Criticism of The Walt Disney Company

The Walt Disney Company's media releases and company practices have prompted action from activists, artists, and causes around the world.

General criticism

Company officials

Michael Eisner

In 1977, Roy E. Disney, the son of Disney co-founder Roy O. Disney and nephew of Walt Disney, resigned as an executive due to disagreements with his colleagues' decisions at the time. As he claimed later, "I just felt creatively the company was not going anywhere interesting. It was very stifling." However he retained a seat on the board of directors. His resignation from the board in 1984, which occurred in the midst of a corporate takeover battle, was the beginning of a series of developments that led to the replacement of company president and CEO Ronald William Miller (married to Walt's daughter Diane Marie Disney) by Michael Eisner and Frank Wells. Roy soon returned to the company as vice-chairman of the board of directors and head of the animation department.

However Michael Eisner has been criticized for his management style. The book DisneyWar by James B. Stewart is an exposé of Eisner's 20-year tenure as Chairman and CEO at The Walt Disney Company. Stewart describes some of the following:

In 2003, Roy resigned from his positions as Disney vice chairman and chairman of Walt Disney Feature Animation, accusing Eisner of micromanagement, flops with the ABC television network, timidity in the theme park business, turning The Walt Disney Company into a "rapacious, soul-less" company, and refusing to establish a clear succession plan, as well as a string of box-office movie flops starting in the year 2000.

On March 3, 2004, at Disney's annual shareholders' meeting, a surprising 43% of Disney's shareholders, predominantly rallied by former board members Roy Disney and Stanley Gold, withheld their proxies to re-elect Eisner to the board. Disney's board then gave the chairmanship position to Mitchell. However, the board did not immediately remove Eisner as chief executive.

On March 13, 2005, Eisner announced that he would step down as CEO one year before his contract expired. On September 30, Eisner resigned both as an executive and as a member of the board of directors, and, severing all formal ties with the company, he waived his contractual rights to perks such as the use of a corporate jet and an office at the company's Burbank headquarters. Eisner's replacement was his longtime assistant, Robert Iger.

Walt Disney Motion Picture Group

Walt Disney Animation Studios

Ethnic and racial stereotyping

Over the years many scholars, film critics, and parent groups have been critical of Disney for the portrayal of non-whites in a stereotypical image which led to the speculation that Walt Disney was a racist.[14] For example, during a story meeting on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs he referred to the scene when the dwarfs pile on top of each other as a "nigger pile" and whilst casting Song of the South he used the term pickaninny. The supposed insensitivity Disney and some of his employees showed in many cartoons including the short Mickey's Mellerdrammer where Mickey Mouse dresses in blackface, the "Black" Bird in the short Who Killed Cock Robin, Sunflower the half donkey-half black centaurette in Fantasia, the film Song of the South, the depiction of Native American 'Indians' in Peter Pan, the Siamese Cats in Lady and the Tramp and the Crows in Dumbo (although in that particular instance they were made sympathetic to Dumbo's plight as they knew what it was like to be ostracized).[14] This appears to be a moot point, however, as many similar gags and stereotypes existed in a number cartoons from other competing studios during that time, including Fleischer Studios, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, Walter Lantz Productions, and Warner Bros. Cartoons. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies director Bob Clampett who directed the infamous Merrie Melodies shorts Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs and Tin Pan Alley Cats, claimed that

“ Everybody, including blacks had a good time when these cartoons first came out. All the controversy developed in later years merely because of changing attitudes toward black civil rights that have happened since then. ”

Additionally, despite Walt Disney's occasional slurs, he never expressed any hatred or bigotry toward other races, publicly nor privately, and the Disney studio hired several employees of all racial backgrounds including Floyd Norman (African American), Cy Young, Tyrus Wong, Iwao Takamoto, and Bob Kuwahara (Chinese/Japanese).[14] Upon a home screening of To Kill a Mockingbird, Walt Disney quoted "That's the kind of film I wish I could make."[14] Similar rumors persist about Walt Disney's alleged anti-Semitism, in spite of the fact that the studio hired a number of Jews as animators and songwriters during Walt's lifetime, including Art Babbitt and the Sherman Brothers.

Alleged subliminal messages

In 1995, a pro-life lobby group, American Life League (ALL), alleged that several Disney films, including The Rescuers, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and The Lion King, contained subliminal messages and sexual imagery.[15][16]

Disney's original home video releases of The Rescuers were recalled on January 8, 1999 due to the discovery of two photographs of a topless woman in the background of two frames of the movie.[17] The offending images were removed in later VHS and DVD editions, and the Blu-ray release packed with its sequel, The Rescuers Down Under.

In Who Framed Roger Rabbit with the film's Laserdisc release in 1994, Variety reported that observers uncovered several scenes of subliminal antics from the animators that supposedly featured brief nudity of the Jessica Rabbit character. While undetectable when played at the usual rate of 24 film frames per second, the Laserdisc player allowed the viewer to advance frame-by-frame to uncover these visuals. Whether or not they were actually intended to depict the nudity of the character remains unknown.[18][19] Many retailers said that within minutes of the Laserdisc debut, their entire inventory was sold out. The run was fueled by media reports about the controversy, including stories on CNN and various newspapers.[20] A Disney executive responded to Variety that "people need to get a life than to notice stuff like that. We were never aware of it, it was just a stupid gimmick the animators pulled on us and we didn't notice it. At the same time, people also need to develop a sense of humor with these things."[21] The scene was later re-animated. Another frequently debated scene includes one where Baby Herman extends his middle finger as he passes under a woman's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip.[19][22]

In The Little Mermaid, King Triton lives in a castle of gold, along with his daughters. The castle is displayed in the artwork for the cover for the Classics VHS cassette when the film was first released on home video in 1990. Close examination of the cover artwork, as well as the poster for the film, shows an oddly shaped structure on the castle, closely resembling a penis. Disney and the cover designer insist it was an accident, resulting from a late night rush job to finish the cover artwork. The questionable object does not appear on the cover of the second releasing of the movie. There was also a widespread rumour in the early to mid-1990s that a clergyman is seen with an erection during a wedding scene, specifically the scene in which a brainwashed Prince Eric is about to marry Ursula the sea witch in disguise.[23][24][25] The clergyman is a short man, dressed in Bishop's clothing, and a small bulge is slightly noticeable in a few of the frames that are actually later shown to be the stubby-legged man's knees, but the image is small and is very difficult to distinguish. Because of the controversy, this scene was later altered in the film's 2006 Platinum Edition DVD release so that the clergyman is standing on a small platform box and that his knee is no longer visible underneath his robes. The combined incidents led an Arkansas woman to file suit against The Walt Disney Company in 1995, though she dropped the suit two months later.[24][25][26][27][28]

In Aladdin, protests were raised regarding the scene when Aladdin is attacked by the tiger Rajah on the palace balcony. Aladdin quietly says "Come on... good kitty, take off and go..." and the word "kitty" is overlapped by another, unidentifiable sound, most probably Rajah's snarl. Some people reported hearing "Good teenagers, take off your clothes,"[29] which they considered a subliminal reference to sexual promiscuity. Because of the controversy, Disney replaced the phrase with "Down, kitty" on the DVD release.[30]

The Lion King allegation was later denied by Tom Sito, a Disney animator and a writer for the film, who claimed that the letters written in the dust cloud actually spelled the initials "S.F.X", meaning 'special effects'; instead, it was interpreted by people who saw the dust message as the word "SEX". It was intended to be an easter egg signature from the animation department, and that the controversy that followed was entirely unintentional.[31]

