Venera 11

Venera 11

Seal of Venera 11
Operator Soviet Academy of Sciences
COSPAR ID 1978-084A
SATCAT № 11020
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft 4V-1
Bus 4MV
Launch mass 4,940 kg (10,890 lb)
Landing mass 760 kg (1,680 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date September 9, 1978 (1978-09-09), 03:25:39 UTC
Rocket Proton with upper and escape stages
Launch site Baikonur 81/23
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Regime Low Earth
Semi-major axis 6,569 kilometers (4,082 mi)
Perigee 177 kilometres (110 mi)
Apogee 205 kilometres (127 mi)
Inclination 51.5°
Flyby of Venus
Spacecraft component Venera 11 flight platform
Closest approach 25 December 1978
Distance 34,000 kilometers (21,000 mi)
Venus lander
Spacecraft component Venera 11 descent craft
Landing date 25 December 1978, 03:24
Landing site 14°S 299°E / 14°S 299°E / -14; 299

The Venera 11 (Russian: Венера-11 meaning Venus 11) was a Soviet unmanned space mission part of the Venera program to explore the planet Venus. Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978 at 3:25:39 UTC.[1]

Separating from its flight platform on December 23, 1978 the lander entered the Venus atmosphere two days later on December 25 at 11.2 km/s. During the descent, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. It made a soft landing on the surface at 06:24 Moscow time (03:24 UT) on 25 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. The touchdown speed was 7 to 8 m/s. Information was transmitted to the flight platform for retransmittal to earth until it moved out of range 95 minutes after touchdown.[2] Landing coordinates are 14°S 299°E / 14°S 299°E / -14; 299.[3]

Flight platform

After ejection of the lander probe, the flight platform continued on past Venus in a heliocentric orbit. Near encounter with Venus occurred on December 25, 1978, at approximately 34,000 km altitude. The flight platform acted as a data relay for the descent craft for 95 minutes until it flew out of range and returned its own measurements on interplanetary space.[4]

Venera 11 flight platform carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors – the Soviet-built KONUS and the French-built SIGNE 2. The SIGNE 2 detectors were simultaneously flown on Venera 12 and Prognoz 7 to allow triangulation of gamma ray sources. Before and after Venus flyby, Venera 11 and Venera 12 yielded detailed time-profiles for 143 gamma-ray bursts, resulting in the first ever catalog of such events. The last gamma-ray burst reported by Venera 11 occurred on January 27, 1980

List of flight platform instruments and experiments:[5]

The mission ended in February, 1980.

Lander

The lander carried instruments to study the temperature and atmospheric and soil chemical composition. A device called Groza detected lightning on Venus. Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, each designed for color imaging, though Soviet literature does not mention them. Each failed to return images when the lens covers did not separate after landing due to a design flaw. The soil analyzer also failed. A gas chromatograph was on board to measure the composition of the Venus atmosphere, as well as instruments to study scattered solar radiation. Results reported included evidence of lightning and thunder, a high Ar36/Ar40 ratio, and the discovery of carbon monoxide at low altitudes.[2]

List of lander experiments and instruments:

  • Backscatter Nephelometer
  • Mass Spectrometer – MKh-6411
  • Gas Chromatograph – Sigma
  • X-Ray Fluorospectrometer
  • 360° Scanning Photometer – IOAV
  • Spectrometer (430–1170 nm)
  • Microphone/Anemometer
  • Low-Frequency Radio Sensor
  • 4 Thermometers
  • 3 Barometers
  • Accelerometer – Bizon
  • Penetrometer – PrOP-V
  • Soil Analysis Device
  • 2 Color Cameras
  • Small solar batteries – MSB

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Venera 11".
  2. 1 2 "Venera 11 Descent Craft".
  3. ↑ "Venera 11 – Detail".
  4. ↑ "Venera 11 (NASA NSS-DC)".
  5. ↑ Mitchell, Don P. "Drilling into the Surface of Venus". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
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