Chinese constellations

Reproduction of the Suzhou star chart (13th century)

Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "officials" (Chinese 星官 xīng guān).[1]

The Chinese asterisms are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. The Song dynasty (13th-century) Suzhou planisphere shows a total of 283 asterisms, comprising a total of 1,565 individual stars. [2] The asterisms are divided into four groups, the Twenty-Eight Mansions along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures of the northern sky. The southern sky was added as a fifth group in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 asterisms.

The Three Enclosures (三垣, Sān Yuán) are centered on the North Celestial Pole and include those stars which could be seen year-round.[3]

The Twenty-Eight Mansions (二十八宿, Èrshíbā Xiù) form an ecliptic coordinate system used for those stars not visible (from China) during the whole year, based on the movement of the moon over a lunar month.[4]

History

Further information: Chinese star maps and Song of the Sky Pacers

The Chinese system developed independently from the Greco-Roman system since at least the 5th century BC, although there may have been earlier mutual influence, suggested by parallels to ancient Babylonian astronomy.[5]

The system of twenty-eight lunar mansions is very similar (although not identical) to the Indian Nakshatra system, and it is not currently known if there was mutual influence in the history of the Chinese and Indian systems.

The oldest extant Chinese star maps date to the Tang dynasty. Notable among them are the 8th-century Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era and Dunhuang Star Chart. It contains collections of earlier Chinese astronomers (Shi Shen, Gan De and Wu Xian) as well as of Indian astronomy (which had reached China in the early centuries AD). Gan De was a Warring States era (5th century BC) astronomer who according to the testimony of the Dunhuang Star Chart enumerated 810 stars in 138 asterisms. The Dunhuang Star Chart itself has 1,585 stars grouped into 257 asterisms.

The number of asterisms, or of stars grouped into asterisms, never became fixed, but remained in the same order of magnitude (for the purpose of comparison, the star catalogue compiled by Ptolemy in the 2nd century had 1,022 stars in 48 constellations). The 13th-century Suzhou star chart has 1,565 stars in 283 asterisms, the 14th-century Korean Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido has 1,467 stars in 264 asterisms, and the celestial globe made by Flemish Jesuit Ferdinand Verbiest for the Kangxi Emperor in 1673 has 1,876 stars in 282 asterisms.

The southern sky was unknown to the ancient Chinese and is consequently not included in the traditional system. With European contact in the 16th century, Xu Guangqi , an astronomer of the late Ming Dynasty, introduced another 23 asterisms based on European star charts.[6] The "Southern Sky" (近南極星區) asterisms are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.

Terminology

The Chinese word for "star, heavenly body" is 星 xīng. The character 星 is phonosemantic, its ideographic portion is 晶 (the character for jīng "bright radiant"), in origin depicting three twinkling stars (three times the "sun" radical 日).

The modern Chinese term for "constellation" referring to the IAU system is 星座 (xīng zuò, 座 being a classifier for large immovable objects), while the term 星官 xīng guān remains reserved for the traditional system. The character 官 means "public official" (hence the English translation "officials" for the Chinese asterisms), but it is historically a variant glyph of 宮 gōng "temple, palace", in origin a pictogram of a large building.

The generic term for "asterism" is 星群 (xīng qún, lit. "group of stars").

Three Enclosures

The Three Enclosures are the Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣, Zǐ Wēi Yuán), the Supreme Palace enclosure (太微垣, Tài Wēi Yuán) and the Heavenly Market enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán).

Purple Forbidden enclosure covers the northernmost area of the night sky. The Supreme Palace enclosure lies to its east and north, while the Heavenly Market enclosure lies to its west and south.

The Three Enclosures are separated by named by synecdoche for the asterisms separating them, designated 垣 yuán "low wall, fence; enclosure" (not to be confused with the lunar mansion ""Wall" 壁):

The Purple Forbidden Enclosure occupies the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules.

The Supreme Palace Enclosure covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor.

The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules.

The Twenty-Eight Mansions

Main article: Twenty-Eight Mansions
A modern star chart showing the traditional Chinese asterisms, with the 28 mansions indicated on the border of each hemisphere.

The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols, each associated with a compass direction and containing seven mansions. The names and determinative stars are:[7][8]

Four Symbols
(四象) 		Mansion (宿)
Number Name (pinyin) Translation Determinative star
Azure Dragon
of the East
(東方青龍)
Spring		 1 角 (Jiăo) Horn α Vir
2 亢 (Kàng) Neck κ Vir
3 氐 (Dī) Root α Lib
4 房 (Fáng) Room π Sco
5 心 (Xīn) Heart σ Sco
6 尾 (Wěi) Tail μ Sco
7 箕 (Jī) Winnowing Basket γ Sgr
Black Tortoise
of the North
(北方玄武)
Winter		 8 斗 (Dǒu) (Southern) Dipper φ Sgr
9 牛 (Niú) Ox β Cap
10 女 (Nǚ) Girl ε Aqr
11 虛 (Xū) Emptiness β Aqr
12 危 (Wēi) Rooftop α Aqr
13 室 (Shì) Encampment α Peg
14 壁 (Bì) Wall γ Peg
White Tiger
of the West
(西方白虎)
Fall		 15 奎 (Kuí) Legs η And
16 婁 (Lóu) Bond β Ari
17 胃 (Wèi) Stomach 35 Ari
18 昴 (Mǎo) Hairy Head 17 Tau
19 畢 (Bì) Net ε Tau
20 觜 (Zī) Turtle Beak λ Ori
21 參 (Shēn) Three Stars ζ Ori
Vermilion Bird
of the South
(南方朱雀)
Summer		 22 井 (Jǐng) Well μ Gem
23 鬼 (Guǐ) Ghost θ Cnc
24 柳 (Liǔ) Willow δ Hya
25 星 (Xīng) Star α Hya
26 張 (Zhāng) Extended Net υ¹ Hya
27 翼 (Yì) Wings α Crt
28 軫 (Zhěn) Chariot γ Crv

The Southern Asterisms (近南極星區)

The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi introduced another 23 asterisms based on the knowledge of European star charts.[9] These asterisms were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps.

