Walking in London

For the Concrete Blonde album, see Walking in London (album).
Big Ben with Silver Jubilee Walkway marker
Hampstead Heath extension towards Barnet

Walking is a popular recreational activity in London, despite traffic congestion. There are many areas that provide space for interesting walks, including commons, parks, canals, and disused railway tracks. This includes Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampstead Heath, and the eight Royal Parks: Hyde Park, Regents Park, Richmond Park, etc. In recent years access to canals and rivers, including the Regent's Canal, and the River Thames has been greatly improved, and as well a number of long distance walking routes have been created that link green spaces.

Walking routes

Some designated way marked routes:

Capital Ring

A 75 miles (121 km) circular route with 15 sections and a radius of approximately 4–8 miles (6–13 km) from Charing Cross, mostly through the inner Outer London suburbs and partly in Inner London. The route forms a complete circuit, crossing the River Thames twice and with a notional starting point of Woolwich.

Green Chain Walk

The South East London Green Chain, also known as the Green Chain Walk is a linked system of open spaces between the River Thames and Crystal Palace Park in London, England. In 1977 four London Boroughs and the Greater London Council created this Green Chain of 300 open spaces to protect them from building activity. The four London boroughs are Bexley, Bromley, Lewisham and Greenwich. Many parts of the system are also part of the Capital Ring route. The system begins at three places on the River Thames: Thames Barrier, Thamesmead, and the riverside at Erith. There are various circular walks along the route, and there is an offshoot from the main route to Chislehurst; and the final section reaches Crystal Palace via Bromley.

London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop")

Local authorities are responsible for route signage

A 150-mile (240 km) circular signed walk, in 24 sections, along public footpaths, and through parks, woods and fields around, the edge of Outer London, England. The "M25" for walkers, the path is broken because the Thames cannot be a crossed between Purfleet and Erith.

Dollis Valley Walk

The Dollis Valley Greenwalk (or Green Walk) is a footpath route in the London Borough of Barnet between Moat Mount Nature Reserve in Mill Hill and Hampstead Heath. The route is designed to act as a link between the Capital Ring and the London Loop,[1] and between the many green spaces and wildlife corridors along the way. It is approximately 10 miles (16 km) long.[2] It mainly follows the Dollis Brook, and is one of the many parks and open spaces in Barnet.

Jubilee Walkway

A 15 miles (25 km) route through the streets of central London. Originally called the Silver Jubilee Walkway, and laid down in 1977 as part of the celebrations of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II,. the route takes in many of London's major attractions, including the Houses of Parliament, St Pauls Cathedral, The Tate Modern, The Tower of London, and so forth.

Lea Valley Walk

The Lea Valley Walk starts outside Greater London but has around 12.5 miles (20 km) within its boundary. The route follows the River Lea and the Lee Navigation for 50 miles (80 km), from Leagrave, the source of the River Lea near Luton to the Thames, at Limehouse Basin, Limehouse, east London.

The path runs through the Lee Valley Regional Park a 10,000-acre (40 km2) 26 miles (42 km) long linear park, much of it green spaces, running through the northeast of Greater London, Essex and Hertfordshire from the River Thames to Ware, through areas such as Stratford, Hackney, Tottenham, Enfield, Walthamstow, Cheshunt, Broxbourne and Hoddesdon in an area generally known as the Lea Valley. Greater London's largest park, Lee Valley Park is more than four times the size of Richmond Park, extending beyond Greater London's borders into the neighbouring counties of Hertfordshire and Essex.

The Greenway

A walking and cycle path has been created on the land above the eastern end of the Northern Outfall Sewer, from Hackney Wick to Beckton, Poplar, running some 4.5 miles (7.2 km), with access points along its length. The Capital Ring Walk (section 14) follows the Greenway for most of its distance.

Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk is a 7-mile (11 km) circular walking trail in London, England, dedicated to the memory of Diana, Princess of Wales. It goes between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park and St James's Park in a figure-eight pattern, passing five sites that are associated with her life: Kensington Palace, Spencer House, Buckingham Palace, St. James's Palace, and Clarence House. It is marked with eighty-nine individual plaques and has been described as "one of the most magnificent urban parkland walks in the world.[3]

London's waterway trails

The Wandle Trail: Cascade at Carshalton in the London Borough of Sutton

The Thames Path

The Thames Path is a National Trail that follows the length of the River Thames for 184 miles (296 km), from its source near Kemble, Gloucestershire to the Thames Barrier at Charlton, London. From Richmond to the Thames Barrier, some (28 mi or 45 km), it is within Greater London, passing Kew Gardens and the Wetlands Centre at Barnes and continue through central London beside the river. Through most of the London section, the Thames Path is actually two paths, one on either side of the river.

River Wandle Trail

The Wandle Trail is an urban walking and cycling trail in south London that follows the River Wandle from East Croydon Station for about 12.5 miles (20 km) to the Thames near Wandsworth Town Station. It passes through the London boroughs of Croydon, Sutton, Merton and Wandsworth[4]

New River Path, London Borough of Enfield

London canal towpaths

London's canal towpaths provide numerous walking routes and connect many of the capital's famous green spaces, including from Regent's Park to Victoria Park (and then to the River Thames) and from the Lee Valley Regional Park in the east to the Colne Valley Regional Park in the west. The towpaths of the Grand Union Canal with its Paddington and Slough Arms, The Regent's Canal, Hertford Union Canal, Lee Navigation and Limehouse Cut can also be followed.[5]

The New River Path

The New River Path is a 28 miles (45 km) long-distance footpath which follows the course of the New River from its source in Hertfordshire to its original end in Islington, London. The path is waymarked throughout its length and all signs display the NR logo.[6]

Completed in 1613, the water supply aqueduct supplies water from Hertfordshire to North London. Since 1992, Thames Water, with the co-operation of local people and partners and at the cost of over £2 million, have created the path.

The walk can be split into the following three sections.

London's open spaces

London's parks, heaths, and commons are crossed by numerous footpaths, both paved and unpaved, that provide walks of various lengths. There are often adjacent walking routes, whether in another park, along a canal towpath, or along the River Thames Path.

Royal Parks

Buckingham Palace from St James's Park

With increasing urbanisation of London, some of these were preserved as freely accessible open space and became public parks with the introduction of the Crown Lands Act 1851. There are today eight parks formally described by this name and they cover almost 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of land in Greater London. Hampton Court Park is also a Royal Park, but because it is the site of a Palace, this park is managed by the Historic Royal Palaces.[7]

Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens (which are adjacent), Green Park, Regent's Park and St James's Park are the largest green spaces in Central London. Bushy Park, Greenwich Park and Richmond Park are in suburban Outer London.[8]

Hyde Park

Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in London and is famous for its Speakers' Corner. The Park is divided in two by the Serpentine and the Long Water. The park is contiguous with Kensington Gardens; although often still assumed to be part of Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens has been technically separate since 1728, when Queen Caroline made a division between the two. Hyde Park covers 142 hectares (350 acres)[9] and Kensington Gardens covers 111 hectares (275 acres),[10] giving an overall area of 253 hectares (625 acres), making the combined area larger than the Principality of Monaco (196 hectares or 480 acres), though smaller than the Bois de Boulogne in Paris (845 hectares, or 2090 acres), New York City's Central Park (341 hectares or 840 acres), and Dublin's Phoenix Park (707 hectares, or 1,750 acres).

Hyde Park is the largest of four parks which form a chain from the entrance of Kensington Palace through Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, via Hyde Park Corner and Green Park (19 hectares), past the main entrance to Buckingham Palace and then on through Saint James's Park (23 hectares) to Horse Guards Parade in Whitehall.

Kensington Palace and Kensington Gardens in winter

Kensington Gardens

Kensington Gardens are generally regarded as being the western extent of the neighbouring Hyde Park from which they were originally taken, with West Carriage Drive (The Ring) and the Serpentine Bridge forming the boundary between them. The Gardens are fenced and more formal than Hyde Park. Kensington Gardens are open only during the hours of daylight, whereas Hyde Park is open from 5 am until midnight all year round, which includes many hours of darkness.

The park covers an area of 111 hectares (270 acres).[11] The open spaces of Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Green Park and St. James's Park together form an almost continuous "green lung" in the heart of London between Kensington and Westminster.

