Battle of Tskhinvali

Battle of Tskhinvali
Part of Russo-Georgian War

Movements of opposing forces around Tskhinvali. Blue arrows show Georgian movements, red show Russian movements
Date8–11 August 2008
LocationTskhinvali, Georgia
Result Strategic Russian victory
Georgian withdrawal
Belligerents
Georgia (country) Georgia Russia Russia
 South Ossetia
Commanders and leaders
Georgia (country) Mikheil Saakashvili
Georgia (country) Davit Kezerashvili
Georgia (country) Mamuka Kurashvili
Georgia (country) Vano Merabishvili
Georgia (country) Zaza Gogava		 Russia Anatoly Khrulyov (WIA)
Russia Marat Kulakhmetov
Russia Sulim Yamadayev
Russia Kazbek Friev[1][2]
South Ossetia Anatoly Barankevich[3][4]
South Ossetia Vasiliy Lunev[5][6]
Strength
Georgia (country) 10,000–11,000 soldiers in the entire South Ossetia[7] Russia 496 from Russian battalion, 488 from North Ossetia serving as peacekeepers.[8]
Up to 10,000 troops arrived from Russia as reinforcements[9]
South Ossetia Up to 3,500 troops.[10]
Casualties and losses
Georgia (country) Fewer than 169 killed, 1 missing in action (total during the war)[11] Russia 67 killed,[12] 3 missing in action[13]
fewer than 283 wounded (total during the war)[13]
South Ossetia Ministry of Defense: 26 KIA,[14]
Ministry of Internal Affairs: 6 KIA,[15]
Volunteers:
around 50 KIA[16]
South Ossetia

Abkhazia

Uncontested Georgia

The Battle of Tskhinvali (Georgian: ცხინვალის ბრძოლა; Russian: Бои за Цхинвали) was a fight for the city of Tskhinvali, capital of South Ossetia. It was the only major battle in the Russo-Georgian War. Georgian ground troops entered the city on early 8 August 2008, after an artillery assault. Their advance was stopped by South Ossetian militia and members of the Russian peacekeeping force stationed in the city. Russian combat troops began entering South Ossetia through the Roki tunnel. After being initially forced to withdraw, the Georgian troops made several attempts to retake the city. Due to the difficult logistics of the terrain, the arrival of Russian reinforcements was slow. After fierce fighting, Georgian troops were finally forced to withdraw from the city on the evening of 10 August. On 11 August, all Georgian troops left South Ossetia. Parts of Tskhinvali were devastated in the three-day fighting.

Background

Deployment and goals

Tskhinvali is located about 25 km (16 mi) from Gori.[17] On 7 August 2008, the Georgian authorities received foreign intelligence reports about movement of Russian troops towards the Roki tunnel.[18] According to multiple Georgian sources, at approximately 11 PM Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili received information that a convoy of over 100 Russian military vehicles was passing through the Roki tunnel.[18] According to Der Spiegel, the Georgian tanks were to advance to the Roki Tunnel to seal it off.[19] The Georgian aircraft's target was only the Gupta bridge, which links the northern part of South Ossetia to its southern part where Tskhinvali is located.[20]

The Georgian forces deployed on the South Ossetian border on 7 August included the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Infantry Brigades, the Artillery Brigade, elements of the 1st Infantry Brigade, and the separate Gori Tank Battalion, plus special forces and Ministry of the Internal Affairs troops  – as many as 16,000 men, according to Moscow Defense Brief.[21] International Institute for Strategic Studies and Western intelligence quoted by Der Spiegel give a lower estimate, saying that the Georgians had amassed by 7 August about 12,000 troops near South Ossetian border and 75 tanks and armored personnel carriers near Gori.[22][23]

On the opposite side at the same time, there were said to be 500 Russian soldiers and 500 South Ossetian fighters ready to defend Tskhinvali, according to an estimate quoted by Der Spiegel.[19]

According to the materials that were made available to Independent International Fact-Finding Mission by South Ossetian authorities, the South Ossetian military forces consisted primarily of light rifle battalions with seconded artillery units and obsolete Soviet-made armoured vehicles. The total strength of the separatist military and law enforcement personnel, including reserve units which took part in the combat, was less than 3,500.[10]

According to Konstantin Makienko, founder of the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST), the Georgian objective was a rapid destruction of Ossetian armed forces and a capture of Tskhinvali before the Russian army could have a chance to intervene. "It appears that during the night from August 7 to 8. Tbilisi intended to deliver strikes on the positions of the Russian peacekeepers and the South Ossetian army in order to paralyze the chain of command. The next objective was to take Tskhinvali during August 8, install a puppet government chaired by Dmitry Sanakoyev [...], and bring residents of Georgian enclaves in the republic onto the streets during pro-Georgia mass rallies."[24]

Battle

Georgian attack

Artillery preparation

Situation in South Ossetia before the war
Tskhinvali after the battle. The sign (in Russian) reads "Secondary school #6". August 2008.

