5th Marine Division (United States)

5th Marine Division

5th Marine Division insignia
Active

11 November 1943 – 5 February 1946

1 March 1966 – 26 November 1969
Country United States
Branch United States Marine Corps
Type Infantry division
Role Locate close with and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver
Nickname(s) The Spearhead / Fighting Fifth
Mascot(s) A lion named "Roscoe"
Engagements

World War II

Vietnam War

Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Keller E. Rockey
Thomas E. Bourke

The 5th Marine Division was a United States Marine Corps infantry division which was activated on November 11, 1943 (officially activated on January 21, 1944) at Camp Pendleton, California during World War II. The 5th Division saw its first combat action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945 where it sustained the highest number of casualties of the three Marine divisions of the V Amphibious Corps (invasion force). The 5th Division was to be part of the planned invasion of the Japan homeland before Japan surrendered. Assault troops of the 5th Division were included in the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to the V Amphibious Corps for extraordinary heroism on Iwo Jima from February 19 to 28, 1945. The 5th Division was deactivated on February 5, 1946.

The 5th Division was ordered to be reactivated on March 1, 1966 at Camp Pendleton, California, during the Vietnam War. The division, beginning with the reactivation of Regimental Landing Team 26 (RLT 26), was expected to be fully manned within one year; the 5th Division was never in command of the 26th Marine Regiment (26th Marines) in the war. In December, all three infantry battalions of the 26th Marines were fighting in Vietnam attached to the 3rd Marine Division. By June 1967, the 5th Division was ready to deploy anywhere. It was never intended that the 5th Division would go overseas. It was a force in readiness. But in February 1968, General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. Army, commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, asked for help because of the all-out Communist Tet Offensive. The 27th Marine Regiment (27th Marines), 5th Marine Division, was airlifted out on 48 hours notice, with 3,700 Marines. In September, it became the first major combat unit to come home from the Vietnam War. The 5th Marine Division formally deactivated on November 26, 1969.

History

World War II

The 5th Marine Division was activated on Armistice Day, November 11, 1943. The division's Headquarters Battalion officially began operating at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton on December 1, at which time men and equipment began streaming into Camp Pendleton. The official activation date for the Division was January 21, 1944. The division had a solid core of combat veterans from the beginning however there were many issues raising the total required number of Marines as the Marine Corps had to provide combat replacements to other divisions and staff the newly formed 6th Marine Division also.[1] Among the personnel forming the new division were Marines from the former 1st Marine Parachute Regiment, the Raider Training Battalion, the Parachute Training School, West Coast, and the Parachute Replacement Company.

Parts of the division began to deploy overseas to act as the reserve force during the Battle of Guam where they were not needed. Because of this they were sent to Camp Tarawa near Hilo, Hawaii for further training. After more extensive training the division loaded ships and left Hawaii in January 1945. By mid-February they were sailing past Saipan headed for Iwo Jima.

Marines of 5th Marine Division on Red Beach, Iwo Jima 19 February 1945.

Battle of Iwo Jima

(Presidential Unit Citation: Assault Troops, Fifth Amphibious Corps, 19 to 28 February 1945)

The 5th Division landed on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945, southeast of Mount Suribachi. The division sustained heavy initial losses, so much so that by that afternoon, the 26th Marine Regiment (26th Marines) had to be released as the division reserve.[2] On February 23, two American flags were raised on Mount Suribachi by members of the 28th Marine Regiment (28th Marines). The 5th Division would fight on Iwo Jima from February 19 until March 26 where they would sustain 2,482 killed in action, 19 missing in action, and 6,218 wounded in action.[3] This was the highest casualty rate among the three Marine divisions involved in the invasion. The 5th Division began loading onto ships on March 26, finally leaving Iwo Jima on 27 March 1945 sailing for Hawaii.[4]

On March 21, 1945 the 5th Marine Division Cemetery was formally dedicated on Iwo Jima. Chaplains prayed, Major General Keller E. Rockey added a tribute to the dead and Lieutenant Roland B. Gittelsohn, U.S. Navy and a 5th Division chaplain, spoke of friends buried and "the ghastly price of freedom...." The American flag (there since March 14) at the northern part of Iwo Jima was raised then lowered to half-mast. Taps was played echoing across the dark foreboding ash of "Sulfur Island".

Iwo Jima became an important support and emergency landing field for aircraft based out of the Marianas. In recognition of the 5th Marine Division's sacrifice in securing the island, the U.S. Army Air Corps 9th Bombardment Group named a B-29 "The Spearhead", with elaborate nose art depicting the 5th Division's insignia and the flag raising on Mt. Suribachi.

The 5th Division returned to Camp Tarawa, Hawaii and remained there until the end of the war. After the Japanese surrender they set sail for Japan where they occupied the southern island of Kyūshū. The 5th Division left Japan in November 1945 and arrived in San Diego, California the week of Christmas 1945. The majority of the division's Marines were discharged shortly thereafter. The 5th Division was inactivated on 5 February 1946.

Vietnam War

(Presidential Unit Citation: 26th Marines, 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced), January 20 to April 1, 1968)[5]

The 27th Marines and 5th Tank Battalion were activated on January 1, 1966, the 5th Marine Division and 26th Marines on March 1, the 13th Marines (13th Regiment of Artillery) on May 1 (Headquarter on April 5), and the 28th Marines on January 17, 1967. The 13th, 26th, and 27th regiments were attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced), 1st Marine Division (Reinforced), and 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade in South Vietnam until March 19, 1970.

