2007 UCLA Bruins football team

2007 UCLA Bruins football
Las Vegas Bowl, L 17–16 vs. BYU
Conference Pacific-10 Conference
2007 record 6–7 (5–4 Pac-10)
Head coach Karl Dorrell (5th year)
Offensive coordinator Jay Norvell (1st year)
Offensive scheme West Coast
Defensive coordinator DeWayne Walker (2nd year)
Base defense 4–3
Home stadium Rose Bowl
(Capacity: 91,136)
Uniform
2007 Pacific-10 football standings
Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#3 USC +   7 – 2         11 – 2  
#16 Arizona State +   7 – 2         10 – 3  
#25 Oregon State   6 – 3         9 – 4  
#23 Oregon   5 – 4         9 – 4  
UCLA   5 – 4         6 – 7  
Arizona   4 – 5         5 – 7  
California   3 – 6         7 – 6  
Washington State   3 – 6         5 – 7  
Stanford   3 – 6         4 – 8  
Washington   2 – 7         4 – 9  
  • + – Conference co-champions
Rankings from AP Poll

The 2007 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They played their home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California and were coached by Karl Dorrell for the regular season. It was Dorrell's fifth, and final season as the UCLA head coach. UCLA's season was marked by numerous injures, particularly at quarterback. Original starting quarterback Ben Olson injured his knee early in the season and missed over four games. Backup quarterback Patrick Cowan also suffered a knee injury but returned for two more games before suffering a collapsed lung against Arizona. Coach Karl Dorrell was fired following the loss in the 77th UCLA-USC rivalry football game, the final regular season game for the Bruins. Defensive coordinator DeWayne Walker became the interim coach for the 2007 Las Vegas Bowl, in which the Bruins lost to BYU, 17–16. The Bruins finished 6–7 overall, 5–4 in the Pacific-10 Conference, where they were tied for fourth place.

Pre-season

The UCLA Bruins had been ranked highly in the preseason polls, despite their mediocre 7-6 record in 2006, largely because they returned 20 starters in 2007. They had been predicted to finish 3rd in the Pac-10, behind the nation's #1 Southern California as well as California.

Quarterback Ben Olson
Quarterback Patrick Cowan

Quarterback Ben Olson, who began the 2006 season as the starter, again began the season with the starting job.

Jay Norvell joined the coaching staff as the new offensive coordinator. He replaced Jim Svoboda, who was fired by head coach Dorrell after the offense received much criticism for not performing up to expectations in 2006. Norvell was the offensive coordinator for the Nebraska Cornhuskers for the previous three years, where they ran the West Coast offense very successfully. Following the 2007 season, Norvell was hired by the University of Oklahoma.[1]

DeWayne Walker returned as the defensive coordinator after a fabulously successful 2006 season, in which the Bruins vastly improved their defense. They ranked highly in several national defensive categories, such as rushing defense (9th, and 1st in the Pac-10) and total defense (33rd). Their crowning achievement came when they held the USC Trojan offense to only a touchdown in beating their rivals, 13-9.

Schedule

Date Time Opponent# Rank# Site TV Result Attendance
September 1 12:30 PM at Stanford No. 14 Stanford Stadium • Stanford, CA FSN W 45–17   38,860[2]
September 8 3:30 PM BYU* No. 13 Rose Bowl • Pasadena, CA Versus W 27–17   72,986[2]
September 15 2:00 PM at Utah* No. 11 Rice-Eccles Stadium • Salt Lake City, UT Versus L 6–44   43,056[2]
September 22 7:15 PM Washington Rose Bowl • Pasadena, CA FSN W 44–31   72,124[2]
September 29 7:15 PM at Oregon State Reser Stadium • Corvallis, OR FSN W 40–14   41,137[2]
October 6 5:00 PM Notre Dame* Rose Bowl • Pasadena, CA ABC L 6–20   78,543[2]
October 20 12:30 PM No. 10 Californiadagger Rose Bowl • Pasadena, CA ABC W 30–21   83,494[2]
October 27 3:30 PM at Washington State Martin Stadium • Pullman, WA FSN L 7–27   31,027[2]
November 3 12:30 PM at Arizona Arizona Stadium • Tucson, AZ ABC L 27–34   51,727[2]
November 10 12:30 PM No. 9 Arizona State Rose Bowl • Pasadena, CA ABC L 20–24   78,690[2]
November 24 12:30 PM No. 9 Oregon Rose Bowl • Pasadena, CA ABC W 16–0   72,434[2]
December 1 1:30 PM at No. 8 USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum • Los Angeles, CA ABC L 7–24   91,553[2]
December 22 5:00 PM vs. No. 19 BYU* Sam Boyd Stadium • Whitney, NV (Las Vegas Bowl) ESPN L 16–17   40,712[2]
*Non-conference game. daggerHomecoming. #Rankings from AP Poll. All times are in Pacific Time.

