European Green Party
European Green Party | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Secretary-General | Mar Garcia Sanz |
| Spokesperson | Monica Frassoni and Reinhard Bütikofer |
| Founded | 21 February 2004 |
| Preceded by | European Federation of Green Parties |
| Headquarters | Rue Wiertz 31, 1050 Brussels, Belgium |
| Ideology | Green politics[1] |
| Political position | Centre-left to Left-wing |
| International affiliation | Global Greens |
| European Parliament group | The Greens–European Free Alliance |
| Colours | Green and yellow |
| Political foundation | Green European Foundation |
| Website | |
| www.europeangreens.eu | |
| Part of a series on |
| Green politics |
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The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the European political party that operates as a federation of political parties across Europe supporting green politics. Along with the European Free Alliance (EFA), the EGP forms The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group in the European parliament.
History
The European Green Party was founded on 22 February 2004 at the Fourth Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties (EFGP) in Rome attended by over 1,000 delegates. Thirty-four Green parties from all over Europe have joined this new pan-European party. The Greens were the first to form a political party at European level. The other European political federations followed suit in the period 2004–06. For the Greens this was the culmination of a process which had started with the formation of a loose co-ordination 1979–93 and the EFGP 1993–2004.[2]
1979 to 1993
In 1979 the Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties (CEGRP) was set up to co-ordinate the participation of Green and Radical parties in the 1979 European Parliament election: There were considerable differences between the Green and Radical groups and the parties were unable to form a common pan-European electoral platform.[3] Although some parties polled well, no Green entered the European Parliament.
In the 1984 election the Greens participated again. They held a congress in the spring of 1984 in Liège and set up a restructured European Green Coordination (EGC), with a secretariat provided by the Dutch Political Party of Radicals. They also issued a Joint Declaration of the European Green Parties. Furthermore, overall the member parties had grown stronger. Eleven MEPs of member parties were elected to the European Parliament.[lower-alpha 1] They formed the Green Alternative European Link (GRAEL) in the European Parliament. The group was too small to be recognised by the Parliament for funds and committees and therefore it joined the Rainbow Group, which also encompassed regionalists, the Danish People's Movement against the European Community and some radicals and socialists.
The European Greens formed a loose confederal triangular structure with the autonomous GRAEL in parliament, the weak EGC as a supra-national co-ordinating body and the member parties. The position of the European Greens was also weakened by the principle of rotation which some member parties (Germany and the Netherlands) used, with their MEPs being replaced by another after serving half their term. This rotation technique originated with the German Greens to prevent their members being co-opted by the informal negotiation system within the Bundestag,[4] but it served them badly within the European Parliament.
For the Dutch parties, the choice for rotation was a compromise between three parties which had only two seats in parliament: one seat was kept by the top candidate while the second seat rotated between the second and the third candidate. This way each party would have a representative in the EP. Finally, there still was considerable diversity in the opinions of the Greens, especially between pro-European and Eurosceptic tendencies. These factors weakened the position of the Greens in Parliament.
In the 1989 election the Green parties won 26 seats.[lower-alpha 2] Because of political conflicts with the continuing Rainbow Group, the European Greens formed a separate parliamentary group, The Green Group in the European Parliament. During this period, the Greens became more entrenched in parliament.
1993 to 2004
In June 1993 the European Federation of Green Parties was formed by the members of the EGC in Kirkkonummi, Finland. The organisation became more structured, it now had a triennial Congress, a Council and a Federation Committee (executive). It strengthened its ties with the Green Group in the European parliament.
In the 1994 European elections Green parties won a total of 20 seats.[lower-alpha 3] They were joined by a member of the Danish Socialist People's Party and one member of both the Italian South Tyrolean People's Party and The Network. Again the Greens formed a separate group from Rainbow Group, now renamed the European Radical Alliance.
In the 1999 European elections the European Greens performed particularly well winning 38 seats.[lower-alpha 4] They formed a combined group with the European Free Alliance, which represented regionalist parties and independence movements, which previously participated in the European Radical Alliance. The relationship between the Greens and these parties was different from before, as the Greens were stronger both numerically and politically.
Since 2004
The European Green Party was founded at the Fourth Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties on 20–22 February 2004 in Rome, a party convention with over 1,000 delegates. Thirty-two Green parties from all over Europe joined this new pan-European party. The foundation of the new party was finalised with the signing of the treaty constituting the party in the Capitol of Rome. As such the Greens were the first to form a political party at European level, the other European federations followed suit between 2004 and 2006.
In the 2004 European Parliament election the member parties won 35 Seats. In the 2009 European Parliament election, even though the European Parliament was reduced in size, the EGP member parties won 46 seats, the best result of the Green Parties in 30 years.
