Hirola

Hirola
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Alcelaphinae
Genus: Beatragus
Heller, 1912
Species: B. hunteri
Binomial name
Beatragus hunteri
(Sclater, 1889)
Range of the hirola
Synonyms[2]

Cobus hunteri Sclater, 1889

The hirola, also known as Hunter's hartebeest or "Hunter's antelope", is a Critically Endangered antelope species found on the border between Kenya and Somalia. They were discovered in 1888 by the zoologist H.C.V. Hunter [3][4] only extant member of the genus Beatragus.[2] The global hirola population is estimated at 300–500 animals, there are no hirola in captivity and the wild population continues to decline.[5][6][7] According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List "The loss of the Hirola would be the first extinction of a mammalian genus on mainland Africa in modern human history." [8]

Description

The hirola is a medium-sized antelope, tan to rufous-tawny in colour with slightly lighter under parts, predominantly white inner ears and a white tail which extends down to the hocks. It has very sharp, lyrate horns which lack a basal pedicle and are ridged along three quarters of their length. As hirola age their coat darkens towards a slate grey and the number of ridges along their horns increases. Hirola have large, dark sub-orbital glands used for marking their territories and give them the name "four-eyed antelope". They have white spectacles around their eyes and an inverted white chevron running between the eyes. The horns, hooves, udders, nostrils, lips and ear tips are black. Males and females look similar although males are slightly larger with thicker horns and darker coats.[3][9][10][11][12][13]

Hirola head with sub-orbital glands clearly visible, Tsavo East National Park, 2011. (Copyright James Probert)

Several sources have recorded precise measurements from both captive and wild hirola. The following are maximum and minimum values taken from all sources: height at the shoulder: 99–125 cm, body weight: 73–118 kg, head and body length: 120–200 cm, horn length: 44–72 cm, horn spread (greatest outside width): 15–32 cm, tail length: 30–45 cm, ear length: 19 cm. It is not stated whether horn length was measured direct from base to tip or along the curve of the horn.[10][11][13][14] There is no data on how long hirola live in the wild but hirola in captivity have been known to live for 15 years.[5]

Taxonomy

Authorities agree that the hirola belongs in the subfamily Alcelaphinae within the family Bovidae but there has been debate about the genus in which it should be placed. The Alcelaphinae contains hartebeest, wildebeest and topi, korrigum, bontebok, blesbok, tiang and tsessebe.[13]

When it was first described the hirola was given the common name Hunter’s hartebeest. Despite this it was placed in the genus Damaliscus with the topi and given the scientific name Damaliscus hunteri.[3] Newer theories have classified it as a sub-species of the topi (Damaliscus lunatus hunteri) [15][16] and placed it within its own genus as Beatragus hunteri.[17][18][19][20]

Recent genetic analyses on karyotypic and mitochondrial DNA support the theory that the hirola is distinct from the topi and should be placed in its own genus.[19][21] They also indicate that the hirola is in fact more closely related to Alcelaphalus than to Damaliscus. Placing the hirola in its own genus is further supported by behavioural observations. Neither Alcelaphalus nor Damaliscus engage in flehmen, where the male tastes the urine of the female to determine oestrus. They are the only genera of bovids to have lost this behaviour. Hirola still engage in flehmen although it is less obvious than in other species.[22][23]

The genus Beatragus originated around 3.1 million years ago and was once widespread with fossils found in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Tanzania and South Africa.[11][18][24][24][25] The hirola is now the only extant member of the genus and is ranked forty third on the Zoological Society of London’s (ZSL) list of Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species.[26]

Ecology

The hirola is adapted to arid environments with annual rainfall of 300-600mm. Their habitats range from open grassland with light bush to wooded savannahs with low shrubs and scattered trees, most often on sandy soils.[27] Despite the arid environments they inhabit hirola appear to be able to survive independently of surface water.[27][28] Andanje [29] observed hirola drinking on only 10 occasions in 674 observations (1.5%) and all 10 observations of drinking occurred at the height of the dry season. Hirola do however favour short green grass [23] and in 392 of 674 observations (58%) hirola were grazing on growths of short green grass around waterholes.[29] This association with waterholes has led to false reports that hirola are dependent on surface water.[13]