On February 27, 1966, Secretary of Defense McNamara ordered the reactivation of RLT 26 (26th Marine Regiment) and the 5th Marine Division (5th Division headquarters was activated in June) at Camp Pendleton on March 1, 1966. BLT 1/26 (1st Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) was activated on May 1, BLT 2/26 (2nd Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) on June 1, and RLT 3/26 (3rd Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) on July 1. Each battalion received eight weeks of pre-deployment training, all Vietnam oriented, before moving out aboard navy transports on July 6, July 27, and September 1. The 26th Regiment (26th Marines) was past of the 5th Division, but never came under its command; under base command then subordinate of Force Troops, Pacific, at Twentynine Palms. The 26th Marines were based in Vietnam beginning on August 27, 1966 (2nd Battalion, 26 Marines, 3rd Marine Division Reinforced) until March 19, 1970, but were never commanded there by the 5th Division.

The 5th Division was ready to deploy anywhere by June 1967. It was never intended that the 5th Division would go over seas. It was a force in readiness. But in February 1968, General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. Army, commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, asked for help because of the all-out Communist Tet Offensive. The 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was airlifted out on 48 hours notice, with 3,700 Marines. In September, it became the first major combat unit to come home from the Vietnam War. The 5th Division began deactivating its member units on October 15, 1969. The 5th Division was formally inactivated on November 26, 1969, and the men reformed into the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade.

Battle of Khe Sahn and Tet offensive, 1968

The 26th Marines participated in the Battle of Khe Sahn, January 21 to 9 July 9, 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh on January 20 to April 1, 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced).

In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On February 12, 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on February 17 to 19. The 27th Marines became the first Marine regiment to fly into a combat zone in Vietnam. The 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, which deployed on February 17, was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for action during Operation Allen Brook at Go Noi Island on February 17 to 28 while attached to the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced).[6] During this operation, 3/27 members earned a Medal of Honor, 2 Navy Crosses, and several Silver Star Medals and Bronze Star Medals with Combat "V"s. In September 1968, The 27th Marines, after serving seven months in country Vietnam, became the first major combat unit to come home from Vietnam. All first tour personnel were reassigned to other units in order to complete their tours.

26th Marines

1st Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 May 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 6 July and was assigned to the 7th Fleet's Special Landing Force on 5 August. It participated in the 26th Marines first combat operation in Vietnam off the assault helicopter carrier USS Iwo Jima during Operation Deckhouse III and taking the regiments first four casualties. The 1/26 Marines was based in South Vietnam on 27 September 1966.

2nd Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 June 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 27 July and boarded the USS Bexar. The 2/26 Marines arrived in Danang, South Vietnam on 27 August 1966.

3rd Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 July 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 2 September and was assigned to the 7th Fleet's Special Landing Force on 4 October. The 3/26 Marines was based in Vietnam on 11 December 1966.

27th and 28th Marines

The 27th Marine Regiment (27th Marines), 5th Marine Divison, would receive orders on February 12, 1968 to deploy to Vietnam, with 1/27 Marines arriving at Danang, South Vietnam on February 23. On April 2, 1/27 Marines was attached to the 1st Marine Division. The 28th Marine Regiment (28th Marines) would remain at Camp Pendleton throughout the Vietnam War.

13th Marines

Kilo Battery, 13th Marine Regiment (13th Marines), landed at the mouth of the Cua Viet River in Vietnam in May 1967. Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie 1/13 were present at the Battle of Khe Sahn in 1968.

5th Tank Battalion

The 5th Tank Battalion (RLT 26, RLT 27, and RLT 28), attached to the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) staged in the Philippines upon arrival from Camp Pendleton, California, departed Subic Bay aboard USS Washtenaw County landing in Da Nang in July 1967. 5th Tanks provided mission fire control support at every strategic Hill in South Vietnam. 5th Tanks received two Presidential Unit Citations (PUC) for extraordinary heroism in the battles at Khe San and Hue City. Ord & Maint Co. suffered horrendous losses on Hill 88 as 21 Marines perished from mortar fire to the 105mm ordanance bunker. The worst single day casualties suffered by the 5th Tank Battalion during the Vietnam War.

Casualties

World War II

Vietnam War

Medal of Honor recipients

15 Marines and 2 Navy corpsmen assigned to the 5th Marine Division were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II (Iwo Jima). 12 were posthumously awarded. 2 Marines of the 26th and 27th Marines were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for the Vietnam War.

World War II

Posthumous

Vietnam War

Posthumous

Unit awards

World War II

Vietnam War

Organization

World War II

  • 5th Tank Battalion
  • 5th Service Battalion
  • 5th Motor Transportation Battalion
  • 5th Medical Battalion
  • 5th Amphibian Tractor Battalion
  • 5th Joint Assault Signal Battalion
  • 2nd Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion
  • 3rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion
  • 11th Amphibian Tractor Battalion
  • 5th Marine Observation Squadron
  • 6th Marine War Dog Platoon
  • 27th Replacement Battalion
  • 31st Replacement Battalion
  • 3rd Platoon 2nd Laundry Company

Vietnam War

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Rottman (2002), p.7.
  2. ↑ Rottman (2002), p.62.
  3. ↑ Conner (1950), p.179.
  4. ↑ Rottman (2002), p.69.
  5. ↑ The American Presidency Project: Presidential Unit Citation to the 26th Marines (Reinforced), 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced), 20 January to 1 April 1968
  6. ↑ Meritorious Unit Commendation: 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, Go Noi Island, 17 to 28 Feb. 1968

References

Bibliography

Web

External links

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