Pixar's relationship with Disney

Pixar and Disney had disagreements after the production of Toy Story 2. Originally intended as a straight-to-video release (and thus not part of Pixar's five-picture deal), the film was eventually upgraded to a theatrical release during production. Pixar demanded that the film then be counted toward the five-picture agreement, but Disney refused.[32] Pixar's first five feature films had collectively grossed more than $2.5 billion, equivalent to the highest per-film average gross in the industry. Though profitable for both, Pixar later complained that the arrangement was not equitable. Pixar was responsible for creation and production, while Disney handled marketing and distribution. Profits and production costs were split 50-50, but Disney exclusively owned all story and sequel rights and also collected a distribution fee. The lack of story and sequel rights was perhaps the most onerous aspect to Pixar and set the stage for a contentious relationship.[33]

The two companies attempted to reach a new agreement in early 2004. The new deal would be only for distribution, as Pixar intended to control production and own the resulting film properties themselves. The company also wanted to finance their films on their own and collect 100 percent of the profits, paying Disney only the 10 to 15 percent distribution fee.[34] More importantly, as part of any distribution agreement with Disney, Pixar demanded control over films already in production under their old agreement, including The Incredibles and Cars. Disney considered these conditions unacceptable, but Pixar would not concede.[34]

Disagreements between Steve Jobs and then Disney Chairman and CEO Michael Eisner made the negotiations more difficult than they otherwise might have been. They broke down completely in mid-2004, with Jobs declaring that Pixar was actively seeking partners other than Disney.[35] Pixar did not enter negotiations with other distributors. After a lengthy hiatus, negotiations between the two companies resumed following the departure of Eisner from Disney in September 2005. In preparation for potential fallout between Pixar and Disney, Jobs announced in late 2004 that Pixar would no longer release movies at the Disney-dictated November time frame, but during the more lucrative early summer months. This would also allow Pixar to release DVDs during the Christmas shopping season. An added benefit of delaying Cars was to extend the time frame remaining on the Pixar-Disney contract to see how things would play out between the two companies.[36]

Pending the Disney acquisition of Pixar in 2006, the two companies created a distribution deal for the intended 2007 release of Ratatouille, in case the acquisition fell through, to ensure that this one film would still be released through Disney's distribution channels. (In contrast to the earlier Disney/Pixar deal Ratatouille was to remain a Pixar property and Disney would have received only a distribution fee.) The completion of Disney's Pixar acquisition, however, nullified this distribution arrangement.[37]

Miramax and handling of foreign films

Miramax has come under criticism for its editing, dubbing, and replacing the soundtracks of various foreign films it releases. One notable example is Iron Monkey, which though released subtitled, had its subtitles altered to remove the political context of the story, had scenes trimmed and changed for violence and pacing, and had the soundtrack changed, removing the famous Wong Fei Hung theme. Other films that they have altered in this way include Shaolin Soccer, Farewell My Concubine (theatrical release), The Thief and the Cobbler and Jet Li's Fist of Legend.

Peter Biskind's book Down and Dirty Pictures details many of Weinstein's dishonest dealings with filmmakers.

Under the Weinsteins, Miramax had a history of buying the rights to Asian films, only to sit on them without releasing them for some years. One example of this is Hero, a 2002 Chinese martial arts film. It languished in Miramax's vaults for two years before it was salvaged with the intervention of Quentin Tarantino. And sometimes Miramax purchased films only to never release them. An example of this is Tears of the Black Tiger, a Thai film originally released in 2000. After changing the ending of the film, Tears of the Black Tiger sat in Miramax's vaults for five years until its rights were purchased by Magnolia Pictures in 2006.

The "no cuts" policy was highlighted when Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein suggested editing the Japanese anime film Princess Mononoke to make it more marketable. In response, Toshio Suzuki, a producer at Studio Ghibli, sent an authentic katana with a simple message: "No cuts".

One reason for the delays and non-releases of films was an accounting scheme the Weinsteins used to shift potential money-losing films to future fiscal years and ensure they would receive annual bonuses from Disney,[38] while trying to bar retailers from legally exporting authentic DVDs of the films.[39]

As a result of the Weinsteins' actions, a number of Asian producers who sold their distribution rights to the company refuse to do so for their subsequent films.

Defenders of the company point out that prior to Miramax most of the films purchased by the company would have had little to no chance of achieving U.S. distribution other than by very small distributors with minimal marketing expertise and funds. They also state that the purpose of the company's aggressive re-editing technique was always to try help the films find a broader American audience than they might otherwise find.

"I'm not cutting for fun", Harvey Weinstein said in an interview. "I'm cutting for the shit to work. All my life I served one master: the film. I love movies.".[40]

Miramax is also accused of ignoring their more artistic, less audience-friendly films, especially when directors refuse to re-cut them to make them less challenging. Dead Man, which director Jim Jarmusch refused to re-cut, got a very limited release and critics have accused the Weinsteins of burying the film. [41] [42]

Miramax was parodied in the Kevin Smith film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), in which the studio attempted to adapt Jay and Silent Bob's comic book characters, Bluntman and Chronic, into a movie, thus resulting in the duo traveling to Hollywood to stop them from making the movie. According to Kevin Smith, this film is a direct response to the controversy surrounding his previous film, Dogma.

Disney-ABC Television Group

American Broadcasting Company

On February 9, 1996, The Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC, and renamed the broadcasting group ABC, Inc., although the network also continues to use American Broadcasting Companies, such as on TV productions it owns.

ABC's relationship with Disney dates back to 1953, when Leonard Goldenson pledged enough money so that the "Disneyland" theme park could be completed. ABC continued to hold Disney notes and stock until 1960, and also had first call on the "Disneyland" television series in 1954. With this new relationship came an attempt at cross-promotion, with attractions based on ABC shows at Disney parks and an annual soap festival at Walt Disney World. (The former president of ABC, Inc., Robert Iger, now heads Disney.) In 1997, ABC aired a Saturday morning block called One Saturday Morning which changed to ABC Kids in 2002. It featured a 5-hour line-up of children's shows (mostly cartoons) for children ages 5–12 but it was changed to a 4-hour line-up in 2005. Since then, it was aimed for children more in the 10–16 range.

Despite intense micro-managing on the part of Disney management, the flagship television network was slow to turn around. In 1999, the network was able to experience a brief bolster in ratings with the hit game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. A new national phenomenon, Survivor, on CBS persuaded the schedulers at ABC to change Millionaire's slot over to the Wednesday Time slot at 8:00 to kill Survivor before it got a ratings hold. The first results were promising for CBS; they lost by only a few ratings points. ABC tried to keep the strength running, so they tried an unprecedented strategy for Millionaire by airing the show four times a week during the next Fall season, in the process overexposing the show, as it appeared on the network sometimes five or six nights during a week. ABC's ratings fell dramatically as competitors introduced their own game shows and the public grew tired of the format. Alex Wallau took over as president in 2000. Despite the repeated overexposure of Millionaire and its switch to syndication, ABC continued to find some success in dramas such as The Practice (which gave birth to a successful spinoff, Boston Legal, in 2004), Alias, and Once and Again. ABC also had some moderately successful comedies including The Drew Carey Show, Spin City, Dharma & Greg, According to Jim, My Wife and Kids and George Lopez.

Still one asset that ABC lacked in the early 2000s that most other networks had was popularity in reality television. ABC's briefly lived reality shows Are You Hot? and I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! proved to be an embarrassment for the network. By end of the 2003–2004 television season, ABC slumped to fourth place, becoming the first of the original "Big Three" networks to fall into such ratings.

