List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States

Reunion of SEATO leaders in Manila, 1966, with the presence of authoritarian leaders Nguyen Cao Ky from South Vietnam (first from left, with Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt at his side), Park Chung-Hee from South Korea (third from the left), Ferdinand Marcos from Philippines (fourth from the left, with New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake at his right) and Thanom Kittikachorn from Thailand (second from the right, with US President Lyndon B. Johnson at his side)

Over the last century, the United States government has often provided, and continues to provide today, financial assistance, education, arms, military training and technical support to numerous anti-leftist and anti-Islamist authoritarian regimes across the world. A variety of reasons have been provided to justify the apparent contradictions between support for dictators and the democratic ideals expressed in the United States Constitution.

Prior to the Russian Revolution, support for dictators was often based on furthering American economic and political priorities, such as opening foreign markets to American manufacturers. Following the rise of communism, the United States government also began to support authoritarian regimes that it felt were combating movements aligned with communism, including socialist and democratic socialist movements, especially in Latin America.[1][2] Such assistance continued despite the belief expressed by many that this contradicted the political ideals espoused by the US during the Cold War.[3] Support was also geared toward ensuring a conducive environment for American corporate interests abroad, such as the United Fruit Company or Standard Oil, especially when these interests came under threat from democratic governments.[4][3] Support for authoritarian regimes has been justified under various ideological frameworks as well, including the Truman Doctrine, the Kirkpatrick Doctrine and the "War on Drugs".[4]

From the 1980s onwards, the United States government began to fear that its interests would be threatened by the increasingly popular Islamist movements in the Middle East, and began to work to secure cooperative authoritarian regimes in the region, while isolating, weakening, or removing, uncooperative ones.[5] In recent years, many policy analysts and commentators have expressed support for this type of policy, with some believing that regional stability is more important than democracy.[6][7] The United States continues to support authoritarian regimes today. However, international relations scholar David Skidmore believes that increased public pressure is motivating a shift away from supporting authoritarian regimes, and towards supporting more consensual regimes instead.[8]

Authoritarian regimes currently supported

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date of support Country Regime Notes
1991–present  Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev; Ilham Aliyev[9][10]
1992–present  Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev[11][12]
1959–present  Singapore People's Action Party[13][13][14]
1984–present  Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah[15][16][17][18]
2011–present  Vietnam Trương Tấn Sang[19]
2014–present  Thailand Prayut Chan-o-cha[20]
1994–present  Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon[19]
2006–present  Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[19]
1945–present  Saudi Arabia House of Saud[21][22][23]
1999–present  Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[24]
1972–present  Qatar House of Thani[25][26]
1970–present  Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said[23]
1954–present  Jordan Hashemite Dynasty[27][28]
1971–present  United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates[29]
2014–present  Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[30]
1777–present  Morocco Alaouite dynasty[31]
1999–present  Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[32][33]
1979–present  Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[19]
1982–present  Cameroon Paul Biya[34][35]
1990–present  Chad Idriss Déby[36]
1986–present  Uganda Yoweri Museveni[37]
2000–present  Rwanda Paul Kagame[38]