Hirola are primarily grazers but browse may be important in the dry season.[30] They favour grasses with a high leaf to stem ratio and Chloris and Digiatta species are believed to be important in their diet.[11][23] Kingdon [11] does not consider the ecological requirements of the hirola unusual and in fact considers them to be more generalist than either Connochaetes spp. or Damaliscus spp. A vet who examined the digestive tract of several hirola concluded that they were well adapted to eating dry region grasses and roughage.[31] They feed on the dominant grasses of the region and Kingdon (1982) believes that quantity is more important than quality in the hirola’s diet.[23]

Hirola are often found in association with other species, particularly oryx, Grant’s gazelles, Burchell’s zebra and topi. They avoid Coke’s hartebeest, buffalo and elephant.[32] Whilst hirola avoid direct association with livestock they reportedly prefer the short grass in areas where livestock have been grazed.[30]

Social structure and reproduction

Female hirola give birth alone and may remain separate from the herd for up to two months, making them vulnerable to predation. Eventually the female will rejoin a nursery herd consisting of females and their young. Nursery herds number from 5–40 although the mean herd size is 7–9. They are usually accompanied by an adult male.[11][23][30][33]

Hirola calf suckling, Tsavo East National Park, 2011. (Copyright James Probert)
Nursery herd, Tsavo East National Park, 2011. (Copyright James Probert)

Young hirola leave the nursery herd at around nine months of age and form various temporary associations. They may gather together in mixed or single sex herds of up to three individuals; sub-adult or subordinate adult males may form bachelor herds of 2–38 individuals; female sub-adults may join an adult male and; if no other hirola are present, young hirola may attach themselves to a herd of Grant’s gazelles or simply spend most of their time alone.[29][30]

Bachelor herd consisting of three sub-adult males, Tsavo East National Park, 2011. (Copyright James Probert)

Adult males attempt to secure a territory on good pasture. These territories are up to 7km2 and are marked with dung, secretions from the sub-orbital glands and by stamping grounds where males scrape the soil with their hooves and slash the vegetation with their horns.[30] It has been suggested that at low population densities adult males abandon territory defence and will instead follow a nursery herd.[34] Nursery herds do not defend a territory but do have home ranges which overlap the territories of several adult males.[32] The size of a nursery herd’s home range varies from 26–164.7 km2 with a mean size of 81.5km2.[29]

Nursery herds are relatively stable but bachelor herds are very unstable with a fission fusion dynamic. In the 1970s hirola were observed forming aggregations of up to 300 individuals to take advantage of scarce, but spatially clumped, resources during the dry season (Bunderson, 1985). Information is lacking on male territoriality and how it relates to mating success, how and when hirola join a herd and how new herds are established (Butynski, 2000).

Hirola are seasonal breeders with young being born from September to November.[11] Data on age of sexual maturity and gestation period are not available for wild hirola however in captivity gestation was around 7.5 months (227–242 days) with one female mating at 1.4 years old and giving birth at 1.9 years. Another pair of hirola mated when they were 1.7 years of age.[35] In captivity one of the main causes of mortality is wounds caused by intra-hirola aggression, including aggression between females.[5]

Threats

The reasons for the historic decline of the hirola are not known but is likely a combination of factors including disease (particularly rinderpest), poaching, severe drought, predation, competition for food and water from domestic livestock and habitat loss caused by bush encroachment as a result of the extirpation of elephants in the hirola's natural range.[13][36]

The Hirola prefers areas that are used by livestock which puts them at increased risk from diseases like tuberculosis.[37] Due to lack of protection they are also still very vulnerable to poaching and hirola are also threatened by predation and competition with other wild herbivores, particularly topi and Coke's hartebeest.[38]

Population size and distribution

The hirola's natural range is an area of no more than 1,500km2 on the Kenyan-Somali border but there is also a translocated population in Tsavo East National Park. The natural population in the 1970s was likely to number 10,000–15,000 individuals but there was an 85–90% decline between 1983 and 1985. A survey in 1995 and 1996 estimated the population to number between 500 and 2,000 individuals with 1,300 as the most reasonable estimate. The most recent survey took place in 2010 and estimated a population of 402–466 hirola (King et al., 2011).