At 23:35 on 7 August, Georgian artillery units began firing smoke bombs into South Ossetia. Soon afterwards, at 23.50 Georgia opened fire against fixed and moving enemy targets. The interval was supposed to allow the civilian population to leave dangerous areas.[25] The equipment used in the artillery assault included 27 rocket launchers, 152-millimetre guns, as well as cluster munitions.[26]

The commander of the Georgian peacekeepers, Mamuka Kurashvili, officially informed the Commander of Joint Peacekeeping Forces, major-general Marat Kulakhmetov, that Georgia began the military operation for establishment of constitutional order in South Ossetia. He called for the Russian peacekeepers not to interfere.[27]

Georgian advance

Russian peacekeepers base in Tskhinvali
A BMP-2 of the Russian 58th Army in South Ossetia.

Early on the morning of 8 August, Georgia launched a ground attack, as well as operations on the left and right flanks of Tskhinvali. The left flank operation was undertaken by the 4th Infantry Brigade coming from Vaziani, while the 3rd Infantry Brigade from Kutaisi took to the right flank. The aim of the flank operations was to occupy important heights around Tskhinvali and then, moving further northwards, to take control of the strategically important Gupta bridge and the roads, including the Ossetian-controlled Dzara by-pass road, leading from the Roki tunnel to Tskhinvali. This was done in order to block Russian troops from travelling through the tunnel to Tskhinvali.[25] Georgians seized several South Ossetian villages located on higher ground around the city.[18][28]

The artillery of the 4th Brigade began to pound targets inside Khetagurovo at 00:40. The brigade's two light infantry battalions began to attack at 01:00 and quickly took the village of Muguti without a fight and then seizing the village of Khetagurovo after a battle with an inferior South Ossetian force. Another battalion took several Ossetian border villages of Znaur District to the west of the city without encountering resistance, while the several villages of Leningor District were quickly occupied without a fight by special forces of Georgian Interior Ministry commandos.[29]

After several hours of bombardment Georgian forces began to advance towards the city. South Ossetian forces employed artillery and mortars against Georgian forces massed near the village of Zemo-Nikozi, but the bombardment was ineffective.[30] According to South Ossetian source, a Georgian tank attack on the suburbs of the city was repelled by South Ossetian militia at 3:46 AM.[27] At 4:00 AM, Georgian forces approaching Tskhinvali began engaging South Ossetian forces and militia. At first Georgian tanks shelled South Ossetian positions from a safe distance, without entering the city. At dawn Georgian special task-force units of Georgian Interior Ministry attempted to take the village of Kvaysa, west of Tskhinvali, but were repelled by a platoon of South Ossetian troops manning fortified positions, losing several wounded.[30] At 6:00 AM, the Georgian 3rd Brigade launched an offensive into the Eredvi region, east of Tskhinvali, seizing villages and strategic vantage points. They soon encountered resistance from a company-sized South Ossetian force, firing from fortified positions at the Prisi Heights.[31]

After the heights near Tskhinvali were secured, the Georgian forces (including special forces of the Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs), moved into the city.[25] Their assault was supported by artillery and tanks.[25][32] Georgia says that the entry to Tskhinvali took place at 06:00 AM.[32] The Russian peacekeepers' southern compound, manned by about 250 soldiers, laid in immediate vicinity of the entrance to the city. After Georgian troops approached the compound, an exchange of fire with Russian peacekeepers broke out. The Georgian Otokar Cobra vehicles opened fire at the base with heavy machine guns, and the Russians positioned three BMP-1 vehicles at the perimeter of the base. The Georgians then called in tank support, and three T-72s from the Independent Combined Tank Battalion soon arrived. At 6:30, the tanks opened fire. The first shell destroyed an observation post on the roof of the compound, killing a Russian peacekeeper and a South Ossetian observer. The tanks also shelled the three Russian BMP-1 vehicles stationed in front of the base, killing five of their crews: the soldiers from 135th Motorized Infantry Regiments. During the engagement, one of the Georgian tanks, which was damaged by an RPG-7 rocket, became trapped in an irrigation ditch near the compound and was abandoned by its crew. The other two tanks pulled back and continued shelling the compound from a distance, and were soon joined by artillery and mortars.[31] One Russian T-72B3 got abandoned and destroyed as a result of shelling next to the Peacekeepers barracks.[33] By 08:00 AM on 8 August, Georgian infantry and tanks had entered Tskhinvali and engaged in a fierce battle with Ossetian militia and the Russian peacekeeping battalion stationed in the city.[21] 1,500 Georgian ground troops had reached the centre of Tskhinvali by 10 AM on 8 August.[34]