Ideology and issues
The European Greens have always been committed to basic tenets of Green politics, such as environmental responsibility, individual freedom, inclusive democracy, diversity, social justice, gender equality, global sustainable development and non-violence.[5]
However, its relationship to the European Union and its institutions has changed dramatically and is still the subject of a lively debate. In the 1970s and 1980s the European Greens were generally sceptical of European political and economic integration, which was seen as contrary to environmental and social interests. In its 1984 program, the European Greens advocated the formation of an alternative Europe, which would be neutral and decentralised. In 1989, some member parties adopted a more parliamentary course and became more supportive of European integration. The program advocates the democratisation of Europe's institutions. In their 1994 program, the Greens abandoned their principled opposition of European integration and began to propose pragmatic alternatives for the European Union's policies and institutions. The 1999 and 2004 programs also reflect this.
In the area of Internet politics, The Greens–European Free Alliance parliamentary group became famous for the strong support of a proposed free information infrastructure, especially in their work on the directive against software patents in 2003.
Nowadays the majority of the party is European federalist. Its former leader, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, is a member of the federalst The Spinelli Group, and has written with Guy Verhofstadt a book with a federalist manifesto purpose. The European Green Party affiliated to the European Movement International in February 2014.[6]
Representation
In this table one can see the results of the Greens for the six direct elections to the European Parliament, in terms of seats and votes. It also shows how many European Commissioners the European Greens have, who led the parliamentary group. It also lists how the Green parliamentary group and supra-national organisations was named and what European parliamentary group they joined.[7]
| Year | MEPs | MEPs % | Votes % | EC | Leaders | EP Subgroup | EP group | Organization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 0 | 0 | 2.4% | 0 | none | none | none | Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties |
| 1984 | 11 | 2.5% | 4.2% | 0 | Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf (1984–86), Bram van der Lek (1984–86), Brigitte Heinrich (1986), François Roelants du Vivier (1986), Frank Schwalba-Hoth (1986–87), Paul Staes (1987–88), Wilfried Telkämper (1987–89) | Green Alternative European Link | Rainbow Group | European Green Coordination |
| 1989 | 25 | 4.8% | 7.4% | 0 | Maria Amelia Santos (1989–90), Alexander Langer (1990), Adelaide Aglietta (1990–94), Paul Lannoye (1990–94) | Green Group in the European Parliament | European Green Coordination | |
| 1994 | 21 | 3.7% | 7.4% | 0 | Claudia Roth (1994–98), Alexander Langer (1994–95), Magda Aelvoet (1997–99) | Green Group in the European Parliament | European Federation of Green Parties | |
| 1999 | 38 | 6.1% | 7.7% | 1[lower-alpha 5] | Heidi Hautala (1999–2002), Paul Lannoye (1999–2002), Monica Frassoni (2002–04), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2002–04) | European Greens | The Greens–European Free Alliance | European Federation of Green Parties |
| 2004 | 35 | 4.8% | 7.3% | 0 | Monica Frassoni (2004–09), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2004–09) | European Greens | The Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
| 2009 | 48[lower-alpha 6] | 6.2% | 7.3% | 0 | Rebecca Harms (2009–14), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2009–14) | European Greens | The Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
| 2014 | 50[8][lower-alpha 7] | 6.7% | 0 | Rebecca Harms (2014– ), Philippe Lamberts (2014– ) | European Greens | The Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party | |
Organisation
Organisational structure
The European Green Party is an international association without lucrative purpose constituted out of political parties from European countries (although not necessarily from European Union member states). Parties can also become associate member. Members of the Green Group not belonging to a member party can be admitted as a special member with speaking rights but no vote.
The governing bodies of the EGP are the Council and the Committee.[9]
- The Council consists of delegates of member parties. These are allotted on the basis of their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates. The council is responsible for political affairs between congresses and it decides over organizational matters, such as the election of committee, the application of members and observers and the statutes of the EGP.[10]
- The Committee consists of nine members, including two spokespersons (one man and one woman), a secretary-general and a treasurer. They are responsible for daily political affairs, execution of the council's decisions and the activities of the EGP office and staff.
- The Congress is an enlarged meeting of the Council which is convened by the Council at least once every 5 years.
The European Greens are organised in several regional networks. These are organised around seas, creating somewhat of a bioregional structure: such as the Green Islands Network ("a network for Green Parties in Britain, Ireland and associated islands"), the Baltic Sea Greens, the Green Mediterranean Network, Green Adriatic Network and the North Sea Greens.
Membership
The full, candidate and associate members are listed in Annex B of the Rule Book.[11]
Full members
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Candidate members
| Country or Region | Name (in English) | MEPs | National MPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Macedonia | Democratic Renewal of Macedonia | n/a | 1 / 123 | |
 Croatia | ORaH | 1 / 11 | 0 / 151 | |
 Turkey | Greens and the Left Party of the Future | n/a | 0 / 550 | |
| sources[14][15] | ||||
Associate members
| Country or Region | Name (in English) | MEPs | National MPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Azerbaijan | Green Party of Azerbaijan | n/a | 0 / 125 | |
 Belarus | Belarusian Party "The Greens" | n/a | 0 / 110 | |
 Russia | Green Russia | n/a | 0 / 450 | |
| sources[14] | ||||
Applicants
| Country or Region | Name (in English) | MEPs | National MPs |
|---|---|---|---|
 Serbia | Greens of Serbia | n/a | 2 / 250 |
Former members
De Grønne from Denmark were expelled from the EGP in 2008. The reason was that De Grønne intended to co-operate with the People's Movement against the EU in the upcoming 2009 European elections, a national party which sits in the rival European United Left–Nordic Green Left parliamentary group instead of The Greens–European Free Alliance.
