin School of Business & The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (2015). "Land Prices for 46 Metro Areas". Updated Quarterly.
  15. ↑ Tax Break May Have Helped Cause Housing Bubble, The New York Times, December 18, 2008
  16. ↑ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (2006-03-23). "No mercy now, no bail-out later". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-05-26. [T]he American housing boom is now the mother of all bubbles—in sheer volume, if not in degrees of speculative madness.
  17. ↑ Levenson, Eugenia (2006-03-15). "Lowering the Boom? Speculators Gone Mild". Fortune. America was awash in a stark, raving frenzy that looked every bit as crazy as dot-com stocks.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Poirier, John (2007-03-19). "Top five US subprime lenders asked to testify-Dodd". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  19. ↑ "Intended federal funds rate, Change and level, 1990 to present".
  20. ↑ Shiller, Robert (2005-06-20). "The Bubble's New Home". Barron's. The home-price bubble feels like the stock-market mania in the fall of 1999, just before the stock bubble burst in early 2000, with all the hype, herd investing and absolute confidence in the inevitability of continuing price appreciation. My blood ran slightly cold at a cocktail party the other night when a recent Yale Medical School graduate told me that she was buying a condo to live in Boston during her year-long internship, so that she could flip it for a profit next year. Tulipmania reigns. Plot of inflation-adjusted home price appreciation in several U.S. cities, 1990–2005:
    Plot of inflation-adjusted home price appreciation in several U.S. cities, 1990–2005.
  21. ↑ "Is A Housing Bubble About To Burst?". BusinessWeek. 2004-07-19. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  22. ↑ Shiller, Robert (2005-06-20). "The Bubble's New Home". Barron's. Once stocks fell, real estate became the primary outlet for the speculative frenzy that the stock market had unleashed. Where else could plungers apply their newly acquired trading talents? The materialistic display of the big house also has become a salve to bruised egos of disappointed stock investors. These days, the only thing that comes close to real estate as a national obsession is poker.
  23. ↑ Detección de Burbujas Inmobiliarias: el Caso de España
  24. ↑ G.R. Putland (June 1, 2009). "From the subprime to the terrigenous: Recession begins at home". Land Values Research Group.
  25. ↑ "The end of Poland's house price boom". Global Property Guide. August 25, 2008.
  26. 1 2 A prediction of a correction in the housing market, possibly after the "fall" of 2005, is implied by The Economist magazine's cover story for the article "After the fall", which illustrates a brick falling, with the label "House Prices". "After the fall". The Economist. 2005-06-16.
  27. 1 2 "The No-Money-Down Disaster". Barron's. 2006-08-21.
  28. 1 2 Tully, Shawn (2006-05-05). "Welcome to the Dead Zone". Fortune. Retrieved 2008-03-17. This article classified several U.S. real-estate regions as "Dead Zones", "Danger Zones", and "Safe Havens."
    Fortune magazine Housing Bubble "Dead Zones"
    "Dead Zones" "Danger Zones" "Safe Havens"
    Boston Chicago Cleveland
    Las Vegas Los Angeles Columbus
    Miami New York Dallas
    Washington D.C. / Northern Virginia San Francisco / Oakland Houston
    Phoenix Seattle Kansas City
    Sacramento Omaha
    San Diego Pittsburgh
  29. ↑ "Adjustable-rate loans come home to roost: Some squeezed as interest rises, home values sag". Seek Estate. 2014-06-02.
  30. ↑ "Over 14,000 Phoenix For-Sale Homes Vacant". The Housing Bubble Blog. 2006-03-10.
    Inventory of houses for sale in Phoenix, AZ from July 2005 through March 2006. As of March 10, 2006, well over 14,000 (nearly half) of these for-sale homes were vacant. (Source: Arizona Regional Multiple Listing Service.)
  31. 1 2 Lereah, David (2005-08-24). "Existing home sales drop 4.1% in July, median prices drop in most regions". USA Today.
  32. 1 2 Nancy Trejos (2007-04-24). "Existing-Home Sales Fall Steeply". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  33. ↑ "Alan Greenspan Interview with Jim Lehrer". The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. 2007-09-18.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Greenspan alert on US house prices". Financial Times. 2007-09-17.
  35. 1 2 Felsenthal, Mark (2007-09-14). "Greenspan says didn't see subprime storm brewing". Reuters.
  36. 1 2 "Subprime shockwaves". Bloomberg. 2007-07-19.
  37. ↑ "Median and Average Sales Prices of New Homes Sold in United States" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
  38. ↑ Hudson, Michael (May 2006). "The New Road to Serfdom". Harper's. 312 (1872). pp. 39–46.
  39. ↑ Leamer, Ed (2006-08-23). "Is economy headed to a soft landing?". USA Today. This soft-landing scenario is a fantasy... Anything housing-related is going to feel like a recession, almost like a depression.
  40. ↑ Hamilton, Jim (2006-08-25). "New home sales continue to fall". Econbrowser. No question about it, the housing downturn is here now, and it's big.
  41. ↑ Shiller, Robert (2006-08-20). "Bloomberg Interview of Robert Shiller". Bloomberg.
