Anna Bågenholm

Anna Bågenholm
Born Anna Elisabeth Johansson Bågenholm
1970 (age 45–46)
Vänersborg, Sweden
Residence Tromsdalen, Norway[1]
Occupation Radiologist
Known for Lowest survived body temperature ever recorded in an adult with accidental hypothermia
Partner(s) Torvind Næsheim[2]

Anna Elisabeth Johansson Bågenholm[1] (born 1970) is a Swedish radiologist from Vänersborg, who survived after a skiing accident in 1999 left her trapped under a layer of ice for 80 minutes in freezing water. During this time she became a victim of extreme hypothermia and her body temperature decreased to 13.7 °C (56.7 °F), one of the lowest survived body temperatures ever recorded in a human with accidental hypothermia.[3] Bågenholm was able to find an air pocket under the ice, but suffered circulatory arrest after 40 minutes in the water.

After rescue, Bågenholm was transported by helicopter to the Tromsø University Hospital, where a team of more than a hundred doctors and nurses worked in shifts for nine hours to save her life. Bågenholm woke up ten days after the accident, paralyzed from the neck down and subsequently spent two months recovering in an intensive care unit. Although she has made an almost full recovery from the incident, late in 2009 she was still suffering from minor symptoms in hands and feet related to nerve injury. Bågenholm's case has been discussed in the leading British medical journal The Lancet, and in medical textbooks.

Background and incident

View of a town with buildings and streets covered with snow. In the background, behind the town, there are high, snowy mountains.
Bågenholm was skiing in the mountains outside of the town Narvik (pictured) when she fell into a frozen stream.

Anna Bågenholm was born in 1970 in Vänersborg, Sweden.[1][4] At the time of the incident, she was 29 years old and studying to become an orthopedic surgeon.[5][6] Bågenholm decided to do her residency in Narvik, Norway,[2] and, in May 1998, she became a surgeon assistant at the Narvik Hospital.[7] Bågenholm's mentor during this period was Yngve Jones, a doctor at the Narvik Hospital who was about to celebrate his retirement with a party on 20 May 1999.[8]

On that day, Bågenholm was skiing in the mountains outside of Narvik with two of her colleagues,[9][10] Marie Falkenberg and Torvind Næsheim.[2] An expert skier,[2] Bågenholm often skied after work.[5] On this day, as she was heading down a steep mountainside—a route she had taken several times before[8]—she lost control of her skis. She fell headfirst onto a layer of ice on a frozen stream near a waterfall, landing on her back. A hole opened up in the ice and Bågenholm's head and torso were pulled in as meltwater filled her clothes.[9] Her body became trapped under the ice, which was 20 centimetres (7.9 in) thick.[11] When Falkenberg and Næsheim found Bågenholm, only her feet and skis were above the ice.[9]

Rescue attempts

Bågenholm's colleagues made an attempt to free her but failed.[12] At 18:27 local time (CET), seven minutes after she had fallen into the water, they called for help on a mobile phone.[7] Police lieutenant Bård Mikalsen received the call and put together two rescue teams; one at the top of the mountain and one at the bottom.[2] Mikalsen also contacted the Bodø rescue team, which was equipped with a Sea King helicopter, but they told him that the helicopter had left to transport a sick child. Mikalsen was persistent and convinced the dispatcher to turn the helicopter around.[2]

Falkenberg and Næsheim held onto Bågenholm's skis as they waited for the rescue teams to arrive.[5] At first Bågenholm struggled in the cold water before she found an air pocket and was able to remain conscious for 40 minutes before becoming a victim of circulatory arrest.[13] Ketil Singstad led the rescue team from the top of the mountain. He skied as fast as he could to Bågenholm's location, where he and his rescue team tried unsuccessfully to pull her out with a rope.[2] They then tried to dig her out, but their snow shovel could not break through the ice. Rescuers from the bottom of the mountain then arrived, bringing with them a pointed gardening shovel. They were able to cut a hole in the ice, and pulled her through[2] at 19:40.[7] Bågenholm had been in the water for 80 minutes when she was rescued.[5]

Resuscitation and recovery

A red and white helicopter in the air.
A Sea King helicopter brought Bågenholm to the Tromsø University Hospital.