Game summaries

Stanford

1 2 3 4 Total
Bruins 7 7 14 17 45
Cardinal 0 7 3 7 17

UCLA's offense amassed 700 yards and overwhelmed the Cardinal defense in the second half, as UCLA won handily. The game was Jim Harbaugh's first as Stanford's new head coach. Ben Olson threw 6 touchdown passes and finished 16–29 for 286 yards. Kahlil Bell led the running game by gaining 195 yards on 19 carries. This individual performance was the 18th best single game rushing performance in Bruin football history, placing Bell right after Freeman McNeil, who had 197 yards against Stanford in 1979, and right before Gaston Green, who had 194 yards against Tennessee in 1985.

BYU

1 2 3 4 Total
Cougars 0 3 14 0 17
Bruins 10 10 0 7 27

The Bruins avoided an upset in a tough game by beating the Cougars, 27–17. UCLA had control of the game in the first half, but BYU made it close in the third quarter. UCLA's pass defense was shaky, giving up 391 yards, and their own passing attack inconsistent, as Ben Olson completed only 13 of 28 passes for 126 yards.[3]

Utah

1 2 3 4 Total
Bruins 3 3 0 0 6
Utes 7 7 13 17 44

After starting the season with a couple of wins over Stanford and BYU, and achieving a No. 11 Associated Press ranking, UCLA stumbled against an injured, winless, and unranked Utah Utes team, 44–6.[4][5] UCLA was completely dominated in all aspects of the game by the 0–2 Utah Utes, losing 44–6. Ben Olson threw three interceptions, and the Utes forced two other turnovers. In addition, the Bruins had 10 penalties for 61 yards. The blowout loss dropped UCLA completely out of the rankings.

Washington

1 234Total
Washington 0 10021 31
• UCLA 3 71420 44
  • Date: September 22
  • Location: Rose Bowl, Pasadena, CA
  • Game start: 10:30 p.m. EST
  • Elapsed time: 3:33
  • Game attendance: 72,124
  • Game weather: Cloudy; 64°F; wind 5 N
  • Referee: Jack Folliard
  • Television network: FSN

UCLA was able to bounce back from their embarrassing loss to Utah by beating Washington. The Bruins had a rather slow first half with a score of 10–10 at halftime. After the break the Bruins managed to gain momentum and outscore the Huskies to win the game. The statistics were in heavy favor of the Bruins with the total offensive yards being 537–340 for the Bruins and Huskies respectively. Chris Markey rushed for 193 yards, including a touchdown run of 73 yards and another long run for 66 yards. Safety Dennis Keyes added a 60-yard interception return for a touchdown, and Matt Slater ran back a kickoff 85 yards for another touchdown.