  42. ↑ Roubini, Nouriel (2006-08-26). "Eight Market Spins About Housing by Perma-Bull Spin-Doctors... And the Reality of the Coming Ugliest Housing Bust Ever...". RGE Monitor. Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. A lot of spin is being furiously spinned [sic] around–often from folks close to real estate interests–to minimize the importance of this housing bust, it is worth to point out a number of flawed arguments and misperception that are being peddled around. You will hear many of these arguments over and over again in the financial pages of the media, in sell-side research reports and in innumerous [sic] TV programs. So, be prepared to understand this misinformation, myths and spins.
  43. ↑ Baker, Dean (August 2002). "The Run-Up in Home Prices: Is it Real or Is it Another Bubble?". Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  44. ↑ Baker, Dean (2004-08-09). "Bush's House of Card". The Nation.
  45. ↑ Jeffrey Robert, Why are my investments diving…and what can I do about it? Archived April 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine..
  46. ↑ The Unofficial List of Pundits/Experts Who Were Wrong on the Housing Bubble, July 16, 2008, by "Economics of Contempt", lists 25 sources rejecting the "bubble" label.
  47. ↑ Bubble Denial, Paul Krugman, cites Was there a Housing Bubble?, by Alex Tabarrok, Feb. 13, 2008 as rejecting the label "bubble".
  48. ↑ At Freddie Mac, Chief Discarded Warning Signs, Charles Duhigg, The New York Times, August 5, 2008
  49. ↑ Did Greenspan add to subprime woes? Gramlich says ex-colleague blocked crackdown on predatory lenders despite growing concerns, Wall Street Journal, Greg Ip, JUNE 9, 2007
  50. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  51. ↑ "In come the waves: The worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history. Prepare for the economic pain when it pops.". The Economist. 2005-06-16. The worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history. Prepare for the economic pain when it pops.
  52. ↑ "President Highlights Importance of Small Business in Economic Growth" (Press release). The White House. 2006-01-19. [President Bush was asked about the housing boom's impact on the ability of the questioner's children to purchase a home. The President answered:] '...If houses get too expensive, people will stop buying them, which will cause people to adjust their spending habits... Let the market function properly. I guarantee that your kind of question has been asked throughout the history of homebuilding – you know, prices for my homes are getting bid up so high that I'm afraid I'm not going to have any consumers – or my kid – and yet, things cycle. That's just the way it works. Economies should cycle.'
  53. ↑ Baker, Dean (2006-08-02). "The Slow Motion Train Wreck". The American Prospect.
  54. ↑ "Housing Bubble—or Bunk? Are home prices soaring unsustainably and due for plunge? A group of experts takes a look—and come to very different conclusions". Business Week. 2005-06-22.
  55. ↑ "The State of the Nation's Housing 2006" (PDF). Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies. 2006.
  56. ↑ Retsinas, Nicolas (2006-09-26). "The housing wail". Scripps Howard News Service. The headline hints of catastrophe: a dot-com repeat, a bubble bursting, an economic apocalypse. Cassandra, though, can stop wailing: the expected price corrections mark a slowing in the rate of increase—not a precipitous decline. This will not spark a chain reaction that will devastate homeowners, builders and communities. Contradicting another gloomy seer, Chicken Little, the sky is not falling.
  57. ↑ "Harvard Hypes Housing, but Why?". Motley Fool. 2006-09-29.
  58. ↑ Lereah, David (August 2005). "Anti-Bubble Reports". National Association of Realtors. Archived from the original on 2005-11-26.
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  63. ↑ "S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices-historical spreadsheets".
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  67. ↑ Lynch, Sharon (2008-10-02). "Metro U.S. Home Prices Fall on Higher Foreclosures". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
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  69. ↑ "DR Horton Inc. historical share prices".
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  71. ↑ "Pulte Corp. 1996 Form 10-K – Annual report".
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  73. ↑ "America's Unsustainable Boom".
  74. ↑ "Bureau of Economic Analysis GDP estimate, Q2 2007" (PDF) (Press release). 2007-07-27. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
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  76. ↑ Woes at Loan Agencies and Oil-Price Spike Roil Markets
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    Condominium Price Appreciation (percentages) in the south and west United States, 2002–2006. (Source: NAR.)
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  81. ↑ Zweig, Jason (2006-05-08). "Buffett: Real estate slowdown ahead". CNNMoney.com. Once a price history develops, and people hear that their neighbor made a lot of money on something, that impulse takes over, and we're seeing that in commodities and housing... Orgies tend to be wildest toward the end. It's like being Cinderella at the ball. You know that at midnight everything's going to turn back to pumpkins and mice. But you look around and say, 'one more dance,' and so does everyone else. The party does get to be more fun—and besides, there are no clocks on the wall. And then suddenly the clock strikes 12, and everything turns back to pumpkins and mice.
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  105. ↑ On October 15, 2008, Anthony Faiola, Ellen Nakashima and Jill Drew wrote a lengthy article in the Washington Post titled, "What Went Wrong." See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/14/AR2008101403343_5.html?hpid=topnews&sid=ST2008101403344&s_pos=. In their investigation, the authors claim that Greenspan vehemently opposed any regulation of financial instruments known as derivatives. They further claim that Greenspan actively sought to undermine the office of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, specifically under the leadership of Brooksley E. Born, when the Commission sought to initiate the regulation of derivatives. Ultimately, it was the collapse of a specific kind of derivative, the mortgage-backed security, that triggered the economic crisis of 2008.
  106. ↑ "Northern Rock asks for Bank help". BBC News. 2007-09-13.
  107. ↑ "Banks remain under fire in London". Financial Times. 2007-09-17.

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