Elections in Egypt

Egypt
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Egypt
Constitution (history)
Political parties (former)

Elections in Egypt are held for the President and a unicameral legislature. The President of Egypt is elected for a four-year term by popular vote.[1]

Suffrage is universal and compulsory for every Egyptian citizen over 18. Failure to vote can result in fine or even imprisonment,[2] but in practice a significant percentage of eligible voters do not vote. About 50 million voters are registered to vote out of a population of more than 85 million.[3] Turnout in the 2011 parliamentary election was 54%.[4]

Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)

The Kingdom of Egypt was granted nominal independence by the United Kingdom on 28 February 1922. Between the Declaration of 1922 and the Revolution of 1952, ten general elections were held (in 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945 and 1950).[5] This era is generally known as Egypt's Liberal Experiment. Egypt has never recovered the level of political freedom it enjoyed during this period.[6]

During the four elections held between 1924 and 1929, candidates from the Coptic Christian minority received 15 to 23 seats. Copts received four seats in 1931, six in 1938, 12 in 1945, and five in 1950.[7] The opposition's share of seats also varied throughout this period. The opposition won 15.1% of the seats in the 1924 election, 18.9% in 1926, 6.9% in 1929, 18.1% in 1936, 12.1% in 1942, and 29.2% in the 1950 election, the last to be held prior to the 1952 Revolution which ended Egypt's multi-party system.[8]

Electoral performance of the Wafd Party and Big Landowners during the monarchy[9]
Electoral year Total seats in the
Chamber of Deputies		 Wafd Party Big Landowners
Seats won Percentage Seats won Percentage
1924 214 181 84.6 93 43.5
1925 214 113 52.8 95 44.4
1926 214 172 80.4 105 49.1
1929 235 212 90.2 108 45.9
1931 150 0 0.0 58 38.7
1936 232 180 77.6 112 48.3
1938 264 14 5.3 131 49.6
1942 264 203 76.9 93 35.2
1945 285 0 0.0 123 43.2
1950 317 157 49.5 119 37.5

Elections under the Mubarak regime

2005 Presidential election

Under the Mubarak era, the Egyptian presidential election of 2005 was the first-ever multi-party, multi-candidate contested presidential election in Egypt's history, made under the 2005/2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution of Egypt. Despite its significance, the election was marred by voter fraud, ballot stuffing, boycotts, intimidation, vote-buying, and protests by opposition groups, leading for a low-turnout of under 30%. Before the 2005 election, the President of Egypt was nominated by a two-thirds majority of the rubber-stamp People's Assembly and approved under a referendum process that resembles a show election in authoritarian countries.

 Summary of the 7 September 2005 Egyptian presidential election results
Candidates, Nominating parties Votes %
Hosni Mubarak, National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watani Al-Dimuqrati) 6,316,714 88.6
Ayman Nour, Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) 540,405 7.3
Numan Gomaa, New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid) 201,891 2.8
Total (Turnout 22.9 %) 7,059,010

2010 Parliamentary elections

Under the Mubarak era, The People's Assembly and Shura Council were elected under an electoral system of single member plurality. Along with the combination of voter fraud, ballot stuffing, intimidation, and lack of judicial and international supervision, this ensured the NDP a super-majority win of seats for both houses. The Muslim Brotherhood were not recognized as a political party by law, but its members were allowed to run as independents.