Green Park

Green Park in the City of Westminster, Central London, one of the Royal Parks of London, covers 19 hectares (47 acres),[12] and is between Hyde Park and St. James's Park. Together with Kensington Gardens and the gardens of Buckingham Palace, these parks form an almost unbroken stretch of open land reaching from Whitehall and Victoria station to Kensington and Notting Hill. By contrast with its neighbours, Green Park has no lakes, no buildings and few monuments, having only the Canada Memorial by Pierre Granche, the Constance Fund Fountain and the RAF Bomber Command Memorial, opened in 2012.

The park consists almost entirely of mature trees rising out of turf and the only flowers are naturalized narcissus. The park is bounded on the south by Constitution Hill, on the east by the pedestrian Queen's Walk, and on the north by Piccadilly. It meets St. James's Park at Queen's Gardens with the Victoria Memorial at its centre, opposite the entrance to Buckingham Palace. To the south are the ceremonial avenue of the Mall, and the buildings of St James's Palace and Clarence House overlook the park to the east.

Red Deer in Longford River, Bushy Park

Regent's Park

The south, east and most of the west side of Regent's Park are lined with elegant white stucco terraces of Regency houses designed by John Nash, and running through the northern end of the park is Regent's Canal, which connects the Grand Union Canal to the Limehouse Basin and the River Thames. Regent's Park is also home to the London Zoo. On the northern side of the Park is Primrose Hill, which, with a height of 256 feet (78 m),[13] gives a clear view of Central London to the southeast, as well as Belsize Park and Hampstead to the north. Primrose Hill is also the name given to the surrounding district.

Richmond Park

Richmond Park

Richmond Park is the second largest park in London (after the 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) Lee Valley Park. But it is also smaller than Epping Forest),[14] measuring 3.69 square miles (955 hectares or 2,360 acres),[14] it is comparable in size to Paris's Bois de Vincennes (995 ha or 2,458 ac) and Bois de Boulogne (846 ha or 2,090 ac).

There are various trails that are suitable for walking, including the Tamsin Trail, a 7.35 miles (11.83 kilometres) long perimeter track around the Park.[15] The park is adjacent to the River Thames Path, and close to other open spaces, like Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park. Walk 6 of the Capital Ring Walk leads from Wimbledon Common to Richmond Park.

Richmond Park is a national nature reserve,[16] a Site of Special Scientific Interest[17][18] and a Special Area of Conservation[19] in south-west London. The largest of London's Royal Parks,[20] it is included, at Grade I,[21] on English Heritage's Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.[22] It was created by Charles I in 1634[23] as a deer park and now has 630 red and fallow deer.[24]

Bushy Park

Bushy Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is the second largest of London's Royal Parks, at 445 hectares (1,100 acres) in area.[25] The park, most of which is open to the public, is immediately north of Hampton Court Palace and Hampton Court Park and is a few minutes walk from the north side of Kingston Bridge. Kingston Bridge is on the route of the Thames Path and is the end point for the Thames Down Link long distance footpath from the North Downs Way near Box Hill station, Surrey.[26]

Greenwich Park

Greenwich Park is a former hunting park in Greenwich and one of the largest single green spaces in South East London. One of the Royal Parks of London, and the first to be enclosed (in 1433), it covers 74 hectares (180 acres),[27] and is part of the Greenwich World Heritage Site. It commands fine views over the River Thames, the Isle of Dogs and City of London. The Park is open from 06:00 for pedestrians (and 07:00 for traffic) all year round and closes at dusk. The Park is adjacent to Blackheath and to the Thames Path.

View of London from Greenwich Park

Blackheath, Greenwich

Blackheath is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with 85.58 hectares (211.5 acres) of protected commons.[28] The heath is jointly managed by Lewisham and Greenwich Borough Councils.[29] Highlights on the Greenwich side include the Long Pond (also known as Folly Pond), located close to the entrance of Greenwich Park.[30] On the Lewisham side, there are three ponds, with Hare and Billet pond considered to be the most natural and probably the best wildlife habitat.[31][32]

Hampton Court Park

Hampton Court Park – sometimes called the Home Park – is adjacent to Hampton Court Palace and Gardens in southwest London, mostly lying within East Molesey, with a smaller area in Kingston upon Thames. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[7]

It is a walled deer park of around 280 hectares (690 acres) in area and has been open to the public since 1894. The A308 road and River Thames form its boundaries. North of the A308 is Bushy Park. It is also close to Richmond Park, across the Thames. One of the main features of the park is the Long Water, which runs roughly eastward from the back of Hampton Court Palace.

