Yir-Yoront language

Yir-Yoront
Yir
Native to	Australia
Region	Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
Ethnicity	Yir-Yoront
Extinct	by 2005[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Paman Southwestern Coastal Yir-Yoront
Dialects	Yirr-Thutjim (Yir-Yoront) Yirrk-Thangalkl (Yirrk-Mel)
Signed forms	Yir Yoront Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: yyr – Yir Yoront yrm – Yirrk-Mel
Glottolog	yiry1247[2] yiry1245  (bookkeeping with bibliography)[3]
AIATSIS[1]	Y72 Yir Yoront, Y214* Yirrk-Thangalkl

Yir-Yoront was a Paman language spoken in two settlements, Kowanyama and Pormpuraaw on the southwestern part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia, by the Yir-Yoront people. In 1991 only 15 speakers remained,^[4] with the rest of the Yir-Yoront people speaking English or even Kuuk Thaayorre as many speakers of Yir-Yoront apparently are using Kuuk Thaayorre in daily conversation.^[5] At present it is thought to be extinct.^[6] There are two sister dialects, Yir-Yoront proper and Yirrk-Thangalkl, which are very close. The shared name Yir is sometimes used for both taken together.

Names

The first part of both of the name, Yir, is from the word yirrq meaning speech or language. Following is the ethnonym.^[7]

Yir-Yoront is written hyphenated as a way of indicating that the syllable following the hyphen is stressed. In the standard orthography, it is correctly spelled Yirr-Yorront, with "rr" representing the consonant /r/. There is a valid alternative pronunciation with stress on the first syllable; this can be written YirrqYorront. Other spellings encountered include Yir Yoront and Jir Joront.

Other names for the language include:

• Yirr-Thuchm: Meaning "from the sandridges"
• Kok-Minychen: The name of the Yir-Yoront in the Koko-Bera language
  • Koko-Minychena: Alternative spelling
  • Kokomindjen: Alternative spelling
  • Mandjoen: Alternative spelling
  • Mind'jana: Alternative spelling
  • Mundjun: Alternative spelling
  • Myunduno: Alternative spelling
• Kuuk-Thaanhon: The name of the Yir-Yoront in the Kuuk Thaayorre language
• Gwandera: A name incorrectly applied to the Yir-Yoront people and their language
• Millera: No source available

Phonology

The following description is for Yir-Yoront proper. For another dialect, see Yirrk-Thangalkl dialect.

Vowels

Yir-Yoront has 6 vowels:

	Front	Central	Back
	Unrounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Open		a

Consonants

Yir-Yoront has 20 consonants:

	Peripheral		Laminal		Apical		Glottal
	Bilabial	Velar	Postalveolar /Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex
Nasal	m /m/	ng /ŋ/	ny /ɲ/	nh /n̪/	n /n/	rn /ɳ /
Plosive	p /p/	k /k/	ch /c/	th /t̪/	t /t/	rt /ʈ /	q /ʔ/
Trill					rr /r/
Tap					r /ɾ/
Approximant	w /w/		y /j/	lh /l̪/	l /l/	rl /ɭ /

Sign language

The Yir Yoront have (or had) a well-developed signed form of their language.^[8]

References

Notes

1. Yir Yoront at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Yir Yoront". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Yir Yoront (retired)". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
4. Ethnologue
5. Gaby, Alice Rose (2006). A Grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre. p. 6.
6. Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
7. Alpher, Barry (1991). Yir-Yoront Lexicon: Sketch and Dictionary of an Australian Language. p. 3.
8. Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

General

Alpher, Barry (1991). Yir-Yoront lexicon: Sketch and dictionary of an Australian language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.