Oregon State

1 2 3 4 Total
Bruins 0 6 6 28 40
Beavers 14 0 0 0 14

Notre Dame

1 2 3 4 Total
Notre Dame 3 0 17 0 20
#25 UCLA 3 3 0 0 6
Jimmy Clausen directs the ND offense

UCLA was without its two starting quarterbacks. UCLA starter Ben Olson went out with a knee injury late in the first quarter, which left freshman walkon redshirt McLeod Bethel-Thompson to lead the Bruins.[6] This was the first appearance for the Irish in the Rose Bowl stadium since the 1925 Rose Bowl. The Irish were able to capitalize on Bruin offensive mistakes to recover loose balls. This ended one of the worst slumps in Fighting Irish football, and prevented the Irish from equaling their longest losing streak in their history.[7] In the 1960 college football season, the Irish lost eight straight games.[8] The biggest cheer during the entire game came when the score of the 2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game was announced. Fighting Irish and Bruins fans, who together are arch-rivals of the Trojans, cheered together.[9]

California

1 2 3 4 Total
Golden Bears 7 7 7 0 21
Bruins 0 13 7 10 30

With both teams suffering surprising upsets at home in their previous games, both Cal and UCLA came into their Rose Bowl tilt looking to restore their reputation and Pac-10 title hopes. Cal had been ranked #2 in the nation and briefly had a chance to be #1, but they had lost to Oregon State. Despite out of conference losses to Notre Dame and Utah, UCLA remained undefeated in the conference at 4–0 and controlled their Pac-10 destiny. Cal had suffered only the loss from last week and were returning Nate Longshore back to the lineup. The game was played at the Rose Bowl with 83,494 in attendance.[10]

The game was very close and included several lead changes. DeSean Jackson had 136 yards and two touchdowns on 9 receptions. Justin Forsett was held to 76 yards on 25 carries. Cal tight end Craig Stevens also caught a 21-yard touchdown pass in the first quarter. Cal entered the fourth quarter with a 21–20 lead, but Cal could not put UCLA away. Cal was stopped on its first two fourth quarter sequences that included 7 of the 8 plays as running plays. After UCLA scored a field goal to take a 23–21 lead and with only around two minutes left on the clock, the Bears went the air. Just outside field goal range, Longshore attempted a third down with 1:33 left on the clock which was intercepted by UCLA cornerback Alterraun Verner who ran for a 76-yard touchdown putting the score at 30–21 Bruins. On his next drive, Longshore attempted a 4th and 10 he was again intercepted by Keyes. UCLA converted a first down and ran the clock for the victory. Over the next five plays UCLA made a net of 9 yards and a first down to hold onto the ball and win the game 30–21. Longshore finished 232 yards, 3 touchdowns, and three interceptions.[11]

California's defense allowed UCLA to rush for 183 yards (Kahlil Bell rushed for 142 yards) while recording one sack. The team recovered 2 UCLA fumbles, but could not create any points off those turnovers (and one turnover would lead to a Longshore interception).

Washington State

1 2 3 4 Total
Bruins 7 0 0 0 7
Cougars 10 0 3 14 27

UCLA continued their unpredictable season by losing to underdog Washington St., who had not won a Pac-10 game until this one. The Cougars rolled up 545 yards of total offense to UCLA's 267 yards. After the Washington State loss, UCLA Athletic Director Dan Guerrero addressed UCLA's inconsistent football performances for the first time, stating "I will be very interested to see how we finish the season. And you can use that." Many took this as a hint that Dorrell's job may be in serious jeopardy.[12]

Arizona

1 2 3 4 Total
Bruins 14 0 3 10 27
Wildcats 13 14 7 0 34

The Bruins suffered their fourth loss of the year to Arizona, and talk about coach Karl Dorrell's job security continues to increase. UCLA rallied in the fourth quarter to come within a touchdown but the Arizona lead was too much to overcome. Quarterback Pat Cowan suffered a concussion and a collapsed lung that knocked him out of the game, and Osaar Rasshan came in to lead the Bruins to 13 points. Rasshan had been the third-string quarterback last year, then converted to a wide receiver this year, but quickly converted back to a quarterback in the past few weeks as UCLA suffered injuries to the quarterback position.

Arizona State

1 2 3 4 Total
Sun Devils 0 10 14 0 24
Bruins 10 3 7 0 20

Arizona State had been undefeated, and ranked as high as number #6 before losing #5 Oregon, a game which would prove to be one of the factors in the Sun Devils being tied with USC for the PAC-10 title, and the Trojans getting the Rose Bowl berth, and the Sun Devils being knocked out of a BCS berth.