 Summary of the 2010 People's Assembly of Egypt election results
Parties Votes % 2010 Seats 2005 Seats Net Change Seats
%
National Democratic Party (Al'Hizb Al Watani Al Democrati)   420 330 Increase90 81.0%
Independents (NDP)[10]   53 0 Increase53 10.2%
New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd-al-Jadid)   6 5 Increase1 1.1%
Progressive National Unionist Party (Hizb al Tagammo' al Watani al Taqadommi al Wahdawi)   5 1 Increase4 0.9%
Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad)   1 1 Steady0 0.2%
Arab Democratic Nasserist Party or Nasserist Party   0 0 Steady0 0.0%
Liberal Party (Hizb al-Ahrar)   0 0 Steady0 0.0%
Social Justice Party (Hizb Al-'Adala al- Ijtima'iyya)   1 - Increase1 0.2%
Democratic Generation Party (Hizb El-Geel al-Democrati)   1 - Increase1 0.2%
Democratic Peace Party (Hizb El-Salaam al-Democrati)   1 - Increase1 0.2%
Independents (Muslim Brotherhood - al-ikhwān al-muslimūn)   1 88 Decrease−87 0.2%
Independents (other)   15 19 Decrease4
Still in contest   4
Unelected members 10 0 0 1.9%
Total (turnout %)   518

 Summary of the 1 June and 8 June 2010 Egyptian Shura Council election results
Parties Seats
1st 2nd Σ
National Democratic Party (Al'Hizb Al Watani Al Democrati) 74 6 80
Progressive National Unionist Party (Hizb al Tagammo' al Watani al Taqadommi al Wahdwawi) 1 0 1
Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) 1 0 1
Arab Democratic Nasserist Party or Nasserist Party 1 0 1
Democratic Generation Party (Hizb El-Geel al-Democrati) 1 0 1
Independents (other) 0 4 4
Independents (Muslim Brotherhood - al-ikhwān al-muslimūn) 0 0 0
Appointees 44
Total 78 10 132

Latest elections

2014 Presidential election

 Summary of the 26–28 May 2014 Egyptian presidential election results
Candidates Parties Votes %
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Independent 23,780,114 96.91%
Hamdeen Sabahi Egyptian Popular Current 757,511 3.09%
Total valid votes 24,537,625 95.93%
Invalid votes 1,040,608 4.07%
Turnout 25,578,233 47.50%
Abstentions 28,270,667 52.50%
Registered voters 53,848,890 100%
Source: [11]

2012 Presidential election

The 2012 presidential election was the first free presidential election in Egypt's history, in due part to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. According to the new election rules released on 30 January 2012, candidates have to be born in Egypt under Egyptian parents, must not hold any dual nationality, and not married to a foreigner. Candidates who were convicted of crimes must wait for 6 years before fulfilling their candidacy. In order to be nominated, they must have the support of 30 MPs or 30,000 voters. Four major candidates (Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, Ayman Nour, Khairat El-Shater, Omar Suleiman) and six minor candidates have been disqualified for violation of election rules. The election takes place in a two-round system, with FJP chairman Mohammed Morsi and previous prime minister Ahmed Shafiq leading the first round with 24.78% and 23.66% on the first round of 23–24 May 2012, respectively. In the second round run-off on 16–17 June 2012, Mohammed Morsi won over Ahmed Shafiq with 51.73% over 48.27%. On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission proclaimed Morsi as the winner of the run-off. Morsi was sworn in before the Supreme Constitutional Court on 30 June 2012 as Egypt's first democratically-elected president.

 Summary of the 23–24 May and 16–17 June 2012 Egyptian presidential election results
Candidates Parties 1st round 2nd round
Votes % Votes %
Mohamed Morsi Freedom and Justice Party 5,764,952 24.78% 13,230,131 51.73%
Ahmed Shafik Independent 5,505,327 23.66% 12,347,380 48.27%
Hamdeen Sabahi Dignity Party 4,820,273 20.72%
Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh Independent 4,065,239 17.47%
Amr Moussa Independent 2,588,850 11.13%
Mohammad Salim Al-Awa Independent 235,374 1.01%
Khaled Ali Independent 134,056 0.58%
Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri Socialist Popular Alliance Party 40,090 0.17%
Hisham Bastawisy National Progressive Unionist Party 29,189 0.13%
Mahmoud Houssam Independent 23,992 0.10%
Mohammad Fawzi Issa Democratic Generation Party 23,889 0.10%
Houssam Khairallah Democratic Peace Party 22,036 0.09%
Abdullah Alashaal Authenticity Party 12,249 0.05%
Total valid votes 23,265,516 98.28% 25,577,511 96.81%
Invalid votes 406,720 1.72% 843,252 3.19%
Turnout 23,672,236 46.42% 26,420,763 51.85%
Abstentions 27,324,510 53.58% 24,538,031 48.15%
Registered voters 50,996,746 50,958,794
Source: [12][13][14]