The asterisms are :

English name Chinese name Number of starsHellenistic Constellation
Sea and Mountain 海山 (Hǎi Shān) 4 Carina/Centaurus/Musca/Vela
Cross 十字架 (Shí Zì Jià) 4 Crux
Horse's Tail 馬尾 (Mǎ Wěi) 3 Centaurus
Horse's Abdomen 馬腹 (Mǎ Fù) 3 Centaurus
Bee 蜜蜂 (Mì Fēng) 4 Musca
Triangle 三角形 (Sān Jiǎo Xíng) 3 Triangulum Australe
Exotic Bird 異雀 (Yì Què) 9 Apus / Octans
Peacock 孔雀 (Kǒng Què) 11 Pavo
Persia 波斯 (Bō Sī) 11 Indus / Telescopium
Snake's Tail 蛇尾 (Shé Wěi) 4 Octans / Hydrus
Snake's Abdomen 蛇腹 (Shé Fù) 4 Hydrus
Snake's Head 蛇首 (Shé Shǒu) 2 Hydrus / Reticulum
Bird's Beak 鳥喙 (Niǎo Huì) 7 Tucana
Crane 鶴 (Hè) 12 Grus / Tucana
Firebird 火鳥 (Huǒ Niǎo) 10 Phoenix / Sculptor
Crooked Running Water 水委 (Shuǐ Wěi) 3 Eridanus / Phoenix
White Patched Nearby 附白 (Fù Bái) 2 Hydrus
White Patches Attached 夾白 (Jiā Bái) 2 Reticulum / Dorado
Goldfish 金魚 (Jīn Yú) 5 Dorado
Sea Rock 海石 (Hǎi Dàn) 5 Carina
Flying Fish 飛魚 (Fēi Yú) 6 Volans
Southern Boat 南船 (Nán Chuán) 5 Carina
Little Dipper 小斗 (Xiǎo Dǒu) 9 Chamaeleon

Traditional Chinese star names

Ancient Chinese astronomers designated names to the visible stars systematically, roughly more than one thousand years before Johann Bayer did it in a similar way. Basically, every star is assigned to an asterism. Then a number is given to the individual stars in this asterism. Therefore, a star is designated as "Asterism name" + "Number". The numbering of the stars in an asterism, however, is not based on the apparent magnitude of this star, but rather its position in the asterism. (The Bayer system does use this Chinese method sometimes, most notably with the stars in the Big Dipper, which are all about the same magnitude.)

For example, Altair is named 河鼓二 in Chinese. 河鼓 is the name of the asterism (literally the Drum at the River). 二 is the number designation (two). Therefore, it literally means "the Second Star of the Drum at the River". (Bayer might have called Altair "Beta Tympani Flumine" if he had been cataloguing Chinese constellations.)

Some stars also have traditional names, often related to mythology or astrology. For example, Altair is more commonly known as 牛郎星 or 牵牛星 (the Star of the Cowherd) in Chinese, after the mythological story of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl.

These designations are still used in modern Chinese astronomy. All stars for which the traditional names are used in English are routinely translated by their traditional Chinese designations, rather than translations of their catalogue names.

By modern IAU constellation

The following is a list of the 88 IAU constellations with the Chinese translation of their names. Each linked article provides a list of the (traditional) Chinese names of the stars within each (modern) constellation.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 星官 literally translates to "star official". The English translation "officials" is used in Hsing-chih T'ien. and Will Carl Rufus, The Soochow astronomical chart, Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press, 1945.
  2. ↑ Hsing-chih T'ien. and Will Carl Rufus, The Soochow astronomical chart, Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press, 1945, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Needham, J. "Astronomy in Ancient and Medieval China". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 67–82. Accessed 9 Oct 2012.
  4. ↑ 二十八宿的形成与演变
  5. ↑ Xiaochun Sun, Jacob Kistemaker, The Chinese sky during the Han, vol. 38 of Sinica Leidensia, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3, p. 7f. and p. 18, note 9. The authors, citing Needham, Science and Civilisation in China vol. 3 (1959), p. 177, speculate that both the Babylonian MUL.APIN and the cadinal star names in the Yáo diǎn suggest an ultimate origin in Sumerian astronomy of about 2300 BC (based on calculations regarding the precession of the equinoxes), or approximately the reign of Sargon of Akkad.
  6. ↑ Sun, Xiaochun (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. p. 910.
  7. ↑ "The Chinese Sky". International Dunhuang Project. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
  8. ↑ Sun, Xiaochun (1997). Helaine Selin, ed. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 517. ISBN 0-7923-4066-3. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
  9. ↑ Sun, Xiaochun (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. p. 910.

Further reading

External links

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