ABC Daytime

Main article: ABC Daytime

"The strike-termination agreement does not allow the retention of replacement writers in lieu of allowing striking writers to return to their jobs. ABC Daytime are clearly violating this agreement," said Ira Cure, senior counsel for the WGA East, in a statement. "They have left us no other option but to file arbitrations to ensure that our members will be afforded their rights outlined under this agreement." Broadcasting & Cable: Arbitration Suit Against ABC-D

In August 2009, Frons announced that the production of All My Children would move from New York City to Los Angeles by the end of the year.[45][46]

ABC News

Main article: ABC News

On April 30, 2004, Nightline host Ted Koppel read the names of the members of the United States Armed Forces who were killed in Iraq. This prompted controversy from conservatives who believed Koppel was making a political statement and from Sinclair Broadcasting Group, which felt that ABC was undermining the war effort in Iraq. Others, most notably the Washington Post television columnist, thought it was a ratings stunt for sweeps, and indeed Nightline was the highest-rated program during that time period, and had about 30% more viewers than other Nightline programs that week. Sinclair stations did not air the program.

Koppel repeated the format on May 28, 2004, reading the names of service members killed in Afghanistan, and on May 30, 2005, reading the names of all service members killed in Afghanistan or Iraq between the last program and the preparation of the program. This time, Sinclair stations aired the program as scheduled.

In the wake of the job cuts, a significant controversy erupted online in May 2010 after it was announced the former VP of news coverage, Mimi Gurbst, was leaving the network to become a guidance counselor.[47] A story in the New York Observer reported that Gurbst was a "cherished" mentor inside the news division.[48] Reporters who closely follow TV news observed that a large number of current and former ABC News staffers went online to vigorously respond that Gurbst had helped perpetuate a negative culture with ABC News.[49][50]

The Path to 9/11

Wikinews has related news: ABC comes under fire for alleged partisan slant in 9/11 miniseries

ABC aired the controversial two-part miniseries The Path to 9/11 in the US on September 10, 2006, at 8 p.m. EDT and September 11, 2006, at 8 p.m. EDT. The extensive pre-broadcast controversy over the film has included disputes over the accuracy of its dramatization of key events, as well as calls by historians and from former Clinton and Bush administration officials for ABC to re-edit part of the film or not broadcast it at all. According to the official statement released by ABC on September 7, 2006, the film is "a dramatization, not a documentary, drawn from a variety of sources, including The 9/11 Commission Report, other published materials, and from personal interviews.[51]

The main source of the controversy stems from portions of the film concerned with the Clinton administration in the 1990s. Critics say that certain dramatized scenes tend to suggest that blame for the events that took place on September 11, 2001 lies with Clinton and his cabinet. One example cited is a scene in which then National Security Advisor, Sandy Berger, does not approve of the order to take out a surrounded Osama bin Laden and tells the squad in Afghanistan that they will have to do the job without official authorization and then hangs up the phone. According to Sandy Berger and others – including conservative author and Clinton critic Richard Miniter – this never happened.[52] Screenwriter Cyrus Nowrasteh has now admitted that the abrupt hang-up was not in the script and was improvised.[53]

American Airlines reportedly threatened to pull its advertising from ABC after this program aired. The liberal watchdog group Media Matters for America named ABC its third annual "Misinformer of the Year" award in 2006, not only for the miniseries, but for the alleged conservative pandering of ABC News director Mark Halperin and for biased claims on news programs such as ABC World News and Good Morning America.

Alexis Debat

Alexis Debat, a consultant for ABC for years and also a writer for The National Interest, resigned from ABC in June 2007 after the broadcasting company discovered that he did not have a Ph.D. from the Sorbonne as he pretended.[54] Furthermore, in September 2007, the French news media Rue 89 revealed that he had made at least two bogus interviews, one of Barack Obama and another of Alan Greenspan, both published in the French magazine Politique internationale.[55][56] This in turn also led to his resignation from The National Interest.[54] Debat had specialized in reports on terrorism and national security for the past six years (writing, for example, on the Jundallah Balochi and Sunni organization).[54][57]

ABC contract dispute affecting WABC-TV and WPVI

On March 2, 2010, WABC-TV in New York along with Philadelphia sister station WPVI (carried in Mercer, Monmouth and Ocean counties) stated that they would pull their programming from Cablevision on March 7, 2010 (at midnight), unless a new payment structure is implemented for its network programming. Cablevision responded by citing WABC-TV and WPVI's free, over-the-air accessibility. Cablevision spokesman Charles Scheuler stated "It is not fair for ABC-Disney to hold Cablevision customers hostage by forcing them to pay what amounts to a new TV tax." [58]

The removal of both stations occurred on the weekend of the 82nd Academy Awards, which was scheduled to be one of ABC's largest yearly specials, and was projected to cause a devastating blow to advertisers for the Oscars and to Cablevision itself.

On Sunday, March 7, 2010 at 12:01 a.m. ET, both WABC and WPVI were removed from Cablevision leaving a black screen in their place, confirming the rumors that if a deal with Cablevision and ABC was not reached by midnight, the network and other Disney-owned channels would go off the air.

Cablevision began looping a public service announcement on each affected channel and forcing all of its customers' set-top boxes to channel 1999, which was looping the same announcement, much like was done when Scripps Networks pulled their cable channels' programming. Besides providing certain details of the disagreement they stated that ABC shows could be watched online through TV websites such as Hulu.

Also that day, Cablevision announced through e-mail that their entire film catalog of on-demand movies would be available without charge until midnight that evening as an apology to their customers.[59]

At 8:50 p.m. that day, WABC and WPVI returned to Cablevision's programming, after a notification during the 82nd Academy Awards announced progression in "Work to complete our negotiations", and the return of ABC's programming during the negotiations.

Freeform

Fox Family Worldwide Inc was sold to Disney for $2.9 billion on October 24, 2001. The sale to Disney also included TV channel Fox Kids and Saban Entertainment (renamed BVS Entertainment). The entire network was officially renamed ABC Family on November 10, 2001.[60][61][62][63]

The sale to Disney was considered one of the largest mistakes or problems occurring during the tenure of Michael Eisner. The failure was primarily due to the acquisition being done by the strategic planning department of Disney, without consulting anyone at ABC. The original plan was to use the channel to essentially show re-runs of ABC programming, but this plan was completely impossible since ABC had no syndication rights to the majority of their own programs. During this time, the network did air same-season repeats of Alias, Less Than Perfect, Life with Bonnie, and The Bachelor, almost all of which were Touchstone Television productions (The Bachelor is distributed by Time Warner's Telepictures). But in trying to change the focus of the channel, Disney also canceled several Fox Family series, like State of Grace, and cut back on the network's TV movies, which were among the few programs Fox Family was doing well with. The ratings tumbled further as the network became dependent on syndicated reruns and no original programs (save for original wrap-around segments around Bachelor repeats, and children's programming). [64]

The next major plan was to reposition the channel to market it to college students, young women, or to a more hip audience under the name XYZ, a reverse reference to ABC. Disney soon found that the channel could never be renamed as such. The original sale from CBN to Fox/Saban contained a stipulation that the channel contain the word "Family" in the name forever, no matter who owns the network. To create XYZ, the Family Channel would have had to cease to exist — terminating all existing cable TV contracts — and XYZ would have to be created as a completely new network. Cable companies would not be obligated to put XYZ in the spot vacated by the Family Channel. ABC scrapped the idea after discovering this clause.[65]

The name was revisited at one point in 2003, serving as a program block entitled "The XYZ.", showing programs and movies aimed at the above groups. The network was also used as a buffer to burn off failed ABC series, such as All American Girl, which featured former Spice Girl Geri Halliwell.[66]

Since 2006, the critics have gone after programming on ABC Family. Most feel the network has gone from family friendly to "too risqué", and shows like Greek and The Secret Life of the American Teenager are far too racy for "family viewers." Critics feel the executives at ABC Family are only after viewership numbers and are unconcerned about showing younger generations in questionable scenarios in series and film. Mostly where the main focus is on teenage pregnancy or underage drinking.[67]

It should be noted that despite the channel's name including the word "Family", the channel's programming content standards had changed several years earlier after the sale of the channel by International Family Entertainment, and the channel had been airing even some acquired series and movies that contain profanity, violence and sexual content or dialogue after the sale, particularly since being purchased by The Walt Disney Company. ABC Family did air parental advisory tags at the beginning of some TV-14 rated programs, such as That '70s Show and some episodes of The Secret Life of the American Teenager. In 2015, a survey revealed that viewers who only watched the channel occasionally thought that the channel was entirely family-friendly. As a result, the channel was rebranded as Freeform on January 12, 2016. This change was made in order to establish the network as a general entertainment channel. Despite this, family-ordinated shows and movies continue to air on the network.