This game had PAC-10 title implications for both teams. UCLA kick returner Matthew Slater returned a kickoff for a touchdown, his third of the season, to bring the Bruins to within 24–20 in the third quarter. Osaar Rasshan, in his first start as quarterback, threw an interception in the final minutes of the game, giving the game to Arizona State, as neither team could score in the fourth quarter. Rasshan threw for 181 yards while rushing for 41.

Oregon

1 2 3 4 Total
Ducks 0 0 0 0 0
Bruins 3 3 3 7 16

The Bruins managed to knock off a top-10 team by shutting out the Oregon Ducks, who were without QB Dennis Dixon. The Ducks went through three quarterbacks, none of which were effective against the UCLA defense. On UCLA's side, Osaar Rasshan started the game, but original starting QB Ben Olson came in for the second half.

But the game was won by the UCLA defense. Turnovers set up first-half field goals for UCLA, and the Ducks could not move the ball at all. With the win, UCLA became bowl-eligible.

USC

1 2 3 4 Total
Bruins 0 7 0 0 7
Trojans 7 10 0 7 24
The Trojans and Bruins met in the 77th edition of their crosstown rivalry.

The USC Trojans beat the Bruins, avenging last year's game where the Bruins upset the Trojans, knocking USC out of the BCS Championship Game. USC was in control of the entire game in this year's contest. UCLA's only score of the day came in the final seconds of the first half, when WR Dominique Johnson made an incredible one-handed leaping grab of a fade pass from Pat Cowan.

The rest of the day, UCLA's offense could do nothing against the Trojan defense. UCLA's defense played respectably, but turnovers and the anemic offense doomed the Bruins' chances.

The Bruins ended the regular season at the Los Angeles Coliseum against the USC Trojans, who were led by head coach Pete Carroll, in the 77th edition of their annual crosstown rivalry game for possession of the Victory Bell. In the 2006 season, the Bruins' 13–9 upset of the then-No. 2 Trojans in the final week of the regular season ended the Trojans' hopes for reaching the National Championship game.[13] With both teams ranked going into the season (USC first, UCLA 14th in the AP Poll), there was buzz in Los Angeles that both teams might reach their December 1 game undefeated.[14] UCLA made it as high as 11th in both polls before suffering a 44–6 upset loss at unranked Utah in week 3 that knocked them out of the top 25.[15] It was the 36th time that a Rose Bowl berth was on the line in the game: A USC victory would guarantee them at least a share of the Pac-10 Conference title and a berth in the 2008 Rose Bowl Game; UCLA, despite entering the game 6–5 (5–3 in the Pac-10), also entered the game with a chance at the Pac-10 title and a Rose Bowl berth if they could defeat the Trojans and Arizona could beat Arizona State in a game later in the day.[16][17]

During the 2006 contest, UCLA Defensive Coordinator DeWayne Walker had the Bruins apply aggressive pressure to John David Booty, limiting the quarterback's ability to drive the passing game while holding the Trojans to 55 yards rushing and an average of only 1.9 yards per carry. USC entered the 2007 game averaging 186.6 yards rushing and 4.8 yards per carry, significantly higher than the 128 yards rushing per game in 2006.[18]

USC player Fred Davis (#83) takes a pass into the end zone.

In the week leading up to the game, a dispute between USC and the Coliseum Commission, the public managers of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, went public. USC threatened to move to the Rose Bowl (home of the UCLA Bruins since 1982) if an agreement could not be reached.[19][20][21][22] USC entered the game as a 20 point favorite.[23]

The Trojans defense dominated the Bruins in a 24–7 victory before a sold-out Coliseum crowd. The Trojans held the Bruins to a season-low 168 yards, sacking quarterback Patrick Cowan four times for 31 yards in losses and held the Bruins to 12 net rushing yards. USC forced four turnovers, recovering three UCLA fumbles and intercepting a pass. The Bruins did not convert any of its 11 third down situations. The Bruins sole score came in a drive in the closing minutes of the first half. USC gained 231 rushing yards and 437 overall. On the ground, running back Joe McKnight rushed for 89 yards and a touchdown, Stafon Johnson ran for 73 yards and senior Chauncey Washington gained 66 yards and scored a touchdown. Booty completed 21 of 36 passes for 206 yards with a touchdown and an interception.[24]