Wimbledon Common

Wimbledon Common

Wimbledon Common is a large open space in Wimbledon, south-west London, totaling 460 hectares (1,100 acres).[33] There are a number of footpaths, along with a variety of walks, including the 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) Wimbledon Path.[34] Walk number 6 of the Capital Ring Walk crosses the Common and continues on to Richmond Park.

Wimbledon Common is managed, along with Putney Heath, and Putney Lower Common, under the Wimbledon and Putney Commons Act of 1871. Putney Lower Common is separated from the rest of the Common by about 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometres). The three commons are protected by the Act from being enclosed or built upon. The Wimbledon Common is for the benefit of the general public for informal recreation, and for the preservation of natural flora and fauna. It is the largest expanse of heathland in the London area. There is an area of bog, and the western slopes, which lie on London Clay, supports mature, mixed woodland. Most of the Common is a Site of Special Scientific Interest,[35][36] and a Special Area of Conservation[37] under the EC Habitats Directive.[38]

Hampstead Heath

Hampstead Heath a large, ancient London park, covering 320 hectares (790 acres),[39] has numerous footpaths, and "feels a million miles away – despite being approximately four miles" (7 km) –from the City. North from Hampstead Heath the Dollis Valley Greenwalk (or Green Walk) is a link between the Heath and the Moat Mount Nature Reserve in Mill Hill in the London Borough of Barnet, connecting various green spaces along the way.[2] This 10 miles (16 km) long route is designed to act as a link between the Capital Ring, which runs just north of the Heath through Highgate, and the London Loop.[1]

The Heath is grassy public space that sits astride a sandy ridge, which is one of the highest points in London, reaching 134 metres (440 ft).[40] Running from Hampstead to Highgate, this ridge rests on a band of London Clay,[41] that embraces ponds, meadows, recent and ancient woodlands, a lido, playgrounds, and a training track, and it adjoins the stately home of Kenwood House and its grounds. The Heath is "a wonderful place for a ramble, especially to the top of Parliament Hill Fields, which offers expansive views across the city and is one of the most popular places in London to fly a kite."[42] The hill is 98.1 metres (322 ft) high. Running along the Heath's eastern perimeter are a chain of ponds – including three open-air public swimming pools – which were originally reservoirs for drinking water from the River Fleet.

Hampstead Heath is an important refuge for wildlife, "home to about 180 bird species, 23 species of butterflies",[42] including grass snakes, foxes, rabbits, slow worms, squirrels and frogs. Common kingfishers, jackdaws, pipistrelles and Daubenton's bats are seen over the ponds. Some introduced species have also thrived at the site, for example muntjac deer, terrapins and ring-necked parakeets. The Heath is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation,[43] and part of Kenwood is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Epping Forest

Epping Forest Centenary Walk 2

Epping Forest is crossed by many public rights of way and orienteering and rambling are popular. There are numerous guidebooks offering shorter walks for the casual visitor. The most important event in the rambler's calendar in the area is the traditional Epping Forest Centenary Walk, an all-day event commemorating the saving of Epping Forest as a public space, which takes place annually on the third Sunday in September.[44] There is also a long distance challenge walk that runs 21 miles (34 km), with views over Essex, Hertfordshire and London: a route "across dragonfly meadows, over small hills, past places associated with Queen Boadicea, through beech and oak forest where deer and fox roam".[45] The start and finish are "at the historic Waltham Abbey where King Harold is reputedly buried".[46]

Epping Forest covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres),[47][48] which makes it one of London's largest open spaces. It contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, rivers, bogs and ponds and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[49][50] Stretching between Forest Gate in the south and Epping in the north, Epping Forest is approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) long in the north-south direction, but no more than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from east to west at its widest point, and in most places considerably narrower. The forest lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding; its elevation and thin gravelly soil (the result of glaciation) historically made it unsuitable for agriculture.[51]

Rights of way in London

Definitive maps of public rights of way have been compiled for all of England and Wales as a result of Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, except the 12 Inner London boroughs .[52] who, along with the City of London, were not covered by the Act.