Disney Channel

Disney Channel has come under heavy criticism in recent years. Some critics disapprove of the marketing strategy made by Anne Sweeney, the former President of the Disney-ABC Television Group,[68] in which Disney Channel's programming has pulled away from the characters of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Goofy, that the company founded itself upon, and now mostly consists of programming geared mainly towards preteen and teenage girls.[69]

ESPN

Main article: Criticism of ESPN

Criticism of ESPN is mostly concerning the journalistic standards of the network vs. the entertainment division.

One such event came in 2010 when ESPN gave one hour of time, and the advertising money that goes with it, to NBA superstar LeBron James so he can announce where he would play during the 2010-11 NBA season. This program was called The Decision and received criticism because ESPN ceded control of the hour to an outside source, and the person doing the interview was Jim Gray, who was not an ESPN employee. This is in addition to the hours of hype preceding the special which was in the form of a three-hour SportsCenter telecast.

Most recently, ESPN devoted much of its airtime to talking nonsense about Jets quarterback Tim Tebow following his trade from the Denver Broncos to the point that ESPN became a fixture during training camp. This proved to be a problem because, ESPN2's morning program, ESPN First Take, which evolved from a morning talk show much like Good Morning America to a debate program starring Skip Bayless, was hurting SportsCenter in the ratings when Tebow was discussed. This forced SportsCenter to discuss Tebow as well even if there was no news to report.

Historically, ESPN was home to scandals involving its employees. Most notably was the Texas Tech scandal, which involved ESPN College Football analyst Craig James. Through James, ESPN used its power to get head coach Mike Leach fired because of how James's son, Adam, was treated following a concussion.

ESPN has also been accused of overpaying for sports broadcasting rights, and that Wall Street analysts have raised concerns that this could be a major drain on Disney as a whole, since the amount of money that can be recuperated from retransmission consent fees and advertising is limited; Disney still profits from the ESPN division but as of 2015 was cutting the network's higher-priced content to ensure long-term profitability.[70] In October 2015, ESPN laid off about 300 employees, citing the rights costs combined with the increasing trend of cord-cutting.[71]

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

Disneyland Resort

Al Lutz' Disneyland reports

Al Lutz, who has written about Disney since the 1990s, often writes about a perceived decline in value and quality at Disney's theme parks, chiefly Disneyland and the neighboring park that opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park.[72] Much of his criticism was directed at Paul Pressler, the one-time president of Disneyland who later was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, and Cynthia Harriss, Pressler's successor as Disneyland's president. From 1996-2002, Lutz maintained a set of sarcastic Web pages called Promote Paul Pressler!,[73] whose stated goal was "getting current Disneyland Resort President Paul Pressler promoted to a new job somewhere else within The Walt Disney Company!"

Lutz's July 2006 report on the alleged antics of Lindsay Lohan during a private party held at Disneyland for her 20th birthday[74] drew a rebuke from a representative for the actress, who said reports of bad behavior were "complete bull".[75] This report brought Lutz' website, MiceAge, briefly into the spotlight, and established Lutz as a Disney watchdog in the mainstream media.

In late 2007, mainstream media outlets including the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the Associated Press and foreign newspapers referenced claims made in two of Lutz' columns. One was about a planned refurbishment of the "it's a small world" attraction at Disneyland would modify the ride's boat and flume trough to accommodate boats capable of carrying heavier park guests, a claim Disney consistently has denied in subsequent media coverage.[76]

Disney California Adventure Park

Disney California Adventure Park, originally named Disney's California Adventure Park until a name change in June 2010, was expected to draw large crowds when opened in 2001. A January 14, 2001 Los Angeles Times article titled "The most Jam-Packed Theme Park on Earth?" stated "Senior Disney officials acknowledge that there will be days when California Adventure will have to turn patrons away, particularly in the first weeks after the park opens, during spring break and again in the summer." The actual attendance was not close to the size that Disney expected for the park back in 2001.[77]

The reasons for this has been speculated as:

Disney's chief executive officer, Robert Iger went on record during the company's annual stockholder meeting on March 10, 2006, when someone asked about a potential third park being built in Anaheim. "We're still working to assure the second gate is successful", Iger said, referring to California Adventure. "In the spirit of candor, we have been challenged."[81]

On October 17, 2007, The Walt Disney Company announced a multi-year, $1.1 billion expansion plan for Disney's California Adventure Park.[82][83] Plans for the renovation and expansion were put on display for park visitors inside the Blue Sky Cellar at the Golden Vine Winery. Disney listened to the public and several of the attractions which drew criticism from the public will be removed in the multi-year, multibillion-dollar redesign and expansion of Disney's California Adventure. Other rides will be redesigned or replaced with a larger focus on Disney characters and stories. On May 28, 2010, it was announced through the Disney Parks Blog that the park would also be receiving a slight name change, to Disney California Adventure, as well as a new logo. The new name took effect on June 11, 2010 appearing on park maps and banners, but was first used in a commercial promoting Disney's World of Color a few days prior. World of Color premiered on June 11, 2010 as part of Disney's Summer Nighttastic.[84]

Walt Disney World Resort

Disney's Animal Kingdom

Even in planning stages, various Florida based animal rights groups and PETA didn't like the idea of Disney creating a theme park where animals were held in captivity. The groups protested, and PETA tried to convince travel agents not to book trips to the park.[85] A few weeks before the park opened, a number of animals died due to accidents. The United States Department of Agriculture viewed most of the cases and found no violations of animal-welfare regulations.[86] On opening day, the Orange County Sheriff's office sent about 150 deputies in fear that there may be a large protest, but only two dozen protesters showed up. The protest lasted two hours, and there were no arrests.[87]

One year after the park opened, The Animal Rights Foundation of Florida complained that a New Year's Eve fireworks show could upset the animals. A USDA inspector came to the park to find no problems with launching low-noise fireworks half a mile away.[88]

Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex

A former baseball umpire and an architect alleged that they approached The Walt Disney Company in 1987 with plans for a sports complex, and that Wide World of Sports, which opened 10 years later, was heavily based on their designs. Disney claimed that, while the designs had some similarities, the complex was also similar to numerous other sporting facilities, and the concept of a sports park was too generic for any one group to claim ownership. The two men, represented in part by noted attorney Johnnie Cochran, sued Disney in Orange County civil court. In August 2000, a jury returned a verdict for the plaintiffs with damages in the amount of $240 million, a fraction of the $1.5 billion sought.[89] Disney appealed the judgment, and settled out of court in September 2002 for undisclosed terms.[90]

Walt Disney World College Program

The Walt Disney World College Program is a U.S. national internship program operated by The Walt Disney Company, located at the Walt Disney World Resort. The Walt Disney World College Program recruits students (18 years and older) and all majors for a semester-long paid internship program working at the Walt Disney World Resort.

Critics argue that Disney is using the program as a source of cheap labor, as interns do the same work as veteran employees, but at a significantly lower pay rate.[91] In late 2007, a permanent Cast Member ran for president of the local union in Orlando. Part of his platform intended to get rid of the Disney College program, claiming that the program "imports thousands of low-wage earners every year to work for Disney, depressing the local employment market and keeping wages down." Disney responded that the program is beneficial in the recruitment of cast members and that 8,000 workers out of 62,000 do not greatly impact operations.[92] It has been criticised also for its lack of Union representation and denial of Insurance benefits by the company.

