Kunjen language
| Kunjen | |
|---|---|
| Uw | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland |
Native speakers | 2 (2005)[1] |
|
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
Either: kjn – Oykangand olk – Olkol |
| Glottolog |
kunj1248[2] |
| AIATSIS[1] |
Y83 Kunjen (cover term), Y188* Kokiny |
Kunjen, or Uw, is a Paman language spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Uw Oykangand people, Uw Olkola, and related peoples. It is closely related to Kuuk Thaayorre, and perhaps Kuuk Yak.
Two of its dialects, Uw Olkola (Olgolo) and Uw Oykangand (Koko Wanggara), are very close, being mutually intelligible and sharing 97% of their core vocabulary.[3] Another two, Ogh-Undjan and Kawarrangg, are also close, but somewhat more distant from the first pair. Kokinj (Kokiny) is a subdialect of Ogh-Undjan. Glottolog reports a variety Athima, but this is not documented at AIATSIS.
Below is a table showing the mutual intelligibility in vocabulary between the Kunjen dialects, based on a list of 100 basic words.[4]
| Uw Oykangand | 97% | 44% | 38% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uw Olkola | 43% | 38% | |
| Ogh-Undjan | 82% | ||
| Kawarrangg | |||
A small dictionary of Kunjen has been compiled by Philip Hamilton.[5]
Respect register
As in many other Australian languages, such as Dyirbal, Kunjen also has a respect register, which is a polite way of speaking with a potential mother-in-law and is called Olkel-Ilmbanhthi. Most of the vocabulary is replaced, while affixes and function words are kept.[6]
The sentence below is in normal Uw Oykangand:
- Alka-nhdh idu-rr ay
- spear-instr spear-pst I
- "I speared it with a spear"
The equivalent in Olkel-Ilmbanhthi is:
- Udnga-nhdh yanganyunyja-rr ay
- spear-instr spear-pst I
- "I speared it with a spear"
Phonology
Vowels
Kunjen has 5 vowels:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
There is a lexical vowel harmony constraint in Kunjen: Close and mid vowels do not co-occur in a word.
Consonants
Kunjen has 27 consonants:
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | k /k/ | ch /c/ | th /t̪/ | t /t/ | |
| Voiced | b /b/ | g /g/ | j /ɟ/ | dh /d̪/ | d /d/ | ||
| Nasal | Plain | m /m/ | ng /ŋ/ | ny /ɲ/ | nh /n̪/ | n /n/ | |
| Prestopped | bm /ᵇm/ | gng /ᶢŋ/ | jny /ᶡɲ/ | dnh /ᵈ̪n̪/ | dn /ᵈn/ | ||
| Trill | rr /r/ | ||||||
| Approximant | Central | w /w/ | y /j/ | r /ɻ/ | |||
| Lateral | ly /ʎ/ | lh /l̪/ | l /l/ | ||||
References
- 1 2 Kunjen (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kunjen–Undjan–Athima". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Description of the languages Uw Olkola and Uw Oykangand
- ↑ Sommer, Bruce A. (January 1970). "An Australian Language Without CV Syllables". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36: 57–58. doi:10.1086/465090.
- ↑ Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola wordlist
- ↑ Evans, Nicholas (2006). "Warramurrungunji Undone: Australian Languages in the 51st Millennium". In Brenzinger, Matthias. Language Diversity Endangered. pp. 354–355.