On 13 May 2012, the Council of the EGP withdrew the membership of Confederation of the Greens (Los Verdes) from Spain,[16] after several months of negotiations, and mainly because 13 out of 16 parties (formerly within the Confederation of the Greens) decided to join EQUO.
Zöld Baloldal from Hungary withdrew its membership on September 7, 2015 because of financial reasons.
Linked organisations
The most important organisation linked to the EGP is the Federation of Young European Greens, which is a similar federation of Green youth organisations.
The EGP fosters a European Network of Green Seniors and a European Green Gender Observatory.
Formally The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) in the European Parliament is also an independent organisation with official ties to the EGP.
The EGP affiliated to the European Movement International in February 2014.[6]
Elected representatives of member parties
European institutions
| Organisation | Institution | Number of seats |
|---|---|---|
 EU | European Commission | 0 / 28 |
| EU | European Council (Heads of Government) | 0 / 28 |
| EU | Council of the European Union (Participation in Government) | 5 / 28 |
| EU | European Parliament | 48 / 754 |
| Council of Europe | Parliamentary Assembly | 3 / 318 |
See also
- Environmental movement
- Via Campesina
- Post-growth
- Ecological economics
- Political ecology
- Green politics
- Club of Rome
- List of green political parties
- List of environmental organisations
Notes
- ↑ 7 for the German Greens, 1 for the Dutch Political Party of Radicals, 1 for the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party, an ally of the PPR, 1 for Ecolo and 1 for Agalev
- ↑ 7 for the German Greens, 8 for French Greens, 2 for the Dutch GreenLeft, 2 for Ecolo and 1 for Agalev, 1 for the Spanish IP, 2 for the Italian Rainbow Greens and 2 for the Italian Green Lists
- ↑ 12 for the German Greens, 1 for the Dutch GreenLeft, 1 for Ecolo and 1 for Agalev, 1 for the Luxembourgish The Greens IP, 2 for the Italian Federation of the Greens and 2 for the Green Party
- ↑ 7 for the German Alliance '90/The Greens, 4 for the Dutch GreenLeft, 3 for Ecolo and 2 for Agalev, 1 for the Luxembourgish The Greens, 2 for the Italian Federation of the Greens, 2 for the Green Party, 9 for The Greens of France, 2 for the Austrian Greens, 2 for the Finnish Green League, 2 for the Swedish Green Party and 2 for the Green Party of England and Wales
- ↑ Michaele Schreyer for Alliance '90/The Greens
- ↑ includes 6 independent MEPs elected for the Europe Écologie group
- ↑ Includes 14 MEPs, from 8 countries, NOT affiliated with EGP member parties.
- ↑ Flemish seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
- ↑ All seats in Flemish Parliament, a legislature for both the Flanders region and the Flemish Community, and the bilingual Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region.
- ↑ All seats for the French- and German-speaking electoral colleges.
- ↑ All seats for French and German-speaking Communities in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
- ↑ All seats in the parliaments of the Brussels, Walloon Region, and the French and German-speaking Communities plus the seats for Brussels in the Flemish Parliament.
- ↑ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom as "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
- ↑ Catalan seats in the Congress of Deputies.
- ↑ English and Welsh seats in the European Parliament.
- ↑ English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
- ↑ National Assembly for Wales.
- ↑ It does not have separate membership in the EGP because it is a part of the Irish Green Party.
- ↑ Northern Irish seats in the European Parliament.
- ↑ Northern Irish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
- ↑ Northern Ireland Assembly.
- ↑ Scottish seats in the European Parliament.
- ↑ Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
- ↑ Scottish Parliament.
References
- ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ↑ history of the European Green Party at EuropeanGreens.eu
- ↑ Elizabeth Bomberg (2 August 2005). Green Parties and Politics in the European Union. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-134-85145-4.
- ↑ Hines, Eric (2003). "The European Parliament and the Europeanization of Green Parties" (PDF). University of Iowa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
- ↑ charter of the European Green Party at europeangreens.org
- 1 2 "Greens join pro-European parties' network". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ↑ "Directory". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ↑ "Results of the 2014 European elections - European Parliament". results-elections2014.eu. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ↑ statutes of the European Green party at europeangreens.eu
- ↑ "Learn about the EGP". europeangreens.eu.
- ↑ Rule Book EGP Annex B Membership overview, retrieved on January 26, 2016.
- ↑ Dutch-speaking electoral college.
- ↑ "European Greens". European Greens.
- 1 2 http://europeangreens.eu/menu/learn-about-egp/green-parties/
- ↑ "Search". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ↑ "Confederación de Los Verdes" no longer part of the European Green family (retrieved on 13 May 2012)
External links
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