When Bågenholm was pulled out of the water, her pupils were dilated, her blood was not circulating,[5] and she was not breathing.[14] Falkenberg and Næsheim, both doctors, began giving her cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).[2] The rescue helicopter soon arrived and Bågenholm was brought to the Tromsø University Hospital in an hour.[15] The helicopter emergency team continued to give her CPR during the flight,[16][17] and she was ventilated with oxygen.[12][16] She was also treated with a defibrillator, but to no effect.[18]

Bågenholm arrived at the hospital at 21:10.[18] Her body temperature at the time was 13.7 °C (56.7 °F),[19][20][21] the lowest survived body temperature ever recorded in a human with accidental hypothermia,[3][13][22][23] until fellow Swede Stella, 7 years old, survived 13.0 °C (55.4 °F) at Christmas 2010.[3][24] Dr. Mads Gilbert, an anesthesiologist and the chief of the hospital's emergency room, proceeded with the resuscitation attempt.[5] He commented on Bågenholm's state: "She has completely dilated pupils. She is ashen, flaxen white. She's wet. She's ice cold when I touch her skin, and she looks absolutely dead."[2] Gilbert had treated many cases of hypothermia before because of the cold climate in Norway, and knew how to treat Bågenholm.[5] The electrocardiogram connected to her showed no signs of life,[2] but Gilbert knew patients should be "warmed up before you declare them dead".[25] He and his team hoped Bågenholm's brain had received enough oxygen from the CPR she was given after her rescue.[2]

Bågenholm was brought to the operating theatre, where a team of more than a hundred doctors and nurses worked in shifts for nine hours to save her life.[26] At 21:40,[7] she was connected to a cardiopulmonary bypass machine that warmed up her blood outside of her body[16][25] before it was reinserted into her veins.[14] Bågenholm's first heart beat was recorded at 22:15,[2] and her body temperature had risen to 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) at 0:49.[27] Bågenholm's lung function deteriorated at 02:20,[7] and she spent the following 35 days connected to a ventilator.[19]

Bågenholm soon began to show signs of vitality, and woke up paralyzed from the neck down[18] on 30 May.[7] She feared she would spend the rest of her life on her back, and was angry with her colleagues for saving her. Bågenholm soon recovered from the paralysis, however, and later apologized to her friends;[28] "I was very irritated when I realized they had saved me. I feared a meaningless life, without any dignity. Now I am very happy to be alive and want to apologize."[29] Bågenholm's kidneys and digestive system were not working properly,[5] so she had to recover in an intensive care unit for two more months.[5][12] After spending 28 days in the Tromsø intensive care unit, she was flown to Sweden in an ambulance helicopter for the remainder of her recovery.[9]

Dr Petter Andreas Steen, professor at the National Hospital in Oslo, said it was "an extraordinary medical achievement" that Bågenholm's life could be saved. He believed the reason she was able to recover was that her metabolism slowed down during the incident and the tissues inside her body required less oxygen at the low temperatures.[30] According to the journal Proto (published by the Massachusetts General Hospital), Bågenholm's metabolism slowed down to ten percent of its baseline rate and thus she barely needed any oxygen at all.[17]

Aftermath

Despite the severe damage to Bågenholm's body, no permanent brain damage was diagnosed. Gilbert commented on this: "Her body had time to cool down completely before the heart stopped. Her brain was so cold when the heart stopped that the brain cells needed very little oxygen, so the brain could survive for quite a prolonged time."[5] Gilbert also noted that therapeutic hypothermia, a method used to save victims of circulatory arrest by lowering their body temperature, has become more frequent at Norwegian hospitals after Bågenholm's case gained fame.[31]