2011–2012 Parliamentary election

The 2011–2012 parliamentary elections were the first free parliamentary election in Egypt's history and the first after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The new electoral law allows for two-thirds of seats reserved for political parties elected under proportional representation and one-third reserved for independents under first past the post system, with half of the seats reserved for members of a labor/farmer background (as part of the continuation from Nasser's legacy) and quotas for women made under the Mubarak era to be abolished. Many political parties opposed the new electoral law and threatened to boycott the election unless party members can allow to run in the remaining one-third of the seats. SCAF succumbed to pressure from the political parties and allowed party members to contest the remaining independent seats. The People's Assembly took place in three stages (first stage: 28–29 November 2011 with run-off on 5–6 December, second stage: 14–15 December 2011 with run-off on 21–22 December, and third stage: 3–4 January 2012, with run-off on 10–11 January). The results brought the FJP, represented under Democratic Alliance for Egypt to win a majority of 235 seats, Al-Nour Party, represented under Islamist Bloc with 121 seats, and liberal and leftist parties with 104 seats, with the remaining 40 seats going to ex-NDP and non-partisan independents. In the elections for the Shura Council, the election itself took place in two stages, (first round: 29–30 January, with run-off on 5–6 February, and second round: 14–15 February, with run-off on 21–22 February). The results brought the FJP to win 105 seats, al-Nour with 45 seats, and liberal parties under the New Wafd and Egyptian Bloc with only 22 seats.

 Summary of the 2011 election for People's Assembly of Egypt
Party Ideology Votes Vote % PR Seats FPTP Seats Total Seats Component Parties
Democratic Alliance for Egypt
(led by the Freedom and Justice Party)		 Nationalist[15] 10,138,134 37.5 127 108 235 Freedom & Justice Party: 213
Dignity Party: 6
Ghad El-Thawra Party: 2
Civilization Party: 2
Islamic Labour Party: 1
Egyptian Arab Socialist Party: 1
Egyptian Reform Party: 1
Affiliated Independents 9
Islamist Bloc
(led by Al-Nour Party) 		Islamist - Salafi 7,534,266 27.8 96 25[16][17]
or 27[18]		 121[16][17]
or 123[18]		 Al-Nour Party: 107
Building & Development Party: 13
Authenticity Party: 3
New Wafd Party National liberal 2,480,391 9.2 37 4 41
Egyptian Bloc Social liberal 2,402,238 8.9 33 2[16]
or 1[18]		 35[16]
or 34[18] 		Social Democratic Party: 16
Free Egyptians Party: 15
Progressive Unionist Party: 4
Al-Wasat Party Moderate Islamist 989,003 3.7 10 0 10
The Revolution Continues Alliance Leftist 745,863 2.8 7 2 9 Socialist Popular Alliance Party: 7
Freedom Egypt Party: 1
Equality & Development Party: 1
Reform and Development Party Liberal 604,415 2.2 8 1 9
Freedom Party NDP offshoot 514,029 1.9 4 0 4
National Party of Egypt NDP offshoot 425,021 1.6 4 1 5
Egyptian Citizen Party NDP offshoot 235,395 0.9 3 1 4
Union Party NDP offshoot 141,382 0.5 2 0 2
Conservative Party NDP offshoot 272,910 1.0 0 1 1
Democratic Peace Party NDP offshoot[19][16] 248,281 0.9 1 0 1
Justice Party Center 184,553 0.7 0 1 1
Arab Egyptian Unity Party NDP offshoot 149,253 0.6 1 0 1
Nasserist Party Nasserist 1 0 1
Independents Independents - - - 21[18] 21[18]
Total elected elected MPs 27,065,135 100.00 332 166 498
SCAF appointees non-elected MPs - - - - 10
Total MPs - - - - 508