According to the Russian side, Georgian troops had captured the Southern Base of the Russian peacekeepers by 11:00 AM and were attempting to take the northern peacekeeper base. Georgian forces then sent in armored units to smash resistance offered by Russian peacekeepers and Ossetian militia.[35] The servicemen stationed at the northern base repelled five Georgian attacks and continued to engage overwhelming Georgian forces.[8][35] At this point, according to the Russian side, the peacekeepers suffered their first casualties: two servicemen killed and five wounded.[8] Georgia maintains that it only targeted Russian peacekeepers in self-defence, after coming under fire from them.[36] At 12:15 AM on 8 August, the commander of the Russian JPKF peacekeepers, Marat Kulakhmetov, reported to the OSCE monitors that his unit had come under fire and that they had casualties.[37] According to a top Russian military commander, over 10 Russian peacekeepers were killed during fighting in Tskhinvali.[38]

Georgian shelling had left some buildings of Tskhinvali in ruins.[39] According to Der Spiegel, the peacekeepers' cafeteria was completely destroyed, and all of their buildings went up in flames.[9] Russian TV showed damaged houses and apartment buildings in Tskhinvali.[40] According to Ossetian source, Georgian troops burned down the South Ossetian Ministry of Culture and damaged Parliament.[41] A number of apartment block buildings were set ablaze, and the streets were pocketed with numerous bomb craters.[42] A Guardian reporter claimed that while some neighborhoods were intact, "there were patches of terrible destruction".[43]

Russian intervention

Arrival of Russian reinforcements

Burned Georgian T-72 tank
A Russian armoured column in South Ossetia.
The Russian Army's Vostok Battalion in South Ossetia.
A destroyed Georgian tank in Tskhinvali.

According to Western intelligence agencies quoted by Der Spiegel, the involvement of Russian regular forces began at 07:30 on 8 August, when Russia launched an SS-21 short-range ballistic missile against military and government bunker positions in the city Borjomi, southwest of Gori.[26] The first Russian air attack was recorded two hours later, at around 09:30, on the village of Shavshvebi in the Gori District.[44]

At 2:00 AM on 8 August, according to CAST, the Russian Army began to arrive in South Ossetia, when battalions from the 693rd and 135th Motorized Rifle Regiments began arriving in South Ossetia through the Roki Tunnel. Individual platoons began securing positions on the road from the Roki Tunnel to Tskhinvali, so as to ensure the safe entry of additional Russian forces into the region.[45]

According to Russia, the Security Council of South Ossetia appealed to Russia at around 11:00 on 8 August, requesting help.[46] According to Moscow Defense Brief, on the morning of 8 August, the Russian government made a decision to conduct an operation to prevent Georgia from seizing the territory of South Ossetia.[21] Russia claimed to have responded to an attack on the peacekeepers and to be defending South Ossetian civilians.[47] Russia claimed that its aim was "peace enforcement".[48] Russia accused Georgia of committing "genocide".[49] Russian authorities claimed that the civilian casualties in Tskhinvali amounted up to 2,000.[50] These high casualty figures were later revised down to 162 casualties as of 23 December 2008.[51]

A captain in the 135th Regiment, Denis Sidristy, said in the interview published by Krasnaya Zvezda that his unit had been ordered to move to Tskhinvali on 7 August.[52] Sidristy said that he witnessed the Georgian attack on Tskhinvali around midnight.[53] According to a senior Russian official, General Uvarov, the first Russian combat unit, the First Battalion of the 135th Motorized Rifle Regiment, was ordered at around dawn of 8 August to move through the Roki Tunnel. According to him, the unit did not pass through the tunnel until 2:30 PM. According to him, it reached Tskhinvali in the next evening, having met heavy resistance from Georgians. Georgia disputed the account, saying that it was in heavy combat with Russian forces near the tunnel long before dawn of 8 August.[52] According to Der Spiegel, Russian troops did not begin marching through the tunnel until roughly 11 AM on 8 August.[23]