The victory assured USC a share of the Pac-10 title. Although Arizona State would defeat Arizona later in the night to become co-champions, the Trojans clinched a berth in the Rose Bowl by virtue of their victory over the Sun Devils the previous week. USC extended its streak of Pac-10 titles to six in a row, having already broken the record the previous season with five.[25] Dorrell was fired by UCLA the following Monday by UCLA Athletic Director Dan Guerrero.[26] USC's victory, coupled with another week of upsets, led the Trojans to rise to No. 6 in the AP Poll, No. 6 in the Coaches Poll, and No. 7 in the BCS standings.[27][28][29]

Las Vegas Bowl

1 2 3 4 Total
UCLA 3 10 0 3 16
BYU 3 14 0 0 17

Eathyn Manumaleuna blocked a last second field goal by UCLA as BYU hung on to beat the Bruins 17–16. BYU quarterback Max Hall went 21–35 for 231 yards and two touchdowns. Manase Tonga led the rushing with 3 carries for 21 yards. The MVP of the game, Austin Collie had 6 catches for 107 yards and 1 touchdown. For UCLA, quarterback McLeod Bethel-Thompson went 11–27 for 154 yards and 1 touchdown and interception. The rushing game was led by Chris Markey who ran 27 times for 117 yards. This was the first time the Cougars gave up 100 yards rushing to a single player. Bethel-Thompson's favorite target was Brandon Breazell who caught 4 passes for 44 yards and 1 touchdown. The Bruins struck first with a 22-yard Kai Forbath field goal. A 29-yard field goal by BYU kicker Mitch Payne made it 3–3 after the 1st quarter. In the 2nd, Hall hooked up with Austin Collie for 14 yards and a touchdown to make it 10-3. Forbath then hit a 52-yard field goal to cut the lead to 10–6. With 1:03 left in the 1st half, Hall found Michael Reed for 13 yards and a touchdown. As time expired, Bethel-Thompson hit Breazell to make it 17–13 in favor of BYU at the end of the 2nd quarter. There was no scoring in the 3rd. In the 4th, Forbath made it 17–16 with a 50-yard field goal. BYU punted to UCLA with around 2 minutes left to set up a final drive for the Bruins. Bethel-Thompson, a fourth-string walk-on quarterback, along with Chris Markey drove to the BYU 49. On 3rd and 8 Bethel-Thompson hit Logan Paulsen to get to the BYU 13. That set up a chip-shot 28-yard field goal for Forbath, who already hit 2 50+ yarders. The kick was too low and Manumaleuna blocked it and sealed the game for the Cougars.[30]

Players

Depth chart

Defensive Starters
FS
Dennis Keyes
Aaron Ware
WLB MLB SLB
Reggie Carter Christian Taylor Aaron Whittington
Shawn Oatis John Hale Kyle Bosworth
SS
Chris Horton
Bret Lockett
CB
Trey Brown
Michael Norris
DE DT DT DE
Nikola Dragovic Brigham Harwell Kevin Brown Bruce Davis
Tom Blake Jess Ward Chase Moline Kenneth Lombard
CB
Rodney Van
Alterraun Verner
Offensive Starters
SE
Marcus Everett
Gavin Ketchum
LT LG C RG RT
Micah Kia Shannon Tevaga Chris Joseph Noah Sutherland Brian Abraham
Aleksey Lanis PJ Irvin Micah Reed Nick Ekbatani Sean Sheller
TE
Logan Paulsen
William Snead
FL
Brandon Breazell
Joe Cowan
QB
Ben Olson
Pat Cowan
FB
Trevor Theriot
Michael Pitre
RB
Chris Markey
Kahlil Bell