Reedy Creek Improvement District

The Reedy Creek Improvement District is the immediate governing jurisdiction for the land of the Walt Disney World Resort. When initially planning the resort back in the 1960s, Walt Disney felt that it would be easier to carry out his proposals with more flexibility and independence with his own specialized, personalized government.[93] Among his ideas for his Florida project was his "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow", which was to be a real planned city that would have also been used as a test bed for new innovations for city living. After extensive lobbying, the Government of Florida passed legislation establishing this special government district. The District essentially gives the Disney Company the standard powers and autonomy of an incorporated city.[94]

After Walt Disney died in 1966 before his vision was realized, the Disney Company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city. Most of Walt's ideas for his planned city were eventually abandoned, and thus the residential areas were thus never built, causing some to cry foul. Most notably, Richard Foglesong argues in his book, Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando, that Disney has abused its powers by remaining in complete control of the District, and using its autonomy solely for commercial interests inside its self-contained resort instead of maintaining an actual city.[94] And although Disney built an actual community, Celebration, Florida, on their property in the 1990s, it was later de-annexed from the District and the company's control.[95]

Disneyland Paris

In May 1992, entertainment magazine The Hollywood Reporter reported that about 25% of Euro Disney's workforce — approximately 3,000 men and women — had resigned their jobs due to unacceptable working conditions. It also reported that the park's attendance was far behind expectations. Euro Disney S.C.A., the company that operates Disneyland Paris, responded in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, in which the company's president, Robert Fitzpatrick, claimed only 1,000 people had left their jobs.

In response to the financial situation, Fitzpatrick ordered that the Disney-MGM Studios Europe project would be put on hiatus until a further decision could be made. Prices at the resort's hotels were also reduced significantly.

Despite these efforts, in May 1992 daily park attendance was around 25,000 (some reports give a figure of 30,000) instead of the predicted 60,000. Euro Disney's stock price spiralled downwards and on July 23, 1992, the Resort announced an expected net loss in its first year of operation of approximately 300 million French francs. During Euro Disney's first winter, hotel occupancy was such that it was decided to close Disney's Newport Bay Club hotel for the season. Initial hopes were that each visitor would spend around US$33 per day, but near the end of 1992, analysts reckoned spending to be around 12% lower.[96]

Efforts to improve attendance included serving alcoholic beverages with meals inside the Euro Disneyland theme park, in response to a presumed European demand, which began June 12, 1993.[97]

In January 1994, Sanford Litvack, an attorney from New York City and former Assistant Attorney General during the Jimmy Carter presidency, was assigned to be Disney's lead negotiator regarding Euro Disney's future. On February 28, Litvack made an offer (without the consent of Eisner or Frank Wells) to split the debts between Euro Disney creditors and Disney. After the banks showed interest, Litvack informed Eisner and Wells. On March 14, the day before the annual shareholders meeting, the banks capitulated to Disney's demands. The creditor banks bought US$500 million worth of Euro Disney shares, forgave 18 months of interest and deferred interest payments for three years. The Walt Disney Company invested US$750 million into Euro Disney and granted a five-year suspension of royalty payments. In June that same year, Saudi Arabian Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud cut a deal whereby The Walt Disney Company bought 51% of a new US$1.1 billion share issue, the rest being offered to existing shareholders at below-market rates, with the Prince buying any that were not taken up by existing shareholders (up to a 24.5% holding).

Walt Disney Studios Park, which was built in a desperate and rushed attempt to increase the resort's attendance, was also criticized for its lackluster theming, lack of quality attractions and bland environment since opening. It was also Disney's smallest and least attended theme park. Efforts made to improve the park include the addition of several new attractions, a new themed land Toy Story Playland and re-theming of other areas. One of the new attractions, Crush's Coaster, was also criticized for its long queues, wait times reaching up to 2 hours even on non-crowded days, due to its popularity despite being not capable of handling riders at a fast rate. About 1 hour before the official opening time of the park, guests are able to enter the park to wait in line for the ride, which hasn't been done before in any other Disney ride. Attempts to apply a Fastpass queue in the ride have been proved to be more inefficient.

Hong Kong Disneyland Resort

Main article: Hong Kong Disneyland

Overcrowding problems

Just before the grand opening, the park was criticised for underestimating the daily capacity limit.[98] The problem became apparent on the charity preview day on 4 September 2005, when 30,000 locals visited the park. This event turned out to be a disaster, there were too many guests. Wait times at fast food outlets were at least 45 minutes in length, and wait times at rides were two hours in length.

Although the community, and the park's biggest shareholder, the Hong Kong Government, put pressure on the park to lower the capacity, the park insisted on keeping the limit and only agreed to relieve the capacity problem by extending opening time by one hour or introducing more discounts during weekdays. However, the park said local visitors tend to stay in the park for about nine hours per visit, implying that the mentioned practices would do little to solve the problem.

During Chinese New Year 2006, many visitors arrived at the park in the morning bearing valid tickets, but were refused entry, because the park was already at capacity. Disgruntled visitors attempted to force their way into the park or gain access by climbing over the barrier gates.[99] Disneyland management was forced to revise their ticketing policy and designated future periods close to Chinese public holidays as 'special days' during which admission would only be allowed through a date-specific ticket.

Food safety panel

Officers from the Food and Environmental Hygiene department, who were asked by Disney staff to take off their badges and caps in order to enter the park, left park visitors feeling very uneasy. The officers investigated a food-poisoning case in the park's restaurants.[100] The chairman of Legco's food Safety panel, Fred Li, described the incident as shocking, and called on the director of the department to take follow-up action against Disney. Hong Kong Disneyland says what happened was inappropriate and has apologised for the incident. The Secretary for Justice has since said that the government did not have enough evidence to make a prosecution, thus dropping the case.

Fingerprinting

As at other Disney theme parks, visitors to Hong Kong Disneyland have their finger biometrics scanned at the entry gate. Visitors are not warned of the policy beforehand. Scanning is done of all visitors older than 10 years of age, and is used to associate ticket media with the person using it. The company claims that "the 50 sample points from the surface of a guest's finger ... do not contain sufficient information to recreate a fingerprint image." Nonetheless, forensic specialists note that the data collected are more than adequate to establish a positive identification.[101]

Shark fin soup controversy

Disney originally planned to serve shark fin soup, a traditional Chinese delicacy, at wedding banquets.[102] Animal rights groups protested in June 2005, citing the declining shark population in global waters and the cruel methods sometimes used of cutting the fin and discarding live sharks back into the sea.

At first, Disney removed shark fin soup from its menu but said it would still offer the soup if their clients insisted on having it served at their wedding. They said they would distribute leaflets about shark conservation in order to discourage the choice.[103]

However, after constant and continuous pressure from both environmental groups and animal welfare groups,[104] shareholders concerned about the company's image, Disney announced on 24 June 2005 that shark fin soup will not be served at all, because, according to their press release, "After careful consideration and a thorough review process, we were not able to identify an environmentally sustainable fishing source, leaving us no alternative except to remove shark fin soup from our wedding banquet menu".[105]

Other controversies

Disney's PhotoPass

Disney's PhotoPass is a professional photography service offered at Disney theme parks, water parks, and resorts. Photographers positioned at locations in the theme parks, dining events at the resorts, and at the Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique at Downtown Disney are linked to a free card containing a unique serial number. Guests can view or purchase PhotoPass pictures at locations in the parks (generally near the park entrance) or online by registering the card's number.[107][108]

Customers have complained about the difference in advertised prices, particularly of Photo CD products, and the actual cost. Disney has responded that advertised specials apply only to products purchased at the parks and do not apply to the website.[109]