Authoritarian regimes supported in the past

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Current president Barack Obama and Michelle Obama with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan, September 2009, one of the most repressive regimes in the world,[39] supported with millions of dollars in military aid.[40]
Middle East special envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983.
Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.
Presidents Emílio G. Médici (left) and Richard Nixon, December 1971. A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of Brazil's military regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. A 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commission states that the United States of America was involved with teaching the Brazilian military regime torture techniques.[41]
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shaking hands with Augusto Pinochet in 1976.
Date of support Country Regime Notes
1876–1911  Mexico Porfirio Díaz[42] During the Porfiriato, tensions between the U.S. and Mexico were high.
1929–2000  Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party[43]
1932–1944  El Salvador Maximiliano Hernández Martínez[44]
1933–1949  Honduras Tiburcio Carías Andino[45]
1950–1958  Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez[46]
1908–1935  Venezuela Juan Vicente Gómez[47]
1898–1920  Guatemala Manuel Estrada Cabrera[48]
1931–1944  Guatemala Jorge Ubico[48]
1948–1956  Peru Manuel Odria[49]
1952–1959  Cuba Fulgencio Batista[50]
1930–1961  Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo[51] Later overthrown with at least some aid from the CIA.[52]
1954–1986  Guatemala Efraín Ríos Montt and other Juntas[53][54][55]
1963–1982  Honduras Oswaldo López Arellano and other Juntas[56][57]
1979–1982  El Salvador Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador[58]
1971–1978  Bolivia Hugo Banzer[59]
1973–1985  Uruguay Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay[60][61]
1976–1983  Argentina National Reorganization Process[62][63]
1964–1985  Brazil Brazilian military government[41][64]
1936–1979  Nicaragua Somoza family[65]
1957–1971  Haiti François Duvalier[66]
1971–1986  Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier[66]
1968–1981  Panama Omar Torrijos[67]
1983–1989  Panama Manuel Noriega[67] Later overthrown by U.S. in Operation Just Cause in 1989.
1954–1989  Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner[68][69]
1973–1990  Chile Augusto Pinochet[70][71]
1992–2000  Peru Alberto Fujimori[72]
1948–1960  South Korea[73] Syngman Rhee
1958–1969  Pakistan Ayub Khan See also: Pakistan–United States relations during the Cold War era.
1961–1979  South Korea Park Chung-hee[74]
1979–1988  South Korea Chun Doo-hwan[75]
1955–1963  South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem[76] Later assassinated in a U.S.-backed coup. See also: Cable 243, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.
1970–1975  Cambodia Lon Nol[77]
1969–1971  Pakistan Yahya Khan[78][79][80]
1941–1979  Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[81][82] See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état.
1965–1986  Philippines Ferdinand Marcos[83][84]
1978–1988  Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[85]
1963–1967  Iraq Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul Rahman Arif[86]
1982–1990  Iraq Saddam Hussein[87] Later seen as an enemy of the U.S. in the Gulf War and deposed in the Iraq War. See: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war.
1967–1998  Indonesia Suharto[88][89] See also: Allen Lawrence Pope.
1949–1953  Syria al-Za'im-Shishkali-al-Hinnawi Junta[90][91][92] See: Husni al-Za'im, Adib Shishakli, Sami al-Hinnawi.
1999–2008  Pakistan Pervez Musharraf[93]
1990–2016  Uzbekistan Islam Karimov[19]
1990–2005  Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev[94]
1990–2012  Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh[95]
1969–1985  Sudan Gaafar Nimeiry[96]
1978–1991  Somalia Siad Barre[97]
1980–1990  Liberia Samuel Doe[98]
1991–2012  Ethiopia Meles Zenawi[19]
1965–1997  Zaire
 Democratic Republic of the Congo		 Mobutu Sese Seko[99][100]
1982–1990  Chad Hissène Habré[101]
1981–2011  Egypt Hosni Mubarak[102]
2012–2013  Egypt Mohamed Morsi[103]
1948–1994  South Africa National Party (South Africa)[104][105]
1987–2011  Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[106]
1936–1975  Spain Francisco Franco[107] At times opposed diplomatically because of fascist leanings. See: Francoist Spain.
1933–1974  Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar[108] See Estado Novo (Portugal)
1941–1945  Soviet Union Joseph Stalin[109] Later considered an enemy of the US. See Cold War.
1948–1980  Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito[110] See Informbiro period.
1967–1974  Greece Greek military junta[111]
1980–1989  Turkey Turkish military junta[112]
1969–1989  Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu[113]