According to the Georgian account, the first Russian units crossed the tunnel at 5:30 on 8 August, passed through Java and proceeded to advance on Tskhinvali, using the Dzara road. The first motorcade of Russian tanks, armored vehicles and ammunition trucks reached Tskhinvali at 18:44 and opened fire on the Georgian forces in the city and surrounding heights. The second motorcade, which also came from Russia via the Roki tunnel, was stopped near the Georgian-controlled area of Dmenisi, 7 kilometers north of Tskhinvali, and the Russians commenced heavy fire on Georgian forces.[54] The Russian artillery fire against Georgian forces in and around Tskhinvali reportedly included Grad bombardament as well causing more collateral damage.[55][56][57][58][59][60]


The main Russian ground forces belonged to the 58th Army and were veterans of the Second Chechen War.[61] The 58th Army was reinforced by the 76th Guards Air Assault Division. Cossacks also moved in to combat the Georgians as well.[62]

Air operations in South Ossetia

Russian aircraft started flying missions in the early hours of 8 August and targeted Georgian air defence installations in the Gori district. Aircraft types employed during the war included the Sukhoi Su-24, Sukhoi Su-25, Sukhoi Su-27 and Sukhoi Su-29.[63] According to Der Spiegel, the Russian air force managed to establish air superiority.[9] However, according to the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST), Russia never gained air superiority in the South Ossetian theatre, as the Russian Air Force took early losses (three Su-25s) to Georgian anti-aircraft fire, and was forced to stop making sorties for two days. Citing eyewitness reports, CAST writes that "... there were no Russian aircraft over Tskhinvali on August 8 or the following day — that is. during the most critical period of the conflict. In effect, the Russian military command was forced to bring motor-rifle units into battle from the march, without first gaining superiority in numbers and firepower."[24] Russian aviation only reappeared on 10 August.[22] The Georgian troops had at least one battalion of relatively modern Buk-M1 self-propelled SAM systems, at least two battalions (a total of eight units) of Osa-AK self-propelled SAM systems and six to ten of the upgraded Osa-AKM version. The Georgian army managed to deploy strong air defenses right in the conflict zone.[24]

During the early stages of the battle, the loss of two Russian aircraft, a Sukhoi Su-25 and a Tupolev Tu-22M, was admitted by Anatoliy Nogovitsyn of the Russian General Staff. The fate of their pilots was unknown then. Reuters reported that one Russian pilot was probably taken prisoner. South Ossetia claimed that its soldiers shot down two Georgian aircraft.[64]

The Russian Air Force made around 200 sorties during the war, including missions in Georgia proper. Due to the lack of night-vision equipment, it mostly operated during daytime, while the Georgian Air Force was able to operate at night as well. Problems in suppressing Georgian air defences (partly due to lack of training in this role), meant that the Russian air force was unable to provide direct support to its own troops. By 11 August, Russia still had not completely achieved air dominance, and the Georgian aircraft were still attacking Russian troops and Tskhinvali, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies.[22] Moscow Defense Brief strongly criticised the performance of the Russian Air Force, saying that there was a total absence of co-operation between the army and air force, and that of the six Russian aircraft lost during the war, half were downed by friendly fire.[65]

Georgian advance is stopped

By the afternoon of 8 August, Georgian forces had captured large parts of Tskhinvali, but had been unable to take the Northern quarter and a part of the city centre. However, the Georgians were meeting heavy resistance from the opposite side, including from Russian air force and artillery.[25] At around 2:00 PM, a Georgian T-72 tank with its entire crew was destroyed by General Barankevich. Several minutes later on the same street, the South Ossetian militia hit another two Georgian T-72 tanks. Almost simultaneously with the destruction of the three Georgian tanks, a pair of two Russian Su-25 aircraft raided the Georgian positions in the western outskirts of Tskhinvali, killing more than 20 Georgian soldiers. The Georgian battalion fled in panic and left behind its dead and much of the equipment, including at least three T-72 tanks.[66]