A translocated population was established in Kenya’s Tsavo East National Park with translocations in 1963 and 1996 (Hofmann, 1996; Andanje & Ottichilo, 1999; Butynski,1999; East, 1999). The 1963 translocation released 30 animals and the first survey in December 1995 and concluded that there were at least 76 hirola present in Tsavo at the time. Eight months later a further 29 translocated hirola were released in to Tsavo, at least six of which were pregnant at the time (Andanje, 1997). By December 2000 the hirola population in Tsavo had returned to 77 individuals (Andanje, 2002) and by 2011 the population was estimated at 76 individuals (Probert, 2011; Probert et al., 2014).

Status and conservation

Hirola are critically endangered and their numbers continue to decline in the wild. There are between 300–500 individuals in the wild and none currently in captivity.[5][6][7]

Despite being one of the rarest antelopes, conservation measures for the hirola antelope have so far been marginal. The Arawale National Reserve was created in 1973 as a small sanctuary for the hirola but has been left unmaintained since the 1980s. In late 2005, four local communities in the Ijara District have, in collaboration with Terra Nuova, developed and put forward a proposal to formally establish the Ishaqbini Hirola Conservancy for the in situ protection of hirola.

In January 2010, Northern Rangelands Trust (NRT), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Ishaqbini Hirola Community Conservancy (IHCC), was funded by the United States Fish & Wildlife Service and USAID-Kenya, to conduct a survey to estimate the remaining population of this species in its natural range. The survey found only three areas with significant numbers of hirola and it is believed that there are no large herds or significant concentrations of hirola remaining in their natural range.

More recently a 23km2 predator proof fenced sanctuary has been constructed at Ishaqbini and a founding population of 48 hirola is breeding well within the sanctuary [39]

