Delta Works

Algerakering
Bathse_spuisluis
Grevelingendam
Haringvliet_Bridge
Hellegatsdam
Markiezaatskade
Oesterdam
Veerse Gatdam
Volkerakdam
Zandkreekdam
Delta works

The Delta Works (Dutch: Deltawerken) is a series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. The works consist of dams, sluices, locks, dykes, levees, and storm surge barriers. The aim of the dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers was to shorten the Dutch coastline, thus reducing the number of dikes that had to be raised.

Along with the Zuiderzee Works, Delta Works have been declared one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

History

The estuaries of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt have been subject to flooding over the centuries. After building the Afsluitdijk, the Dutch started studying the damming of the Rhine-Meuse Delta. Plans were developed to shorten the coastline and turn the delta into a group of freshwater lakes. By shortening the coastline, fewer dikes would have to be reinforced.

Due to indecision and the Second World War, little action was taken. In 1950 two small estuary mouths, the Brielse Gat near Brielle and the Botlek near Vlaardingen were dammed. After the North Sea flood of 1953, a Delta Works Commission was installed to research the causes and develop measures to prevent such disasters in future. They revised some of the old plans and came up with the "Deltaplan".

The plan consisted of blocking the estuary mouths of the Oosterschelde, the Haringvliet and the Grevelingen. This reduced the length of the dikes exposed to the sea by 700 kilometres (430 mi). The mouths of the Nieuwe Waterweg and the Westerschelde were to remain open because of the important shipping routes to the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. The dikes along these waterways were to be heightened and strengthened. The works would be combined with road and waterway infrastructure to stimulate the economy of the province of Zeeland and improve the connection between the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp.

Delta law and conceptual framework

An important part of this project was fundamental research to help solve the flooding problem. Instead of analysing past floods and building protection sufficient to deal with those, the Delta Works commission pioneered a conceptual framework to use as norm for investment in flood defences.

The framework is called the 'Delta norm'; it includes the following principles:

The most important "dike ring area" is the South Holland coast region. It is home to four million people, most of whom live below normal sea level. The loss of human life in a catastrophic flood here can be very large because there is typically little warning time with North Sea storms. Comprehensive evacuation is not a realistic option for the Holland coastal region.

The commission initially set the acceptable risk for complete failure of every "dike ring" in the country at 1 in 125,000 years. But, it found that the cost of building to this level of protection could not be supported. It set "acceptable" risks by region as follows:

River flooding causes less damage than salt water flooding, which causes long-term damage to agricultural lands. Areas at risk from river flooding were assigned a higher acceptable risk. River flooding also has a longer warning time, producing a lower estimated death toll per event.

These acceptable risks were enshrined in the Delta Law. This required the government to keep risks of catastrophic flooding within these limits and to upgrade defences should new insights into risks require this. The limits have also been incorporated into the new Water Law, effective from 22 December 2009.

The Delta Project (of which the Delta Works are a part) has been designed with these guidelines in mind. All other primary defences have been upgraded to meet the norm.

New data elevating the risk assessment on expected sea level rise due to global warming has identified ten 'weak points.' These are currently being upgraded to meet the future demands. This work is expected to be completed in 2015. An upgrade to river flooding defences is underway, which is expected to be finished in 2017.

Alterations to the plan during the execution of the Works

During the execution of the works, changes were made in response to public pressure. In the Nieuwe Waterweg, the heightening and the associated widening of the dikes proved very difficult because of public opposition to the planned destruction of important historic buildings to achieve this. The plan was changed to the construction of a storm surge barrier (the Maeslantkering) and dikes were only partly built up.

Oosterscheldekering, the largest of thirteen Delta Works' dams and barriers.

The Oosterschelde was originally to be dammed and turned into a fresh water lake. This would have caused major environmental destruction, with the total loss of the saltwater ecosystem and, consequently, the harvesting of oysters. Environmentalists and fishermen combined their efforts to prevent the closure; they persuaded parliament to amend the original plan. Instead of completely damming the estuary, the government agreed to build a storm surge barrier. This essentially is a long collection of very large valves that can be closed against storm surges.