Sources:Ahram Online,[16] Al-Masry Al-Youm,[17] Al-Ahram[18][20]

 Summary of the 2012 elections for the Shura Council
Party Proportional representation FPTP Total
seats
Votes % Seats Seats
Freedom and Justice Party2,894,92245.045649105
Islamist Bloc1,840,01428.6338745
New Wafd Party543,4178.4514014
Egyptian Bloc348,9575.43808
Freedom Party84,9361.32303
Democratic Peace Party95,2731.48101
Independents–––44
Presidential appointees––––90
Total6,427,66610012060270

On 14 June 2012, Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court invalidated the recent 2011–2012 election of the People's Assembly as the court does not accept the results having party members elected as independents. The court ordered the People's Assembly to be dissolved and new elections to be called by the new president.

Past elections

Referendums

The first referendum in Egypt was held on 23 June 1956. The electorate agreed with the adoption of the new 1956 constitution, and with the election of Gamal Abdel Nasser as President of Egypt.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ BBC (18 January 2014). "BBC News - Egypt referendum: '98% back new constitution'". BBC Online. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  2. ↑ "Top stats for Egypt: Country profile". nationmaster.com.
  3. ↑ "Egyptian elections preliminary results". jadaliyya.com.
  4. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  5. ↑ Caldwell, J. A. M. (1966). Dustūr: A Survey of the Constitutions of the Arab and Muslim States. Reprinted with additional material from the 2nd ed. of Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. p. 29. OCLC 255757167. Retrieved 2010-07-21. There had been ten general elections held from 1924 to 1952. These were the elections of 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945 and 1950.
  6. ↑ "Polity IV Regime Trends: Egypt, 1946–2008". Polity data series. Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  7. ↑ Mansour, Atallah (2004). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Pasadena, CA: Hope Publishing House. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-932717-02-0. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  8. ↑ Quandt, William B. (1988). The Middle East: Ten Years After Camp David. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8157-7293-4. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  9. ↑ Ansari, Hamied (1986). Egypt, the Stalled Society. SUNY series in Near Eastern studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-88706-183-7. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  10. ↑ http://www.almesryoon.com/news.aspx?id=45332
  11. ↑ "El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%". Ahram Online. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  12. ↑ "BREAKING: Mursi, Shafiq officially in Egypt's presidential elections runoffs".
  13. ↑ النتيجة النهائية لانتخابات مصر( الجولة الأولى ) (in Arabic).
  14. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood's Mursi declared Egypt president". Middle East. BBC. 24 June 2012.
  15. ↑ "Egypt after the Revolt. Emboldened Muslim Brotherhood May Emerge from Egypt's Spring Power Transition". Thecuttingedgenews.com. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Essam El-Din, Gamal (23 Jan 2012). "Egypt's post-Mubarak legislative life begins amid tension and divisions". Ahram Online. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 السنهوري, محمد (21 January 2012). "«العليا» تعلن نتائج قوائم «الشعب».. الحرية والعدالة 127 مقعدًا والنور 96 و«الكتلة» 33". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ممدوح شعبان وسعاد طنطاوي وعلي محمد علي. "النتائج النهائية لانتخابات مجلس الشعب". al-ahram.
  19. ↑ El-Din, Gamal Essam (22–28 December 2011), "Islamists consolidate their lead", Al-Ahram Weekly, retrieved 6 June 2014
  20. ↑ "Who are the non-Islamists in Egypt's parliament?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  21. ↑ Marques, Alvaro; Smith, Thomas B. (April 1984). "Referendums in the Third World" (fee required). Electoral Studies. 3 (1): 85–105. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(84)90025-8. ISSN 0261-3794. Retrieved 2010-07-23. There have been 13 referendums in Egypt, the first one being held on 23 June 1956 when voters were asked to approve or disapprove of Nasser and the constitution.

Bibliography

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