To protect the existing rights of way in London the Ramblers launched their "Putting London on the Map" in 2010 with the aim go getting "the same legal protection for paths in the capital as already exists for footpaths elsewhere in England and Wales. Currently, legislation allows the Inner London boroughs to choose to produce definitive maps if they wish, but none do so".[53]

The launch event of "Putting London on the Map" took place at the British Library, and since then 'the Inner London Area of the Ramblers has been working with Ramblers Central Office staff to try to persuade each of the Inner London boroughs on the desirability of producing definitive maps of rights of way".[54]

In 2011 Lambeth Council passed a resolution to work towards creating a definitive map for their borough, but this does not yet exist.[55] The City of London has produced a Public Access Map.[56] Definitive maps exists for the Outer London boroughs.

London's urban footpath: the alley

A London alley: looking from St Martin's Lane along Hop Gardens

One of the most common rights of way in Inner London is the alley. These urban footpaths generally have a long history and are also found in Outer London. One example, in an old neighbourhood of the City of London, Exchange Alley or Change Alley' is a narrow alleyway connecting shops and coffeehouses.[57] It served as a convenient shortcut from the Royal Exchange on Cornhill to the Post Office on Lombard Street and remains as one of a number of alleys linking the two streets. The coffeehouses[58] of Exchange Alley, especially Jonathan's and Garraway's, became an early venue for the lively trading of shares and commodities. These activities were the progenitor of the modern London Stock Exchange.

West of the City there are a number of alleys just north of Trafalgar Square, including Brydges Place, which is situated right next to the Coliseum Theatre and just 15 inches wide at its narrowest point, only one person can walk down it at a time. It is the narrowest alley in London and runs for 200 yards (180 m), connecting St Martin's Lane with Bedfordbury in Covent Garden.[59]

An alley in London can also be called a passage, court, place, lane, and less commonly path, arcade, walk, steps, yard, terrace, and close.[60] While both a court and close are usually defined as blind alleys, or cul-de-sacs, several in London are throughways, for example Cavendish Court, a narrow passage leading from Houndsditch into Devonshire Square, and Angel Court, which links King Street and Pall Mall.[61] Bartholomew Close is a narrow winding lane which can be called an alley by virtue of its narrowness, and because through-access requires the use of passages and courts between Little Britain, and Long Lane and Aldersgate Street.[62]

Guided walks

Several companies provide guided walking tours around parts of London. These walks are aimed primarily at tourists and the guide will often be an expert in a particular area. Such walk often are around a theme, such as 'Haunted London' or 'London of Jack the Ripper'.[63] It is also possible to download a tourist guide of London onto an MP3 player or use mobile phone-based services.[64]

There are also a number of volunteer led groups, especially several local London groups of the Ramblers, that offer walks both inside and outside London, this includes the Metropolitan Walkers of the Ramblers, which caters for people in their 20s and 30s,[65] and Capital Walkers (aimed at people in late 30s to early 50s). See the external link below to the Inner London Walking Group for details of other groups.