Bågenholm returned to work in October 1999.[11] On 7 October 1999–140 days after the accident—she returned to the hospital in Tromsø and met the doctors and nurses that helped save her life.[18] Bågenholm commented: "When you are a patient, you're not thinking you are going to die. You think, I'm going to make it. But as a medical person, I think it's amazing that I'm alive."[5] As of October 2009, Bågenholm has made an almost full recovery, although minor symptoms in hands and feet related to nerve injury remain.[9] In late 2009, she was working as a radiologist at the hospital where her life was saved.[2][32]

CPR being performed on a mannequin used for training.
Gilbert said vigorous CPR plays an important role in the rescuing of victims of accidental hypothermia with circulatory arrest.

According to BBC News, most patients who suffer from extreme hypothermia die, even if doctors are able to restart their hearts. The survival rate for adults whose body temperature has decreased to below 28 °C (82 °F) is 10%–33%.[12] Prior to Bågenholm's accident, the lowest survived body temperature was 14.4 °C (57.9 °F), which had been recorded in a child.[11][12][33] Gilbert said "victims of very deep accidental hypothermia with circulatory arrest should be seen as potentially resuscitable with a prospect of full recovery. The key success factors of such marginal resuscitation efforts are early bystander actions with vigorous CPR and early warning of the emergency system, early dispatch of adequate rescue units (ground and air-ambulances) and good co-ordination between the resources outside and inside the hospital, aggressive rewarming and a spirit not to give up."[12] General practitioner Jel Coward from Tywyn, Wales, said persons who are victims of extreme hypothermia are often mistakenly thought dead because it can be difficult to detect a pulse on them. He said this case "really does bring it home to us how cautious one has to be before diagnosing death in people who are cold."[12]