Georgian flank operations were unsuccessful in their goal of blocking the Gupta Bridge and the main routes leading to Tskhinvali from the Roki Tunnel and Java base. A Georgian air attack against the Gupta bridge reportedly damaged it, but the bridge was quickly repaired.[25][67] Russian special units reportedly prevented Georgian saboteurs from blowing up the Roki Tunnel, which could have hindered the Russian military operations, as the capacity of the other roads was not sufficient.[68]

Fighting between Georgian and Russian forces

Parliament of South Ossetia, after the fighting

Later on 8 August, according to Moscow Defense Brief, three tactical battalion groups from the 135th, 503rd and 693rd Motorized Rifle Regiments of the 19th Motorized Rifle Division (based in Vladikavkaz) of the 58th Army of the North Caucasus Military District were deployed in battle formation to Java and Gufta and by the end of the day had pushed Georgian forces from the roads and heights around Dzari, Kverneti and Tbeti areas and as far as the western edge of Tskhinvali.[21]

Experiencing growing resistance, the Georgian forces withdrew from the centre of Tshkinvali but still held their positions in the southern parts of the town.[67] They were regrouped and reinforced by the 2nd Infantry Brigade from Senaki. Reportedly, the 4th Brigade reinforced the Ministry of Interior special troops in Tshkinvali, while positions and objectives of the 4th Brigade on the left flank were transferred to the 2nd Brigade.[67] During the evening of 8 August, vicious fighting reportedly took place in the area of Tskhinvali.[69]

Official military casualties, as reported on 8 August, were claimed to be 30 Georgians and Moscow claimed 21 Russian soldiers had lost their lives so far.[70] Russian media reported that exchanges of fire between Russian and Georgian troops continued throughout the night.[71]

The passage of Russian forces through the narrow Roki Tunnel and along the mountain roads was slow and the Russians had difficulties in concentrating their troops, forcing them to bring their forces into battle battalion by battalion.[21] In the afternoon of 9 August, the regrouped Georgian troops tried to regain their control of position in Tskhinvali.[21][67] The Georgians launched several attacks, including some with tanks.[21] The assault was met with resistance and the Georgians suffered losses, forcing them to withdraw.[67] Because of the gradual increase in troops, the amassed Russian forces in South Ossetia outnumbered the Georgians by nearly two to one on 9 August.[18] In total, the Russians moved between 5,500 and 10,000 troops to South Ossetia through the Roki Tunnel, according to Der Spiegel.[9]

The ambush

On 9 August, a convoy led by Russia's 58th Army commander Lieutenant General Anatoly Khrulyov moved into Tskhinvali from the Roki Tunnel and got ambushed by either a Georgian police or army special unit. General Khrulyov was wounded in the leg. A Russian major named Denis Vetchinov created a defense perimeter. Vetchinov is credited with killing a Georgian special forces officer with a captured Georgian machine gun while being wounded severely in both legs. Later, he was hit in the head and died en route to hospital. Vetchinov was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation posthumously.[72][73]

The remaining Russian units managed to break out of the encirclement carrying out their general and the mortally wounded Vetchinov.[72] At around 5 AM on 9 August, according to a Russia Today timeline, a Russian unit broke through to the camp of the besieged peacekeepers and started evacuating the wounded.[74]

Turning point and Georgian withdrawal

A building in Tskhinvali on 18 August.
A damaged apartment building in Tskhinvali

The Georgian troops maintained the tactical initiative on the outskirts of Tskhinvali throughout 9 August and even during 10 August.[24] By the morning of 10 August, the Georgians had captured almost the whole of Tskhinvali, forcing the Ossetian forces and Russian peacekeeping battalion to retreat to the northern reaches of the city. However, Moscow Defense Brief writes: ... on this very day the accumulation of Russian forces in the region finally bore fruit, and the fighting in South Ossetia reached a turning point. Toward the evening of August 10, Tskhinvali was completely cleared of Georgian forces, which retreated to the south of the city. Georgian forces were also repelled from the key Prisi heights. The bulk of Georgia’s artillery was defeated. Meanwhile, Ossetian forces, with the support of Russian divisions, took Tamarasheni, Kekhvi, Kurta, and Achabeti on the approach to Tskhinvali from the north. Georgian forces in several of Georgian enclaves were eliminated.[21] According to Moscow Defense Brief, Georgian artillery continued shelling Tskhinvali.[21] South Ossetian government representative claimed that Georgian troops opened the irrigation canal to flood basements and prevent civilians from seeking shelter.[75]