References

  1. 1 2 http://www.hertsdirect.org/comdirectory/comvol/enviro2y/footpathsoc3y/796731|title=Dollis Valley Greenwalk (Barnet)|publisher=Hertfordshire County Council| Hertfordshire County Council
  2. 1 2 LDWA Dollis Valley Greenway
  3. ↑ BBC
  4. ↑ Sustrans Wandle Trail
  5. ↑ Canal &River Trust
  6. ↑ New River Path Retrieved 26 November 2012
  7. 1 2 Richmond Borough Council
  8. ↑ http://www.royalparks.org.uk/press/2011/press_release_248.cfm
  9. ↑ "Hyde Park". Royalparks.org.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  10. ↑ "Kensington Gardens". Royalparks.org.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  11. ↑ "About Kensington Gardens". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  12. ↑ "Green Park". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  13. ↑ Mills, A., Dictionary of London Place Names, (2001)
  14. 1 2 Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 7 Feb 2002 (pt 18)". www.parliament.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  15. ↑ Walks in Richmond Park
  16. ↑ "London NNRs". Natural England. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  17. ↑ Natural England, Richmond Park citation
  18. ↑ "Map of Richmond Park SSSI". Natural England.
  19. ↑ "Richmond Park". Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  20. ↑ "Map of Richmond Park". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  21. ↑ "List entry summary: Richmond Park". Heritage Protection. English Heritage. May 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  22. ↑ "Registered Parks and Gardens". English Heritage. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  23. ↑ "Richmond Park: National Monuments Record, Pastscape". English Heritage. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  24. ↑ "Deer". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  25. ↑ "Bushy Park". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  26. ↑ "Thames Down Link" (PDF). Surrey County Council. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  27. ↑ "Greenwich Park". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  28. ↑ "Common Land and the Commons Act 2006". Defra. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  29. ↑ "Lewisham Council - Local parks - Blackheath". Lewisham.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  30. ↑ "Blackheath - Greenwich". Royalgreenwich.gov.uk. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  31. ↑ "Lewisham Council - Local parks - Ponds on Blackheath". Lewisham.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  32. ↑ "Hare and Billet Pond". Nature Conservation Lewisham. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  33. ↑ "Wimbledon and Putney Commons – The Commons". Wpcc.org.uk. 1 April 1991. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  34. ↑ The Wimbledon Path
  35. ↑ "Natural England, Wimbledon Common citation" (PDF). Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  36. ↑ "Map of Wimbledon Common SSSI". Natural England.
  37. ↑ "Wimbledon Common". UK Special Areas of Conservation site list. DEFRA Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 20 Oct 2014.
  38. ↑ "DEFRA, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Special Areas of Conservation". Jncc.defra.gov.uk. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  39. ↑ David Bentley (12 February 2010). "City of London Hampstead Heath". City of London. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  40. ↑ "London Borough Tops". The Mountains of England and Wales. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
  41. ↑ Hampstead - Hampstead Heath | British History Online
  42. 1 2 Lonely Planet
  43. ↑ "Hampstead Heath". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  44. ↑ "Annual Centenary Walk". Friends of Epping Forest. 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  45. ↑ Long Distance Walkers Association
  46. ↑ LDWA
  47. ↑ "Epping Forest You & Your Dog" (PDF). brochure. City of London. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  48. ↑ Dagley, Jeremy. "Pollarding in Epping Forest", in Premier Colloque Européen sur les Trognes, Vendôme, 26, 27 et 28 Octobre 2006 (in English) Online
  49. ↑ "Epping Forest SSSI citation" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  50. ↑ "Map of Epping Forest (SSSI)". Natural England. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  51. ↑ "Only with the middle Saxon settlement did the Forest ridge become used in any organized way and, by the thirteenth century, historical records show that large areas were being systematically cleared of trees" (Colin A. Baker, Paul A. Moxey, Patricia M. Oxford, "Woodland continuity and change in Epping Forest" Field Studies, 1978 (on-line text).)
  52. ↑ Definitive maps
  53. ↑ Inner London Ramblers
  54. ↑ Inner London Ramblers.
  55. ↑ Lambeth Council
  56. ↑ City of London Public Access Map
  57. ↑ John Biddulph Martin, "The Grasshopper" in Lombard Street, New York, Scribner & Welford (1892).
  58. ↑ J. Pelzer and L. Pelzer, "Coffee Houses of Augustan London," History Today, (October, 1982), pp. 40–47.
  59. ↑ Urban 75 web page, London Walk 5: Brydges Place; "London's narrowest alley": .
  60. ↑ For examples see Louis Zettersen, City Street Names (London: privately published, 1926): , and more up-to-date Londonist's Back Passages: .
  61. ↑ Londonist's Back Passages
  62. ↑ Zettersen, Louis City Street Names. See also Google maps
  63. ↑
  64. ↑ London Walks
  65. ↑ Metropolitan Walkers

External links

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