Coaching staff

References

  1. ↑ (Staff) - OU football: Sooners hire Norvell as co-offensive coordinator Tulsa World, January 17, 2008
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "2007 UCLA Football Statistics" (PDF). University of California-Los Angeles Department of Athletics. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  3. ↑ www.byucougars.com - BYU UCLA game recap
  4. ↑ Grady throws three touchdowns in Utes' upset of Bruins Associated Press (ESPN web site). September 15, 2007
  5. ↑ Sorensen, Mike (September 16, 2007). "UCLA's Olson calls 4 TO game 'awful'". Deseret News. Salt Lake City.
  6. ↑ Notre Dame takes advantage of UCLA walk-on QB to win first game Associated Press (ESPN web site). October 6, 2007
  7. ↑ UCLA turnovers help Notre Dame earn first win of year. Associated Press, in USA Today, October 7, 2007. Quote:"Jimmy Clausen scored on a quarterback sneak and Maurice Crum returned a fumble 34 yards for another touchdown during a 50-second span of the third quarter as Notre Dame fought its way out of one of the worst slumps in school history with a 20–6 victory over No. 25 UCLA on Saturday."
  8. ↑ Sinking Irish in Pasadena for first time since Knute Rockne days. Associated Press, October 6, 2007, Hosted on ESPN.COM Quote:"Already off to the worst start in school history, another loss would match Notre Dame's longest losing streak -- eight in a row. The last time the Irish lost eight straight was in 1960, when they won their opener, then didn't win again until the final game of the season."
  9. ↑ Chris Dufresne - You look upset, Los Angeles. Why the long fall from grace? Los Angeles Times, October 7, 2007. Quote:"With the Rose Bowl game mired in 6-6 slog, UCLA and Notre Dame fans collectively erupted with 4:46 left in the third quarter at the Rose Bowl when Stanford's epic upset at the Coliseum was announced - - Pete Carroll's first home loss since Stanford beat the Trojans in 2001"
  10. ↑ MISTAKES TAKE BLOOM OFF CAL
  11. ↑ Cal-UCLA Box Score
  12. ↑ Guerrero Turns Up the Pressure on Dorrell Chris Foster (Los Angeles Times). October 30, 2007
  13. ↑ Duffey, David (August 14, 2007). "Don't miss these conference games in 2007". ESPN. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  14. ↑ Dufresne, Chris (September 1, 2007). "Talk of the town". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  15. ↑ Alden, Doug (September 15, 2007). "Utah takes advantage of UCLA miscues in 44-6 win over No. 11 Bruins". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  16. ↑ Becker, Matt (December 1, 2007). "UCLA vs. (8) USC". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  17. ↑ Klein, Gary; Foster, Chris (November 26, 2007). "Unexpected Rose arrangement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  18. ↑ White, Lonnie (November 27, 2007). "Can UCLA stop USC?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  19. ↑ Farmer, Sam (November 28, 2007). "USC considers leaving Coliseum for Rose Bowl". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  20. ↑ Plaschke, Bill (November 28, 2007). "Coliseum can't let USC complete fade pattern". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  21. ↑ Wharton, David; Farmer, Sam (November 29, 2007). "Mayor benches NFL bin in favor of Trojans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  22. ↑ Dwyre, Bill (December 1, 2007). "USC's threat to leave may be (com)mission impossible". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  23. ↑ White, Lonnie (December 1, 2007). "Numbers favor the Trojans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  24. ↑ Klein, Gary (December 2, 2007). "Pasadena Residents". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  25. ↑ Dwyre, Bill (December 2, 2007). "Carroll gives no signals for a fade pattern". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  26. ↑ Foster, Chris (December 4, 2007). "Bruins ready for next step". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  27. ↑ "AP Top 25 - Week 14 (Dec. 2)". ESPN. December 2, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  28. ↑ "USA Today Coaches Poll - Week 14 (Dec. 2)". ESPN. December 2, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  29. ↑ "BCS Standings". ESPN. December 2, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  30. ↑ "Manumaleuna blocks UCLA's last-ditch FG to save No. 17 BYU's bowl win". ESPN. December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2007.

Bibliography

  • UCLA Bruins football 2007 media guide (preseason information)
  • UCLA Bruins football 2008 media guide (postseason information on the 2007 season)
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.