Disney Consumer Products

Disney Princess

On December 24, 2006, Peggy Orenstein published, "What’s Wrong With Cinderella?" in the New York Times. In her article, Orenstein discussed her concerns about the effects of princess figures on young girls. Orenstein used the Disney Princesses specifically to present many of her points. Orenstein also noted the pervasive nature of princess-related merchandise and that every facet of play has its princess equivalent.[110]

Other sources have also voiced concern that the franchise could possibly give young girls the wrong message. However, other parents who have young daughters say that they would eventually grow out of this phase.[111]

Disney Villains

The majority of Disney's villain characters are regarded as being age 55 or older. A study from Brigham Young University reviewed seventy years of Disney films, and discovered that 42% of the 93 characters reviewed reinforced negative stereotypes of elderly people by portraying those characters as evil, grumpy or sinister. The conclusion was that Disney was influencing children to have preconceived notions about all older adults.[112]

Marvel Comics

Page 16 of Captain America #602 (March 2010) depicted an anti-tax protest march in Idaho in which one participant held a sign reading "Tea Bag the Libs Before They Tea Bag You," with a caption containing the words of an off-screen African-American superhero, the Falcon, telling Captain America, "I don't exactly see a black man from Harlem fitting in with a bunch of angry white folks."[113][114][115] The cartoon drew the condemnation of the Michael Johns, a board member of the Nationwide Tea Party Coalition.[114] Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada characterized the sign as inadvertent and as "something that we need to apologize for and own up to...."[116] Quesada explained that with a printing deadline looming, the comic's editor noticed that the protest group's signs on the original art were empty, and the editor "asked the letterer on the book to just fudge in some quick signs. The letterer in his rush ... looked on the 'net and started pulling slogans from actual signs", including a "Tea Bag" sign. Following the printing of the issue, Marvel staff "caught the mistake" and "spoke to the letterer, [who] was mortified at his mistake and was truly sorry as he had no political agenda." Quesada said Marvel "removed the sign from the art files so that it no longer appears in future reprints of the title or collections. So, while the crowd protesting has nothing to do with the villains in the story, we in no way meant to say they were associated with the Tea Party movement...."[116]

Acquisition of Marvel Entertainment

On August 31, 2009, Disney announced that it would acquire Marvel Entertainment for four billion dollars.[117] This led to significant backlash from Marvel fans, fearing Marvel would lose its individuality through Disneyfication. Disney has stated that the acquisition will neither affect any of Marvel's products in any way, nor will the nature of any Marvel characters or products be transformed. The acquisition was completed on December 31, 2009.

Transition of ownership regarding Star Wars

On December 21, 2012, Disney acquired Lucasfilm (and, as a result, the rights to the Star Wars franchise, Skywalker Sound and Industrial Light and Magic) as a subsidiary for the price of $4 billion.,[118] Lucasfilm and Star Wars in general were evaluated to decide upon how each area was to be approached. After Dark Horse lost the rights to create a Star Wars comic, Marvel gained the rights as a subsidiary in the area of expertise.[119] The way the movies are being handled is still in flux with possible spin-offs in talks as well as the planned new trilogy. The decisions regarding the other sectors like games, books and animated media can be interpreted as anti-consumer. With the elimination of the LucasArts developing arm, EA Games is being entrusted to make non-mobile Star Wars games,[120] a company with numerous stains on their record of not paying their developers, using predatory business tactics and a lack of caring for the wellbeing of the consumer. Furthermore, book consumers were not given the option of two universes to read from, the first of which is what many of them have been reading about for nearly 40 years and have grown to love and the other which is Disney's attempt to unify things under one controllable banner,[121] As a result, this left fans of these books to only read new entries in the Unified Canon, and if they wish to see the continued growth of the Star Wars universe, the previous universe is now stuck in limbo. The well-regarded animated TV series Star Wars: The Clone Wars was cancelled[122] a few seasons from the end of its run in order to shift the team to the Rebels Animated TV series, a series set closer to the universe of the new movies.[123] This was done in the knowledge that many people loved the series and that it was quite profitable.[122]

South Park parody

The Jonas Brothers are parodied in South Park episode entitled "The Ring" and play a prominent role in the episode's plot. In a television column written before "The Ring" aired, Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post suggested creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were using the Jonas Brothers in the thirteenth season debut as a means of improving the show's ratings; Comedy Central executives, however, insisted Jonas Brothers fans do not fit into South Park's demographic of males aged from 18 to 49.[124] The Walt Disney Company, the Disney Channel and the Mickey Mouse cartoon character are also prominently featured, and spoofed, in the episode;[125] even when Mickey Mouse says callous things or physically assaults people, he follows up most statements with the character's trademark high-pitched "Ha ha!" laugh, which in context comes off like a nervous tic.[126]

Reviewers and commentators have described "The Ring" as not just a parody of the Jonas Brothers, but also of the ethos of The Walt Disney Company.[125][126][127] The episode portrays Disney as a corporation using the ruse of family-friendly morals to disguise their primary motive, which is profit; reviewers and articles said this point is further illustrated by the use of Mickey Mouse, a cartoon symbol for the wholesome Disney image, as a foul-mouthed, contemptuous, greedy, all-powerful and violent character.[125][126] Specifically, the episode targets Disney's marketing tactic of the band members pledging abstinence through purity rings, which the script suggests is used to subliminally sell sex to young girls, while simultaneously appeasing the ethical standards of their parents and taking advantage of their fearful desire to protect their daughters, as Mickey had said. Due to other speculation on the orientation and personal activities of the Jonas brothers, the episode continued to create a running gag on the effect of the Jonas brothers on young girls of the "tween" period. Often provoking the image that they too would become like Mickey Mouse, in most unwanted characteristics. The episode further illustrates the greed of corporate culture by portraying Mickey as capitalizing on religion for profit, while secretly mocking it in a particularly cruel tone: "I've made billions off of Christian ignorance for decades now! And do you know why? Because Christians are retarded! They believe in a talking dead guy!"[125]

Collusion to replace employees with H-1B holders

In January 2016 lawsuits were filed against Disney, HCL Technologies and Cognizant alleging the companies colluded to bring in holders of H-1B visas to replace American workers thereby breaking the law. The lawsuits were filed by two former employees who filed a separate but similar complaint both seeking class-action status. This is the first lawsuit filed against both the former employer and the outsourcing companies, alleging that the companies involved collaborated intentionally to displace Americans and replace them with foreign workers.

Since 1990, The Walt Disney Company has lobbied for copyright extension.[128][129] The Copyright Term Extension Act delayed the entry into the public domain of the earliest Mickey Mouse movies, leading detractors to the nickname it "The Mickey Mouse Protection Act".[130] Opponents of the legislation consider it to be corporate welfare and have tried (but failed) to have it declared unconstitutional, claiming that such an act is not "necessary and proper" to accomplishing the Constitution's stated purpose of "promot[ing] the progress of science and useful arts".[131] They argue that most works bring most of the profits during the first few years and are pushed off the market by the publishers thereafter. Thus there is little economic incentive in extending the terms of copyrights except for the few owners of franchises that are wildly successful, such as Disney.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Criticism of The Walt Disney Company.