The then Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili ordered a general ceasefire on August 10 effectively halting all Georgian military operations while the Russian forces continued moving against any opposition.[76] By the end of 11 August South Ossetia was completely cleared of Georgian forces.[21] During the withdrawal, the Georgian 4th Mechanised Infantry Brigade was bombarded by Russian aircraft and the unit suffered heavy casualties.[22] Small isolated Georgian units continued resistance. The Russian advance was briefly halted near the villages of Zemo-Nikozi and Shindisi losing a T-72B with its entire crew and a BMD-1 to retreating Georgian infantry elements, but continued after Chechen units cleared Zemo-Nikosi.[21][33] A controversial engagement took place in the village of Shindisi which was being occupied by Russian forces when a Georgian Sapper convoy of the 2nd Light Infantry Brigade was allowed to pass the village as major engagements ceased at that point. The lightly armed unit was transported with Landrovers and trucks. In what is being described as either confusion or calculated move by the Georgian side, the Engineer group got attacked as soon as it reached an abandoned railway station. All vehicles got destroyed and 17 Georgian soldiers killed during the fight, while 5 servicemen partially wounded managed to escape and were sheltered and nursed by the local residents who hid them from the Russian army. According to Russian accounts, the convoy was attacked when it passed a damaged BMD-1 unit unaware of its presence and the Russian soldiers reacted by attacking it losing no man in the process.[77][78][79] Later that day the local Georgian priests requested to retrieve the dead soldiers bodies which was initially denied but shortly after granted by the Russian commander in charge.

According to the Russian CAST, what stopped the Georgian advance in the end was not the Russian Air Force, but the resistance offered by peacekeepers and lightly armed, poorly organized South Ossetian units located in Tskhinvali. The Georgian troops failed to take Tskhinvali because they were not prepared psychologically for severe urban warfare.[24] According to Georgian officials as well as the Georgian military claim that Russian air sorties effectively undermined all major military efforts destroying most communication assetts and targeting crucial rally points. The Georgian army also suffered its heaviest casualties during the withdrawal by Russian air attacks.

The Georgian Defence Minister later acknowledged, that the Georgian military tried to push into Tskhinvali three times in all. During the last attempt, they got a very heavy counterattack which Georgian officers described as "something like hell."[34] In total, the fighting in the Tskhinvali area lasted for three days and nights.[68] An estimated 10,000–11,000 soldiers took part in the general Georgian offensive in South Ossetia.[7] The fighting throughout South Ossetia lasted for four days.[21]

Having retreated from South Ossetia, the Georgian forces regrouped at Gori.[21] Associated Press reported that Russian Army Colonel said he had orders not to move his troops deeper into Georgia. "We are staying here," he claimed.[80]

Aftermath and assessments

According to South Ossetian and Russian media reports, the Russian forces also shelled Tskhinvali from BM-21 Grads.[81][82][83][84][85][86]

Human Rights Watch reported that the Georgian forces used Grad rockets, self-propelled artillery, mortars, and howitzers during the attack. The South Ossetian parliament building along with several schools and nurseries were used as defence positions or operational posts by South Ossetian forces and volunteer militias. Georgian artillery fire targeted and hit these buildings. In many of the shelled villages, Ossetian militia positions were in close proximity to civilian houses. Georgia said that the attacks only intended to "neutralize firing positions from where Georgian positions were being targeted." HRW documented the witnesses stating that civilian objects were used by South Ossetian forces, thus rendering them legitimate military targets. HRW concluded that South Ossetian forces were responsible for endangering civilians by setting up defensive positions in close vicinity of or directly inside civilian structures. Georgia was also responsible for the indiscriminate nature of its attacks and insufficient focus on minimizing risk to civilians.[39]

Tskhinvali Hospital's doctor, interviewed by Human Rights Watch, spoke of 273 wounded, both military and civilians, and 44 dead bodies being brought to the hospital, supposedly the majority of people killed in the city. Patients had to be moved into the basement during the fighting and the hospital itself was damaged by a rocket.[87]

Several journalists were reported to be among the casualties,[88] including the two, who were embedded with the ambushed Russian armoured column, in which General Khrulyov was wounded.[89]