After the incident, Bågenholm became a subject of fiction[34] and medical textbooks,[35] and her case has been discussed in the leading British medical journal The Lancet.[36][37] On 25 October 2009 her story was featured on CNN's television program Another Day: Cheating Death.[9][38] Hosted by Sanjay Gupta, the program features stories from people who have survived severe conditions against all odds. Bågenholm hoped the program would give the people watching it more knowledge of hypothermia.[18] The story is also included in Gupta's companion book, Cheating Death: The Doctors and Medical Miracles that Are Saving Lives Against All Odds.[39] On 30 October 2009, Bågenholm and Gilbert appeared together on the popular Norwegian NRK talk show Skavlan, hosted by Fredrik Skavlan.[40][41]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Anna Elisabeth Johansson Bågenholm (1970) – Skattelister 2008". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Martin, David S. (2009-10-13). "From an icy slope, a medical miracle emerges". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  3. 1 2 3 Deeper hypothermia is used, and survived, in cardiopulmonary bypass. () See also: Therapeutic hypothermia.
  4. ↑ Schönstedt, Tommy (2005-05-09). "Temperaturen var nere i 20 grader". Expressen (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Frozen Woman: A 'Walking Miracle'". CBS News. 2000-02-03. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  6. ↑ Cañas, Gabriella (2000-01-29). "La mujer que venció a la muerte". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Österholm, Ulla-Lene (1999-10-07). "Hennes temp var nere i 13,8 grader". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  8. 1 2 "Hon lurade döden". Norrländska Socialdemokraten (in Swedish). 2006-04-08. Archived from the original on 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Røed, Lars-Ludvig (2009-10-23). "Mirakelet under isen". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  10. ↑ "Hun er et mirakel". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 1999-10-06. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  11. 1 2 3 Libedinsky, Juana (2000-01-31). "Resucitaron a una esquiadora que estuvo 40 minutos bajo el hielo". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Skier revived from clinical death". BBC News. 2000-01-28. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  13. 1 2 Gilbert, Mads; Gilbert M; Busund R; Skagseth A; Nilsen P; Solbo J (2000). "Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7°C with circulatory arrest". The Lancet. 355 (9201): 375–376. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)01021-7.
  14. 1 2 Smith, Tom (2006-10-28). "Why do women live longer than men?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  15. ↑ "An IV Slushee". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. 247 (2): 58. February 2009. ISSN 0161-7370.
  16. 1 2 3 Von Judith, Innerhöfer (2007-05-23). "Der Mann, der sterben musste, um zu leben". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  17. 1 2 Schmidt, Charles (Spring 2008). "Dying to Live" (PDF). Proto Magazine. Massachusetts General Hospital. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Bergfeldt, Carina (2009-10-24). "Mirakelräddningen". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  19. 1 2 Harries, Mark (2006-12-06). "Near drowning". ABC of resuscitation. BMJ Books. 327 (7427): 1336–1338. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7427.1336. PMC 286328Freely accessible. PMID 14656846.
  20. ↑ Hilliard, Michael; Muck, Andrew; Adams, Bruce (2009-03-01). "When Dead is Mostly Dead". Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 34 (3). Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  21. ↑ The Canadian Press (2007-01-23). "Researchers plunge into hypothermia". The Record. p. D2.
  22. ↑ Castellani, John; Young, Andrew; Ducharme, Michel; Giesbrecht, Gordon; Glickman, Ellen; Sallis, Robert (2006). "Prevention of Cold Injuries during Exercise". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. American College of Sports Medicine. 39: 2014. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64.
  23. ↑ McLeodand, Kim; Branswell, Hellen (2001-02-27). "'Someone was on this little girl's side' – Doctor 'humbled' by recovery of frozen baby brought back to life". Toronto Star. p. A01.
  24. ↑ http://www.sahlgrenska.se/upload/SU/Kommunikationsavdelningen/GT%20-%20Mirakelflickan%202012-08-26.pdf
  25. 1 2 Reaney, Patricia (2000-01-29). "Frozen skier saved after being thawed". The Advertiser. p. 053.
  26. ↑ "Skavlan episode (in Swedish)". Skavlan. Season 2. Episode 7. 2009-10-30. 20–22 minutes in. Sveriges Television.
  27. ↑ Von Brinkbäumer, Klaus (2007-02-17). "Ein perfekter Unfall". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  28. ↑ "Ice Woman returns from dead to ski again". The Straits Times. 2000-01-29. p. 18.
  29. ↑ Associated Press (1999-10-09). "Back from the dead, ice woman says sorry". Hobart Mercury. p. 014.
  30. ↑ "Coldest woman talks about her close call". Independent Online. 1999-10-06. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  31. ↑ "Skavlan episode (in Swedish)". Skavlan. Season 2. Episode 7. 2009-10-30. 25:30 minutes in. Sveriges Television.
  32. ↑ "O retorno ao palco de um milagre". Zero Hora (in Portuguese). Grupo RBS. 2009-10-13. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  33. ↑ Blackstock, Colin (2000-01-28). "Woman 'frozen' in lake brought back to life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  34. ↑ "Skavlan episode (in Swedish)". Skavlan. Season 2. Episode 7. 2009-10-30. 14:25 minutes in. Sveriges Television.
  35. ↑ Fallon, Mary (2009-07-09). "The cool way to treat trauma". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  36. ↑ "'No podía creer que no me hubiesen dejado morir'". La Nación (in Spanish). 2000-02-01. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  37. ↑ Fulbrook, Julian (2005). "The Breach of Standards of Care". Outdoor Activities, Negligence and the Law. Ashgate Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7546-4235-0.
  38. ↑ Godø, Knut (2009-10-25). "Overlevde kroppstemperatur på 13,7 grader". Harstad Tidende (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  39. ↑ Lundborg, Zinta (2009-10-14). "To Cheat Death, Chill Out, Have Your Heart Attack in Las Vegas". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  40. ↑ "Prinsessan Märtha Louise och Malin Åkerman till Skavlan" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  41. ↑ Gulldahl, Håvard (2009-10-30). "Medisinsk mirakel på Skavlan" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-01.

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