References

  1. ↑ Superior court of California, County of Los Angeles, case number EC062969
  2. ↑ Miller, Merlin (3 March 2011). "Walt Disney and the American Dream" (PDF). The Barnes Review. XVII (2): 4–9. Retrieved 23 April 2014. The Disney empire is all about money now, and the not-so-subtle subversion of Walt’s world. Its contemporary films, television shows, music productions and merchandise are increasingly abhorrent to a healthy culture.
  3. 1 2 "75 Organizations Asked To Join Showtime Boycott". Catalyst Online. Catholic League. 2001-05-29. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  4. ↑ "Disney Boycott Expands". Catalyst. Catholic League. October 1996. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  5. ↑ "Petitions and Boycott Stir Disney". Catalyst Online. Catholic League. October 1997. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  6. ↑ "Southern Baptists drop Disney boycott". Gay.com. PlanetOut Inc. 2005-06-22. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  7. ↑ "Christian group calls off Disney boycott". Gay.com. PlanetOut Inc. 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  8. ↑ "Beware of Mickey: Disney's Sweatshop in South China". Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations. 2007-02-10. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  9. ↑ Staff writer (2001-06-20). "Disney's duds are tops in sweatshop labour, Oxfam". CBC.com. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  10. ↑ Drummond, Tammerlin (1998-04-20). "Caution: Live Animals". TIME. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  11. ↑ Walton, Marsha (2003-06-30). "'Nemo' fans net fish warning". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  12. ↑ Sullivan-Sealey, K; Cushion, N.; Semon, K.; Constantine, S. (2005). "Environmental Management Program for Baker's Bay Club. Great Guana Cay, Abaco, Bahamas" (PDF). University of Miami. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  13. ↑ James Fudge. "Who Supports SOPA: Special Interests". Archived from the original on 2012-05-22.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Gabler, Neal (2006) Walt Disney, The Triumph of American Imagination, Alfred A. Knopf Inc. New York City, U.S.A
  15. ↑ Ostman, Ronald E. (1996). "Disney and Its Conservative Critics: Images versus Realities". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 24 (2): 82. doi:10.1080/01956051.1996.9943717.
  16. ↑ Smith, Leef (1995-09-01). "Disney's Loin King? Group Sees Dirt in the Dust". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  17. ↑ "Disney (Disney Films)". snopes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  18. ↑ "No Underwear Under There". Chicago Tribune. 22 March 1994. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  19. 1 2 Michael Fleming (1994-03-14). "Jessica Rabbit revealed". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  20. ↑ Adam Sandler (1994-03-16). "Rabbit frames feed flap". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  21. ↑ Michael Fleming (1994-03-17). "Kopelson does major Defense spending". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  22. ↑ "Naked Jessica Rabbit". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  23. ↑ Smith, Russell W. (8 September 1995). "Sex Seen (by Some) in Films by Disney". Austin American-Statesman. pp. d1.
  24. 1 2 "Little Mermaid Minister". snopes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  25. 1 2 Beck, Susan (5 January 1996). "Help the Needy; Help Yourself". The Recorder. p. 2.
  26. ↑ Emery Jr., C. Eugene (March 1996). "When the Media Miss Real Messages in Subliminal Stories". Skeptical Inquirer. p. 16.
  27. ↑ "Disney Catches Hell". Entertainment Weekly.
  28. ↑ Omaha World-Herald "Filth' Found in Disney Movies Is a Stretch of the Imagination."
  29. ↑ "How a Rumor Spread About Subliminal Sex In Disney's 'Aladdin'". The Wall Street Journal. 1995-10-25. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  30. ↑ "Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)". Snopes. Retrieved 2007-03-24.. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.
  31. ↑ Pinsky, Mark (2004). The Gospel According to Disney: Faith, Trust, and Pixie Dust. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22591-8.
  32. ↑ Hartl, John (2000-07-31). "Sequels to `Toy Story,' `Tail,' `Dragonheart' go straight to video.". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  33. ↑ "Disney trying to patch things up with Pixar". Movies Online. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  34. 1 2 "Pixar dumps Disney". CNN. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  35. ↑ "Pixar Says 'So Long' to Disney". Wired. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  36. ↑ Grover, Ronald (2004-12-09). "Steve Jobs's Sharp Turn with Cars". Business Week. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  37. ↑ "Pixar Perfectionists Cook Up 'Ratatouille' As Latest Animated Concoction". Star Pulse. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  38. ↑ Epstein, Edward Jay (2005-10-10). "The great illusionist". Slate. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  39. ↑ "Studio Warns Kung Fu Site". Wired. 2003-12-15.
  40. ↑ Mason, Ian Garrick (2004-10-11). "When Harvey met Mickey". New Statesman. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  41. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235637/http://www.jim-jarmusch.net/films/dead_man/read_about_it/acid_western_-_jonathan_ros.html. Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. ↑ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (2008). Dead Man. BFI Modern Classics. BFI. ISBN 0-85170-806-4.
  43. ↑
  44. ↑ ABC News. "Daytime Drama Pulls Episodes Involving High School Hostage Situation". ABC News.
  45. ↑ "Rumor no more: All My Children relocating to Los Angeles". Soapcentral. August 4, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Huge "All My Children" and "One Life to Live" News - SOAPnet". Archived from the original on 7 August 2009.
  47. ↑ "Mimi Gurbst: Career Counselor or Cruella Deville? - mediabistro.com: FishbowlDC". Archived from the original on 17 May 2010.
  48. ↑ "Top ABC News Producer Leaving Network To Become High School Guidance Counselor". Archived from the original on May 14, 2010.
  49. ↑ Mike Hogan. "Co-Workers Bid Outgoing ABC News Producer Adieu With Barrage of Hateful Anonymous Comments". Vanity Fair.
  50. ↑ "For Departing ABC News Exec, Where the Story Ends, Commentary Begins - mediabistro.com: TVNewser". Archived from the original on 18 May 2010.
  51. ↑ "Official ABC Statement on The Path to 9/11". WZZM13.com. 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  52. ↑ "Think Progress " Conservative Author Richard Miniter: 'There's Zero Factual Basis' For Key Scene In Path To 9/11". Thinkprogress.org. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  53. ↑ McKinley, Jesse (September 7, 2006). "Ex-Clinton Officials Slam 9/11 Mini-Series". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  54. 1 2 3 Howard Kurtz, Consultant Probed in Bogus Interview, The Washington Post, September 13, 2007
  55. ↑ Pascal Riché, Une fausse interview d'Obama dans Politique internationale, Rue 89, 5 September 2007 (French)
  56. ↑ Pascal Riché, Après la fausse interview d'Obama, celle de Greenspan, Rue 89, September 13, 2007 (French)
  57. ↑ Alexis Debat, Crackdown on the Secret War Against Iran, ABC News, April 13, 2007
  58. ↑ "Disney may pull ABC signal from N.Y. Cablevision systems". MarketWatch.com. March 2, 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  59. ↑ "Cablevision offers free "Movies On Demand" On Sunday, March 7th". Cablevision. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  60. ↑ "News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion". Saban. July 23, 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  61. ↑ DiOrio, Carl (October 24, 2001). "Fox Family costs Mouse less cheese in final deal". Variety. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  62. ↑ "Haim Saban". Saban. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  63. ↑ July 23, 2001 Disney buying Fox Family Channel
  64. ↑ Levin, Gary (December 3, 2001). "Disney refocusing Family channel". Usatoday.com. USA Today.
  65. ↑ "Mickey News °o° - This Family Was Really Messed Up.". Archived from the original on 22 June 2004.
  66. ↑ "All American Girl [TV Series] - Watch Trailers, Find Video Clips, Photos and DVD Movie Releases - VSPOT - VH1.com". Archived from the original on 5 December 2008.