References

  1. ↑ "Annex 91 Здесь били, лишь бы бить и уничтожать" (PDF) (in Russian). 21 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2012.
  2. ↑ Анатолий Бибилов: «Мы защищали родной город, родную республику, что в этом героического?» (in Russian). 8 August 2009.
  3. ↑ Баранкевич, Анатолий (in Russian). Lenta.ru.
  4. ↑ Генерал Баранкевич лично подбил грузинский танк (in Russian).
  5. ↑ Войсками Южной Осетии командует бывший пермский военком генерал-майор Василий Лунев (in Russian). 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008.
  6. ↑ Обороной Южной Осетии руководит выходец с Урала (in Russian). 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009.
  7. 1 2 IIFFMCG Vol II, p. 214
  8. 1 2 3 IIFFMCG Vol III, p. 371
  9. 1 2 3 4 SPIEGEL Staff (25 August 2008). "Road to War in Georgia: The Chronicle of a Caucasian Tragedy". Spiegel. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009.
  10. 1 2 IIFFMCG Vol. III, p. 520
  11. ↑ "List of Casualties among the Georgian Military Servicemen". Ministry of Defence of Georgia. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012.
  12. ↑ "Russia increases death toll in S. Ossetia conflict to 67 soldiers". RIA Novosti. 7 August 2009.
  13. 1 2 "Russia lost 64 troops in Georgia war, 283 wounded". Reuters. 21 February 2009.
  14. ↑ Список военнослужащих Минобороны Южной Осетии, погибших в августе 2008 года (in Russian). ИА REGNUM. 20 October 2008.
  15. ↑ В Южной Осетии прошло открытие памятника погибшим в 2008 году бойцам ОМОН МВД РЮО (in Russian). Osinform.ru. 19 November 2010.
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  18. 1 2 3 4 Svante E. Cornell; Johanna Popjanevski; Niklas Nilsson (August 2008). "Russia's War in Georgia: Causes and Implications for Georgia and the World" (PDF). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program Policy papers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2014.
  19. 1 2 "Road to War in Georgia: The Chronicle of a Caucasian Tragedy". Spiegel. 25 August 2008.
  20. ↑ "Chief of Staff Testifies Before War Commission". Civil.Ge. 29 October 2008.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Barabanov, Mikhail (12 September 2008). "The August War between Russia and Georgia". Moscow Defense Brief. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. 3 (13). Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Alexander Nicoll; Sarah Johnstone (September 2008). "Russia's rapid reaction". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008.
  23. 1 2 "Did Saakashvili Lie? The West Begins to Doubt Georgian Leader". Spiegel. 15 September 2008.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Russian Air Force didn't perform well during the conflict in South Ossetia". Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. 15 November 2008.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 IIFFMCG Vol II, p. 209
  26. 1 2 "Did Saakashvili Lie? The West Begins to Doubt Georgian Leader". Der Spiegel. 15 September 2008. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008.
  27. 1 2 "Chronology of Events in South Ossetia 7-11 August 2008". ИА Рес. 13 October 2008.
  28. ↑ "Heavy fighting as Georgia attacks rebel region". AFP. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008.
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  30. 1 2 Tanks 2010, p. 50.
  31. 1 2 Tanks 2010, p. 51.
  32. 1 2 IIFFMCG Vol III, p. 60
  33. 1 2 https://sites.google.com/site/afivedaywar/Home/rutanklosses#TOC--72-511-141--19-
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  35. 1 2 IIFFMCG Vol III, p. 370
  36. ↑ IIFFMCG Vol III, p. 69
  37. ↑ C. J. Chivers; Ellen Barry (6 November 2008). "Georgia Claims on Russia War Called into Question". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008.
  38. ↑ "Over 10 Russian peacekeepers killed in S.Ossetia-agencies". Reuters. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  39. 1 2 "2.2 Indiscriminate Shelling of Tskhinvali and Outlying Villages". 23 January 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  40. ↑ Barnard, Anne (9 August 2008). "Georgia and Russia Nearing All-Out War". The New York Times.
  41. ↑ "Dozens of Unique Historical And Cultural Monuments Were Obliterated and Demolished On the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia". 5 October 2008.
  42. ↑ Franchetti, Mark (10 August 2008). "'Bodies are lying everywhere. It's hell'". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  43. ↑ "'I've never heard anything so monstrous as people shelling a hospital'". The Guardian. 13 August 2008.