References

  1. ↑ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Beatragus hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of critically endangered.
  2. 1 2 Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 675. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. 1 2 3 Sclater, P. L. (1889) Description of Hunter's antelope. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1889, 372–377.
  4. ↑ http://www.arkive.org/hirola/beatragus-hunteri/
  5. 1 2 3 4 PROBERT, J. (2011) The Tsavo hirola: current status and future management. MSc thesis. Imperial College London, UK.
  6. 1 2 King, J., Craig, I., Andanje, S. and Musyoki, C. (2011) They Came, They Saw, They Counted, SWARA, 34: (2).
  7. 1 2 James Probert, Ben Evans, Sam Andanje, Richard Kock and Rajan Amin. Population and habitat assessment of the Critically Endangered hirola Beatragus hunteri in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya . Oryx, available on CJO2014. doi:10.1017/S0030605313000902.
  8. ↑ http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/?11534/A-sanctuary-for-Hirola
  9. ↑ Dracopoli, I. N. (1914) Some notes on the game animals of Jubaland. Uganda Natural History Society 4: 117–121.
  10. 1 2 Dorst, J. and P. Dandelot. (1970) A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. Collins: London. 287.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kingdon, J. (1982) East African Mammals. An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Vol. IIID. Bovids. Academic Press: New York. 395- 746.
  12. ↑ Kingdon, J. (1997) The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press: London. 465.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Butynski, T. M. (2000) Independent Evaluation of Hirola antelope (Beatrugus hunteri) conservation status and conservation action in Kenya. Kenya Wildlife Service and Hirola Management Committee: Nairobi, Kenya.
  14. ↑ Best, G. A. F., Edmond-Blanc, F. and Courtenay Witting, R. (eds.) (1962) Rowland Ward’s Records of Big Game. 11th edition. Africa. Rowland Ward: London.
  15. ↑ Haltenorth, T. and Diller, H. (1977) A Field Guide to the Mammals of Africa Including Madagascar. Collins: Cambridge, UK. 400.
  16. ↑ Walther, F. R. (1990) Hartebeests, Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: McGraw-Hill. 418–436.
  17. ↑ Simpson, G. G. (1945) The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85: 1–350.
  18. 1 2 Gentry, A. W. (1990) Evolution and dispersal of African Bovidae. In: Bubenik, G. A. and Bubenik, A. B. (eds.). Horns, Pronghorns and Antlers. Springer-Verlag: New York. 195–227.
  19. 1 2 Pitra, C., Kock, R., Hofmann, R. and Lieckfeldt, D. (1998) Molecular phylogeny of the critically endangered Hunter’s antelope (Beatragus hunteri, Sclater 1889). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 36: 179–184.
  20. ↑ Estes, R. D. (1999) Hirola: Generic status supported by behavioral and physiological evidence. Gnusletter 18: 10–11.
  21. ↑ Kumamoto, A. T., Charter, S. J., Houk, M. L. and Frahm, M. (1996) Chromosomes of the Damaliscus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae): Simple and complex centric fusion rearrangements. Chromosome Research 4: 614–622.
  22. ↑ Estes, R. D. (1991) The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals. The University of California Press: California. 611.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Andanje, S. A. and Goeltenboth, P. (1995) Aspects of the Ecology of the Hunter's Antelope or Hirola (Beatrugus hunteri, Sclater, 1889) in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. Kenya Wildlife Service, Research and Planning Unit: Nairobi, Kenya.
  24. 1 2 Gentry, A. W. and Gentry, A. (1978) Fossil Bovidae (Mammalia) of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: Part 1. Bulletin British Museum Natural History (Geology) 29: 289–446.
  25. ↑ Thomas, H., Coppens, Y., Thibault. C. and Weidmann, M. (1984) Decouverte de vertebres fossiles dans le Pleistocene inferieur de la Republique de Djibouti. C. R. Academie des Sciences Paris 299: 43–48
  26. ↑ EDGE (2011) List of Top 100 Mammals [online]. Available: http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/top_100.php [September 2011].
  27. 1 2 Bunderson, W. T. (1981) Ecological separation of wild and domestic mammals in an East African Ecosystem. Logan, USA: Utah State University. 220–222.
  28. ↑ Dahiye, Y. M. (1999) Population Size and Seasonal Distribution of the Hunter’s Antelope or Hirola (Beatragus hunteri, Sclater, 1889) in Southern Garissa, Kenya. MSc thesis: Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Andanje, S. A. (2002) Factors limiting the abundance and distribution of hirola (Beatragus hunteri) in Kenya. PhD thesis: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Bunderson, W. T. (1985) The Population, Distribution and Habitat Preferences of the Hunter’s Antelope Damaliscus hunteri in north-east Kenya. In litt. to J. Williamson, WCMC: Cambridge, UK. 13.
  31. ↑ Hofmann, R. R. (1996) Hirola: Translocation to Tsavo NP and new scientific information. Gnusletter 15: 2–5.
  32. 1 2 Andanje, S. A. (1997) Hirola monitoring progress report: update analysis of animal movement, location and herding. Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Kenya Wildlife Service: Nairobi, Kenya.
  33. ↑ Andanje, S. A. and Ottichilo, W. K. (1999) Population status and feeding habits of the translocated sub-population of Hunter's antelope or hirola (Beatragus hunteri, Sclater, 1889) in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 37: (1) 38–48.
  34. ↑ Gosling, L. M. (1986) The evolution of mating strategies in male antelopes. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution. Princeton University Press: Princeton. 244–281.
  35. ↑ Smielowski, J. (1987) A note on the reproductive biology of the Hunter's antelope or hirola (Damaliscus hunteri – Sclater, 1889) in the zoo environment. Zoologische Garten 57: 234–240.
  36. ↑ Magin, C. (l996a) Hirola Recovery Plan. IUCN Antelope Specialist Group in collaboration with the Kenya Wildlife Service and Hirola Task Force. IUCN: Nairobi.
  37. ↑ Macdonald, D.W. (2006) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  38. ↑ The red list http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/6234/0
  39. ↑ King, J., Craig, I., Golicha, M., Sheikh, M., Lesowapir, S., Letoiye, D., Lesimirdana, D., and Worden, J. (2014) Status of hirola in Ishaqbini community conservancy. Northern Rangelands Trust and Ishaqbini Hirola Community Conservancy, Kenya.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.