The storm surge barrier closes only when the sea-level is expected to rise 3 metres above mean sea level. Under normal conditions, the estuary's mouth is open, and salt water flows in and out with the tide. As a result of the change, the weak dikes along the Oosterschelde needed to be strengthened. Over 200 km of the dike needed new revetments. The connections between the Eastern Scheldt and the neighboring Haringvliet had to be dammed to limit the effect of the salt water. Extra dams and locks were needed at the east part of the Oosterschelde to create a shipping route between the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp.

Current status

The original plan was completed by the Europoortkering which required the construction of the Maeslantkering in the Nieuwe Waterweg between Maassluis and Hoek van Holland and the Hartelkering in the Hartel Canal near Spijkenisse. The works were declared finished after almost fifty years in 1997. In reality the works were finished on 24 August 2010 with the official opening of the last strengthened and raised retaining wall near the city of Harlingen, Netherlands.

Due to climate change and relative sea-level rise, the dikes will eventually have to be made higher and wider. This is a long term uphill battle against the sea. The needed level of flood protection and the resulting costs are a recurring subject of debate. Currently, reinforcement of the dike revetments along the Oosterschelde and Westerschelde is underway. The revetments have proven to be insufficient and need to be replaced. This work started in 1996 and should be finished in 2015. In that period the Ministry of Public Works and Water Management in cooperation with the waterboards will have reinforced over 400 km of dikes.[1]

In September 2008, the Delta commission presided by Dutch politician Cees Veerman advised in a report that the Netherlands would need a massive new building program to strengthen the country's water defenses against the anticipated effects of global warming for the next 190 years. The plans included drawing up worst-case scenarios for evacuations and included more than €100 billion, or $144 billion, in new spending through the year 2100 for measures, such as broadening coastal dunes and strengthening sea and river dikes.

The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea of 1.3 meters by 2100 and 4 meters by 2200.[2]

Projects


The works that are part of the Delta Works are listed in chronological order with their year of completion:

Delta Works Data
Project Beginning Inauguration Function Watercourse Place
Stormvloedkering Hollandse IJssel (Algerakering) 1954 1958 Flood barrier Hollandse IJssel (river) South Holland near Krimpen aan den IJssel
Zandkreekdam 1959 1960 Dam Zandkreek, Veerse Gat (Oosterschelde) Between Noord-Beveland and Zuid-Beveland on the east
Veerse Gatdam 1960 1961 Dam Veerse Gat (Oosterschelde) Between Noord-Beveland and Zuid-Beveland on the west
Grevelingendam 1958 1965 Dam Grevelingenmeer Between Tholen and Schouwen-Duiveland
Volkerakdam 1957 1969 Dam Volkerak, Hollands Diep (Meuse and Oosterschelde Between South Holland and Zeeland
Haringvlietdam 1958 1971 Dam and Flood barrier Haringvliet (Rhine and Meuse (river)) Between Voorne-Putten and Goeree-Overflakkee
Brouwersdam 1964 1971 Dam Grevelingenmeer Between Goeree-Overflakkee and Schouwen-Duiveland
Markiezaatskade 1980 1983 Dam Oosterschelde, Scheldt–Rhine Canal Between Zuid-Beveland and Molenplaat
Oosterscheldekering 1960 1986 Flood barrier Oosterschelde Between Schouwen-Duiveland and Noord-Beveland
Oesterdam 1979 1987 Dam Oosterschelde, Markiezaatsmeer, Scheldt–Rhine Canal Between Tholen and Zuid-Beveland
Philipsdam 1976 1987 Dam Oosterschelde Between Grevelingendam and Sint Philipsland
Bathse spuisluis 1980 1987 Lock Volkerak, Markiezaatsmeer, Oosterschelde Bath, Zeeland
Maeslantkering 1988 1997 Flood barrier Nieuwe Waterweg (Rhine) Downstream Rotterdam South Holland
Hartelkering 1991 1997 storm surge barrier Hartelkanaal Near Spijkenisse, South Holland

See also

References

  1. ↑ "HOME - Zeeweringen". zeeweringen.nl.
  2. ↑ "Dutch draw up drastic measures to defend coast against rising seas". The New York Times. 3 August 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Verkeer en Waterstaat Nieuws — Infrastructuur. verkeer & milieu". beeldbankvenw.nl.
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Coordinates: 51°39′N 3°43′E / 51.65°N 3.72°E / 51.65; 3.72

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