  44. ↑ IIFFMCG Vol III, p. 107
  45. ↑ Tanks 2010, p. 49.
  46. ↑ IIFFMCG Vol III, p. 342
  47. ↑ Petro, Nicolai N. (2008). "Legal Case for Russian Intervention in Georgia". Fordham International Law Journal. 32 (5).
  48. ↑ "Russia's president says operation in Georgia over". RIA Novosti. 12 August 2008.
  49. ↑ "Medvedev, Putin accuse Georgia of genocide". The Hindu. 11 August 2008.
  50. ↑ "Georgia declares 'state of war' over South Ossetia". The Guardian. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  51. ↑ "2.7 The Issue of Civilian Casualties in South Ossetia". 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009.
  52. 1 2 Chivers, C.J. (15 September 2008). "Georgia Offers Fresh Evidence on War's Start". The New York Times.
  53. ↑ "NEW EVIDENCE EMERGES ON START OF GEORGIAN-RUSSIAN WAR". CACI Analyst. 17 September 2008.
  54. ↑ "Press Statement by Georgia Security Council". Archived from the original on 1 January 2010.
  55. ↑ Встреча у Рукского тоннеля (in Russian). OSInform.
  56. ↑ Наши танки шли стальным потоком (in Russian). Izvestia. 10 August 2008.
  57. ↑ Россия, не включай заднюю… (in Russian). MK.ru. 12 August 2008.
  58. ↑ "Мы били по Цхинвалу из "Градов", чтоб его взять..." (in Russian). Army.lv.
  59. ↑ Зассеева Лиана Шалвовна (in Russian). 26 September 2008.
  60. ↑ Посвящение герою (in Russian). Vesti. 17 August 2008.
  61. ↑ "Russian Forces in the Georgian War: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations". The Heritage Foundation. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009.
  62. ↑ "The Russian-Georgian War: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009.
  63. ↑ IIFFMCG Vol II, p. 216
  64. ↑ Генштаб признал потерю двух самолетов в Южной Осетии (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 9 August 2008.
  65. ↑ "Russia 'shot down its own planes'". BBC News. 9 July 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  66. ↑ Tanks 2010, p. 54.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 IIFFMCG Vol II, p. 210
  68. 1 2 "South-Ossetian standoff. Results and forecasts". RIA Novosti. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009.
  69. ↑ "Russian troops near S.Ossetia capital, 10 peacekeepers killed". RIA Novosti. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009.
  70. ↑ "Day-by-day: Georgia-Russia crisis". BBC News. 21 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010.
  71. ↑ Стрельба в Цхинвали возобновилась: российские миротворцы ведут бой с грузинскими войсками (in Russian). NEWSru.com. 9 August 2008.
  72. 1 2 Герой (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 15 August 2008. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009.
  73. ↑ «А майор, который спас мне жизнь, до госпиталя не доехал...» (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 10 August 2008.
  74. ↑ "The Georgian war – minute by minute, August 9". Russia Today. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008.
  75. ↑ Грузию обвинили в попытке затопить Цхинвали (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 11 August 2008.
  76. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/10/georgia.russia1?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront
  77. ↑ http://parliament.ge/en/media/axali-ambebi/parlamentshi-mxatvrul-dokumenturi-filmis-shindisis-gmirebis-kinochveneba-gaimarta.page
  78. ↑ http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/3435_august_14_2015/3435_6.html
  79. ↑ http://novosti.re/MRyoQoKML_I/soldiers_from_104th_vdv_regiment_tell_about_battle_on_11082008.html
  80. ↑ "Heavy damage in Tskhinvali, mostly at gov't center". Associated Press. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008.
  81. ↑ Встреча у Рукского тоннеля (in Russian). OSInform.
  82. ↑ Наши танки шли стальным потоком (in Russian). Izvestia. 10 August 2008.
  83. ↑ Россия, не включай заднюю… (in Russian). MK.ru. 12 August 2008.
  84. ↑ "Мы били по Цхинвалу из "Градов", чтоб его взять..." (in Russian). Army.lv.
  85. ↑ Зассеева Лиана Шалвовна (in Russian). 26 September 2008.
  86. ↑ Посвящение герою (in Russian). Vesti. 17 August 2008.
  87. ↑ "Russia/Georgia: Investigate Civilian Deaths". Human Rights Watch. 13 August 2008.
  88. ↑ "Journalists Suffered Combat Losses". Kommersant. 11 August 2008.
  89. ↑ Трое суток в эпицентре войны (in Russian). Moskovskij Komsomolets. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008.

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Coordinates: 42°13′59″N 43°57′58″E / 42.2331°N 43.9661°E / 42.2331; 43.9661

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