Detroit–Windsor Tunnel

This article is about the highway tunnel. For the railroad tunnel, see Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.
Detroit–Windsor Tunnel
Overview
Location Detroit River between Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario
Route Connecting Jefferson Avenue (near I-375 and M-10) and Goyeau Street
Operation
Opened 1930 (1930)
Owner Cities of Detroit and Windsor
Operator Detroit-Windsor Tunnel Company, LLC
Traffic 13,000 vehicles
Toll

USD 4.50/CAD 4.50 (autos travelling into US)

USD 4.75/CAD 4.75 (autos travelling into Canada)
Technical
Length 1,570 metres (5,150 ft)
Number of lanes 2
Tunnel clearance 4 metres (13 ft)
Width 6.7 metres (22 ft)

The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel (French: Tunnel Detroit-Windsor) is a highway tunnel connecting Detroit, Michigan, in the United States, with Windsor, Ontario, in Canada. It is the second busiest crossing between the United States and Canada.

History

Construction

The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel was built by the firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas (the same firm that built the Holland Tunnel).[1] The executive engineer was Burnside A. Value, the engineer of design was Norwegian-American engineer Søren Anton Thoresen, while fellow Norwegian-American Ole Singstad consulted, and designed the ventilation.[2][3]

The method used to construct the tunnel was immersed tube (sections of steel tube floated into place and sunk into a trench dug in the river bottom), as was done in the earlier Posey Tube. The tunnel sections have three main levels. The bottom level brings in fresh air under pressure, which is forced into the mid level, where the traffic lanes are located, and the third level is where the engine exhaust is forced into and vented at each end of the tunnel. Total cost of construction was approximately $25 million US dollars (around $355 million in 2015 dollars).[4]

The river section of the tunnel was connected to bored tunnels on both banks. The tubes were then covered over in the trench by 4 to 20 feet (1.2 to 6.1 m) of mud. Because the tunnel essentially sits on the river bottom, there is a wide no-anchor zone enforced on river traffic.

The tunnel is 120 feet (37 m) short of a mile at 5,160 feet (1,573 m). At its lowest point, the two-lane roadway is 75 feet (23 m) below the river surface.

Completion in 1930

The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel was completed in 1930. It was the third underwater vehicular tunnel constructed in the United States,[5] following the Holland Tunnel, between Jersey City, New Jersey, and downtown Manhattan, New York, and the Posey Tube, between Oakland and Alameda, California.

Its creation followed the opening of cross-border rail freight tunnels including the St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, in 1891 and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel between Detroit and Windsor in 1910.

The cities of Detroit and Windsor hold the distinction of jointly creating both the second and third underground tunnels between two nations in the world. The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel is the world’s third underground tunnel between two nations, and the first international underground vehicle tunnel. The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, also under the Detroit River, was the second tunnel between two nations. The St. Clair Tunnel, between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, under the St. Clair River, was the first.

Ownership since 2007

In 2007, billionaire Manuel Moroun, owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge, attempted to purchase the American side of the tunnel.[6] In 2008, the City of Windsor controversially attempted to purchase the American side for $75 million, but the deal fell through after a scandal involving then-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick.[6][7]

Soon afterward, the city's finances were badly hit in a recession and the tunnel's future was in question. Following Detroit's July 2013 bankruptcy filing, Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis said that his city would consider purchasing Detroit's half of the tunnel if it was offered for sale.[8]

On July 25, 2013, the lessor, manager and operator of the tunnel, Detroit Windsor Tunnel LLC, and its parent company, American Roads, LLC, voluntarily filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.[9]

The American lease was eventually purchased by Syncora Guarantee, a Bermuda based insurance company.[6] Soon afterward, the lease with Detroit was extended 2040.[6] Both Syncora and Windsor retained the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel Corporation to manage the daily operations and upkeep of the tunnel.

Usage

The tunnel is the second busiest crossing between the United States and Canada after the nearby Ambassador Bridge. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and $13 billion (U.S.) in annual production depend on the Windsor-Detroit international border crossing.[10] Between 2001 and 2005, profits from the tunnel peaked, with the cities receiving over $6 million annually. A steep decline in traffic eliminated profits from the tunnel from 2008 until 2012, with a modest recovery in the years since.[6]

Traffic

Historically, the tunnel carried a smaller amount of commercial traffic than other nearby crossings because of physical and cargo restraints, as well as limits on accessing roadways.[11] Passenger automobile traffic on the tunnel increased from 1972, until it peaked in 1999 at just under 10 million vehicle crossings annually.[11] After 1999, automobile crossings on tunnel declined, dropping under 5 million for the first time in over three decades in 2007.[11] Traffic on the tunnel later recovered slightly in the following years when the economy began to improve after 2008.[6]

Location of the three river crossings between Detroit and Windsor. The image shows the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel (pale yellow, right), the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel (dotted, center) and the Ambassador Bridge (green, left). Detroit is on the north bank of this stretch of river. To go from Detroit in the United States to Windsor in Canada, people passing through the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel travel south.

Tolls

Vehicles pay a fee to pass the tunnel. Motorcycles are prohibited from using the tunnel.

Features

Tunnel truck for disabled vehicles

When the tunnel first opened in 1930s the operators had a unique rescue vehicle to tow out disabled vehicles without having to back in or turn around to perform this role. The vehicle had two drivers, one facing in the opposite direction of the other. The vehicle was driven in, the disabled vehicle was hooked up, then the driver facing the other way drove it out. This emergency vehicle also had 600 feet (180 m) of water hose with power drive and chemical fire extinguishers.[12]

CKLW, WJR and the tunnel

In the late 1960s, Windsor radio station CKLW AM 800 engineered a wiring setup which has allowed the station's signal to be heard clearly by automobiles traveling through the tunnel. Currently Detroit radio station WJR AM 760 can be heard clearly in the tunnel.

Ventilation

The upper and lower levels of the tunnel are used as exhaust and intake air ducts. One hundred foot ventilation towers on both ends of the tower enable air exchange once every 90 seconds.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Detroit & Canada Tunnel Company 1931". Scripophily.
  2. ↑ Bjork, Kenneth (1947), Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America, Norwegian-American Historical Association, pp. 191–202
  3. ↑ Scandinavian East Coast Museum, Genealogical Listings
  4. ↑ "A $25,000,000 Mile Tunnel" Popular Mechanics, December 1930, pp 889-890 detailed article with photos and drawings on construction
  5. ↑ Berlow, Lawrence (2015-04-22). Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures. Routledge. ISBN 9781135932619.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "City of Windsor moves to secure tunnel's long-term fate". Retrieved 2015-10-01.
  7. ↑ DetNews.com. Council overrides mayor's veto on Detroit-Windsor tunnel sale. July 29, 2008.
  8. ↑ Gallagher, John (July 19, 2013). "Windsor mayor: We would consider buying tunnel to Canada if it's sold in bankruptcy". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  9. ↑ "American Roads, LLC - Owner/Lessor & Operator of Toll Roads in Alabama and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel - Files for Bankruptcy - Chapter 11 Cases".
  10. ↑ Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study
  11. 1 2 3 "Detroit River International Crossing Project Forecast Refresh and Update" (PDF). February 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  12. ↑ "Tunnel Truck Has Two Front Ends." Popular Science, November 1930, p. 71, bottom of page.
  13. ↑ Duffy, Kaylie. "Today in Engineering History: Subaqueous Detroit-Windsor Tunnel Opens". Product Design & Development. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
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Coordinates: 42°19′28.21″N 83°2′24.19″W / 42.3245028°N 83.0400528°W / 42.3245028; -83.0400528

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