1941–1975  Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek[114]
1948–1957  Thailand Plaek Phibunsongkhram[115]
1963–1973  Thailand Thanom Kittikachorn[116]
1958–1963  Thailand Sarit Thanarat[117]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Adams, Francis (2003). Deepening democracy: global governance and political reform in Latin America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780275979713.
  2. ↑ McMahon, Robert J. (1999). The limits of empire: the United States and Southeast Asia since World War II. Columbia University Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780231108805.
  3. 1 2 Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (2010). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 397–414.
  4. 1 2 DeConde, Alexander et al., eds. (2001). "Dictatorships". Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Volume 1. Simon & Schuster. p. 499. ISBN 9780684806570.
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  6. ↑ Etzioni, Amitai (2007). Security first: for a muscular, moral foreign policy. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780300108576.
  7. ↑ Beyer, Cornelia (2008). Violent globalisms: conflict in response to empire. Ashgate Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9780754672050.
  8. ↑ Skidmore, David (1997). Contested social orders and international politics. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 210. ISBN 9780826512840.
  9. ↑ "Azerbaijan". freedomhouse.org.
  10. ↑ "Azerbaijan-US Relations". azconsulatela.org.
  11. ↑ Bush and Kazakh Leader Play Up Partnership, The New York Times
  12. ↑ "Kazakhstan". freedomhouse.org.
  13. 1 2 "Singapore". freedomhouse.org.
  14. ↑ "The U.S.-Singapore Partnership: A Critical Element of U.S. Engagement and Stability in the Asia-Pacific" (PDF). brookings.edu.
  15. ↑ "Brunei". U.S. Department of State.
  16. ↑ "Southeast Asian Development".
  17. ↑ "Brunei". freedomhouse.org.
  18. ↑ Kate Hodal. "Brunei to bring in tough new sharia law". the Guardian.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rothkopf, David. "America's Unsavory Allies". Foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  20. ↑ Craig Whitlock (7 February 2015). "U.S. military to participate in major exercise in Thailand despite coup". Washington Post.
  21. ↑ Josh Rogin. "America's Allies Are Funding ISIS". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  22. ↑ "US support for human rights abroad: The case of Saudi Arabia". CSMonitor.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
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  30. ↑ "'We Caved'".
  31. ↑ In 1777 during the American Revolution, Morocco became the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation. The U.S. has had supportive relations with Morocco since. This included the U.S. providing weapons systems to Morocco during the Cold War and since. "Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco". www.whitehouse.gov. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. November 22, 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
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  33. ↑ "Djibouti".
  34. ↑ "Dictator of the Month: Paul Biya of Cameroon".
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  41. 1 2 Adam Taylor (10 December 2014). Brazil’s torture report brings a president to tears. The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
    • "Notably, the report found that the United States had spent years teaching the torture techniques to the Brazilian military during that period."
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  48. 1 2 Forster, Cindy (1994). "The Time of "Freedom": San Marcos Coffee Workers and the Radicalization of the Guatemalan National Revolution, 1944-1954". Radical History Review. 58: 35–78. doi:10.1215/01636545-1994-58-35.
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  61. ↑ "To Save Dan Mitrione Nixon Administration Urged Death Threats for Uruguayan Prisoners".
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  90. ↑ The struggle for Syria The Syrian people are being sacrificed at the altar of US imperialism, says author.,
  91. ↑ 1949-1958, Syria: Early Experiments in Cover Action, Douglas Little, Professor, Department of History, Clark University
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  109. ↑ The Soviet Union received substantial support from the U.S.after Nazi Germany invaded in Operation Barbarossa in 1941 to the end of the war in 1943, per the version of the Wikipedia articles accessed 2015-04-18 (and many other sources).
  110. ↑ "Yugoslavia and USA: Tito at the White House". Yugoslavian Times. 23 February 2016.
  111. ↑ Clinton concedes regret for U.S. support of Greek junta. The Topeka Capital-Journal. November 21, 1999.
  112. ↑ Birand, Mehmet Ali. 12 Eylül, Saat: 04.00, 1984, pg. 1
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Further reading

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