Edison Portland Cement Company
The Edison Portland Cement Company was a venture by Thomas Edison that helped to improve the Portland cement industry. Edison was developing an iron ore milling process and discovered a market in the sale of waste sand to cement manufacturers. He decided to set up his own cement company, founding it in New Village, New Jersey in 1899, and went on to supply the concrete for the construction of the Yankee Stadium in 1922.
Beginnings
In 1881 Edison formed the Edison Ore-Milling Company, and tried for many years to make that business a success. The demand was not there though and despite the new technological innovations that Edison brought to the industry the company could not compete with the operations in the Midwest.[1][2] Despite continual investment, with Edison even selling the shares in General Electric, the company suffered huge losses. Eventually the ore-crushing technology was sold off to other mine owners.[2]
The manufacturing process used by the Edison Ore-Milling Company produced a large quantity of waste sand which he would sell on to cement manufacturers. The properties of the fine sand were particularly suitable for concrete,[3] leading to a harder, more durable product. In 1899, Edison decided to join the cement business, reusing some of the technology he had developed for ore-milling.[4]
Early developments
Edison made significant improvements to the production process of cement. His mill in the valley of the Delaware River in New Jersey featured the first long, rotating kilns in the world.[3] While the standard length was between 60 and 80 feet, Edison's kilns were up to 150 feet.[5] To improve his financial stability he licensed the kilns to other manufacturers, but this helped his competitors to improve their production. Eventually the industry became saturated and Edison's business was not particularly profitable.[4]
Concrete housing
Somewhat ahead of his time Edison believed that concrete would have a wide range of applications, but in the early 20th century its production was not sufficiently economical. He envisioned a future with concrete houses filled with concrete furniture, refrigerators, and pianos.[1][3][6] While none of these items were made Edison did create concrete phonograph cabinets.[3] Edison investigated the use of formwork molds that could repeatedly be used to create concrete houses, experimenting in 1910 by casting a garage and a gardener's cottage at his mansion in New Jersey. He decided to donate the patented information to qualified builders rather than charge for it, generating significant publicity in the process.[6]
Philanthropist Henry Phipps, Jr. saw the potential of these affordable houses and considered them to be the solution to New York's housing shortage.[6] He had already invested $1 million into affordable housing projects by setting up Phipps Houses, an organization that continues to this day.[7] Phipps declared his intention to build an entire city for working-class families using the concrete casting technique but Edison was never able to provide the plans.[6]
One of the main difficulties facing the project was its complexity. Each house would be constructed using a mold that comprised 2,300 pieces, and the cost to a builder purchasing the molds was excessive. Nonetheless, some houses were built when investor Charles Ingersoll financed Frank Lambie's plans. Lambie constructed several concrete houses in Union, New Jersey, where they are currently still in use.[6]
Yankee Stadium
The Edison Portland Cement Company was barely surviving financially until a new contract was won in 1922.[4] Production began on the original Yankee Stadium on May 5, 1922 and was completed in just 284 working days.[8][9] Built in The Bronx, New York City, New York, the stadium was home to the New York Yankees until 2008. During the course of the construction 45,000 barrels of cement, 30,000 cubic yards of gravel, and 15,000 cubic yards of sand were mixed by 500 men who produced 35,000 cubic yards of concrete.[4][8] When the building underwent renovations from 1973 the walls were left untouched because Edison's concrete mix was seen to be hard and durable enough to remain intact.[9]
The stadium was closed for several years of renovations from 1973, reopening in 1976. From then it remained in use until 2008; the new Yankee Stadium opened the following April. It was demolished in 2010.
Bankruptcy
The company only lasted a few years after the construction of the Yankee Stadium, falling victim to the Great Depression.[6]
References
- 1 2 The Life of Thomas A. Edison. American Memory. Accessed September 24, 2011.
- 1 2 Edison and Ore Refining. IEEE Global History Network. August 3, 2009. Accessed September 24, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Thomas Alva Edison And The Concrete Piano. American Heritage. August/September 1980. Volume 31, Issue 5. Accessed September 25, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Cement, The Edison Papers. March 31, 2010. Accessed September 24, 2011.
- ↑ A History of Cement. Rumford.com. Accessed September 24, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Concrete Housing. IEEE Global History Network. July 14, 2010. Accessed September 24, 2011.
- ↑ About Us, The Phipps Houses Group. Accessed September 25, 2011.
- 1 2 Nack, William. This Old House. Sports Illustrated. June 7, 1999. Accessed September 24, 2011.
- 1 2 Verducci, Tom. Yankee Stadium, it's gone! Goodbye!. Sports Illustrated. September 18, 2008. Accessed September 24, 2011.