Estonian neopaganism
Estonian Neopaganism, or the Estonian native faith (Estonian: Maausk, literally "Native faith"),[1] is the name, in English, for a grouping of contemporary revivals (often called "Neopagan", although adherents of Estonian native religion generally don't use the term[2]) of the indigenous Pagan religion of the Estonian people.
It encompasses Taaraism (Estonian: Taarausk literally "Taara Faith"),[3] a monistic religion centered on god Tharapita founded in 1928 by intellectuals as a national religion; and Maausk[3] as a much broader definition of "Native Faith", encompassing grassroots movements of local gods worship, nature worship and earth worship.[2] Both the kinds of the movement are administered by the Maavalla Koda organization. According to Ahto Kaasikto, an unspecified 2002 survey revealed that 11% of the population of Estonia claimed that "out of all the religions they have the warmest feelings towards Taaraism and Maausk".[4]
Religions
Taaraism
Taaraism was founded in 1928 by members of the intelligentsia with the aim of reaffirming traditional Estonian culture and identity. Viewing Christianity as a universal and foreign religion brought by the Germans, they turned to indigenous religion with its many deities.[4]
Taaraists hold a monistic or monotheistic worldview in which all the gods are aspects of one only pantheistic reality, which they identify with the god Tharapita or Taara (a deity connected to Indo-European deities such as the Germanic Thor or Thunor, the Gallic Taranis and the Hittite Tarhunt).[4]
They re-established the hiis, sacred groves, and coined the term hiislar to denote their clergy. The first hiis was founded in 1933, it was Tallinna Hiis (Sacred Grove of Tallinn).[4] There were several thousand members by 1940, but later the movement was banned under the Soviet Union, and many members were killed.[4] Nowadays the foremost center of the Taaraists is in the city of Tartu.[5]
Maausk
Maausk ("Native Religion") is a grassroots movement of nature worship, local gods worship, and hiis unrelated to the Taaraist movement. It's mostly a polytheistic-pantheistic faith identifying the divine with nature itself.[2] In their annual cyclic calendar the most important holy days are the Jõulud (winter solstice festival) and the Jõulukuu (new year festival) on 25 December, the summer solstice (Jaanipäev), the Munadepühad, the Leedopäev, and the Kasupäev.[6]
Their shrines are hiis or any other natural place. A shrine is a location which may have ancient trees, glacial boulders, bodies of water or unique plants. There may be a swing, fireplace, sauna and a log storage shed at the shrine. People go to various shrines during important festivals or other important occasions, to establish harmony with nature, experience peace and gather strength. Before going to the shrine, body and mind must be purified.[7] Their ethics emphasises mõnu or mõnus, "enjoyment" or more accurately "harmonious life" or "balance".[8]
See also
Media related to Estonian Native Religion at Wikimedia Commons
- Chuvash religion
- Baltic religions
- Slavic religions
Resources
- Jüri Toomepuu. Maausk, the belief system of indigenous Estonians. Presentation at KLENK 2011, published on January 7, 2012. St. Petersburg, Florida.
References
- ↑ Maavalla Koda. Estonian House of Taara and Native Religions.
- 1 2 3 Jüri Toomepuu. Maausk, the belief system of indigenous Estonians. Presentation at KLENK 2011, published on January 7, 2012. St. Petersburg, Florida.
- 1 2 Ellen Barry for the New York Times. Some Estonians return to pre-Christian animist traditions. Quote: «Craving an authentic national faith, Estonians have been drawn to the animistic religions that preceded Christianity: Taarausk, or Taaraism, whose god was worshiped in forest groves, and Maausk, which translates as "faith of the earth".»
- 1 2 3 4 5 Ahto Kaasik. Old Estonian Religion. Maavalla Koda.
- ↑ Monika Hanley. Baltic diaspora and the rise of Neo-Paganism. The Baltic Times, 2010.
- ↑ Jüri Toomepuu. p.5.
- ↑ Jüri Toomepuu. p.6.
- ↑ Jüri Toomepuu. p.7.