  67. ↑ Amelia Atlas. "Teen Sex on ABC Family Sparks Debate". Newser.
  68. ↑ "The Walt Disney Company". The Walt Disney Company.
  69. ↑ "Disney Expert Uses Science to Draw Boy Viewers". Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
  70. ↑ Crum, Rex (June 29, 2015). Why cash cow ESPN is becoming a drag on Disney. TheStreet.com. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  71. ↑ ESPN layoffs will gut the network’s production staff. Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  72. ↑ Dickerson, Marla: "Self-Styled Keepers of the Magic Kingdom", Los Angeles Times, 12 September 1996
  73. ↑ "PROMOTE PAUL PRESSLER! - Welcome!". Archived from the original on 5 December 1998.
  74. ↑ "MiceAge.com". Archived from the original on 18 July 2006.
  75. ↑ "Lohan Slams Bad Birthday Behavior Reports", World Entertainment News Network, 24 July 2006
  76. ↑ "Disney's 'Small World' ride set to get supersized retrofit", Associated Press, 9 November 2007
  77. ↑ Reckard, E. Scott (January 14, 2001). "The Most Jam-Packed Theme Park on Earth?". LA Times.
  78. ↑
  79. ↑ "Will Disney Keep Us Amused?". The New York Times. 10 February 2008.
  80. ↑ "MousePlanet Article Search".
  81. ↑ Russ Britt. "Shareholders content at Disney meet". MarketWatch.
  82. ↑ Los Angeles Times Staff Writers (2007-10-18). "Disney looks home for renewal". LA Times. The company moves to transform Anaheim's resort district in the image of the popular Walt Disney World. But critics remain skeptical.
  83. ↑ Richard Verrier and Dave Mckibben (2007-10-17). "Disney to fix a major misstep". LA Times.
  84. ↑ Heather Hurst Rivera (2010-05-28). "First Look: New 'World of Color' TV Spot". Disney Parks Blog.
  85. ↑ Shenot, Christine (December 10, 1995). "The Captivity Question Disney's Proposed Park Makes an Attractive Target For Animal-Rights Groups" (Newspaper). Orlando Sentinel. p. 9.
  86. ↑ "Death of Wildlife At New Disney Park Is a Worry to Experts --- Four Cheetah Cubs Succumb To a Chemical, and Cranes Are Killed by Tour Buses" (Newspaper). New York, N.Y.: Wall Street Journal. 7 April 1998.
  87. ↑ Lancaster, Cory (April 24, 1998). "Protesters at Disney Had Sheriff on Guard Talk of A Major Animal-Rights Demonstration Brought Almost 150 Specially Trained Deputies to the Opening of Animal Kingdom" (Newspaper). Orlando Sentinel. p. 9.
  88. ↑ Lancaster, Cory (January 18, 1999). "Tragedy at Disneyland Leads to Beefed-up Checks Here" (Newspaper). Orlando Sentinel. p. 9.
  89. ↑ "Disney must pay $240 million in sports park lawsuit". CNN. 2000-08-11. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
  90. ↑ "Disney Settles Suit Over Sports Complex". LA Times. 2002-09-26. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
  91. ↑ Associated Press (2005-07-05). "Disney internships draw students, criticism". MSNBC. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  92. ↑ Billman, Jeffrey (2007-12-27). "Of Mouse and Man". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  93. ↑ Garcia, Jason (May 9, 2011). "Disney's Reedy Creek government has rare board vacancy, but don't bother running". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  94. 1 2 Foglesong, Richard (2001). Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando. Yale University. ISBN 978-0-300-08707-9.
  95. ↑ Powers, Scott (March 28, 2006). "Disney sells some of its world". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  96. ↑ "Disneyland Paris (Euro Disney) Frequently Asked Questions - 1996, Andre Willey/Tom Drynda". Faqs.org. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  97. ↑ "New York Times, June 12, 1993 "Euro Disney Adding Alcohol"". New York Times. 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  98. ↑ "It's a small park: Hong Kong Disneyland faces overcrowding". International Herald Tribune. 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
  99. ↑ Fan, Maureen (November 22, 2006). "Disney Culture Shock". Hong Kong Standard. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  100. ↑ Leung, Wendy (November 10, 2005). "Wong under fire as Disney escapes action in FEHD case". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  101. ↑ Doctorow, Cory (September 1, 2006). "Walt Disney World fingerprints visitors". BoingBoing.net. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  102. ↑ Yung, Chester. "End this 'barbaric and cruel waste'", The Standard, May 31, 2005. Accessed May 5, 2007.
  103. ↑ Hui, Sylvia. "Disney takes shark's fin off menu ", The Standard, June 10, 2005. Accessed May 5, 2007.
  104. ↑ Crets & Hui. New shark slap at Disney, The Standard, June 13, 2005. Accessed May 5, 2007.
  105. ↑ Under-fire Disney takes shark's fin off menu at Hong Kong park, Monster and Critics, June 24, 2005. Accessed May 5, 2007.
  106. ↑ Kan, Wendy. Smells a Little Fishy, Times Asia, December 25, 2000. Accessed May 5, 2007.
  107. ↑ Andrew, Ryan (March 13, 2009). "Finding the magic in Disney World". Toronto: Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  108. ↑ Sehlinger, Bob; Len Testa (August 27, 2007). The Unofficial Guide to Walt Disney World 2008. Wiley. p. 401. ISBN 0-470-08963-6.
  109. ↑ "Magic Kingdom holds photos hostage". Minneapolis Star Tribune. December 30, 2007.
  110. ↑ Orenstein, Peggy (2006-12-24). "What's Wrong With Cinderella?". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  111. ↑ "What's Wrong With Being a Princess?". abcnews.go.com. April 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  112. ↑ Fiona MacRae (2007-05-31). "Disney's villains 'give children negative images of the elderly'". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
  113. ↑ Rhett, Joshua (2010-02-10). ""Tea Party Jab to Be Zapped from Captain America Comic, Writer Says," Fox News, February 10, 2010". Foxnews.com. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  114. 1 2 Itzkoff, Dave (2010-02-10). ""Stars and Gripes: Tea Party Protests Captain America Comic," ''The New York Times'', February 10, 2010". Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  115. ↑ Captain America #602 (March 2010). Writer Ed Brubaker, penciler Luke Ross, colorist Dean White, letterer Joe Caramagna, editor Tom Brevoort, editor-in-chief Joe Quesada
  116. 1 2 Quesada, Joe (10 February 2010). "Cup O' Joe: Political Controversy & the Heroic Age". CBR.com. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  117. ↑ "Disney to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4B". Marketwatch. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
  118. ↑ "Disney buys Lucasfilm for $4 billion". USA TODAY. 30 October 2012.
  119. ↑ "Lucasfilm and Marvel Join Forces to Publish Star Wars Comics - News - Marvel.com".
  120. ↑ Andrew Goldfarb (6 May 2013). "EA Acquires Exclusive Star Wars Game License". IGN.
  121. ↑ "Disney and Del Rey Announce New "Unified Canon" for Upcoming Star Wars Expanded Universe Novels". Tor.com.
  122. 1 2 "'Star Wars' TV: 'Clone Wars' canceled, 'Detours' postponed - EW.com".
  123. ↑ "Star Wars Rebels Producer Dave Filoni Talks Easter Eggs, Canon, Episode 7, How Many Seasons". Collider. 4 October 2014.
  124. ↑ de Moraes, Lisa (2009-03-10), "The TV Column: Will 'South Park' Get a Population Boost When the Jonas Brothers Come to Town?", The Washington Post, p. C07
  125. 1 2 3 4 Poniewozik, James (2009-03-12), "Is South Park the Most Moral Show on TV?", Time, retrieved 2009-03-12
  126. 1 2 3 Fickett, Travis (2009-03-12), South Park: "The Ring" Review – The Jonas Bros. come to Colorado, ruin Kenny's would-be sex life, IGN, retrieved 2009-03-12
  127. ↑ Flanagan, Ben (2009-05-01). "Ben Around: "South Park: on a roll". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  128. ↑ Greenhouse, Linda (2002-02-20). "Justices to Review Copyright Extension". New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-12. The 1998 extension was a result of intense lobbying by a group of powerful corporate copyright holders, most visibly Disney, which faced the imminent expiration of copyrights on depictions of its most famous cartoon characters.
  129. ↑ Ota, Alan K. (1998-08-10). "Disney In Washington: The Mouse That Roars". CNN. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  130. ↑ Lawrence Lessig, Copyright's First Amendment, 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1057, 1065 (2001)
  131. ↑ "BRIEF OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW PROFESSORS AS AMICI CURIAE SUPPORTING PETITIONERS" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-21.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.