Expander cycle

Expander rocket cycle. Expander rocket engine (closed cycle). Heat from the nozzle and combustion chamber powers the fuel and oxidizer pumps.

The expander cycle is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In this cycle, the fuel is used to cool the engine's combustion chamber, picking up heat and changing phase. The heated, now gaseous, fuel then powers the turbine that drives the engine's fuel and oxidizer pumps before being injected into the combustion chamber and burned.

Because of the necessary phase change, the expander cycle is thrust limited by the square-cube rule. As the size of a bell-shaped nozzle increases with increasing thrust, the nozzle surface area (from which heat can be extracted to expand the fuel) increases as the square of the radius. However, the volume of fuel that must be heated increases as the cube of the radius. Thus there exists a maximum engine size of approximately 300 kN of thrust beyond which there is no longer enough nozzle area to heat enough fuel to drive the turbines and hence the fuel pumps. Higher thrust levels can be achieved using a bypass expander cycle where a portion of the fuel bypasses the turbine and or thrust chamber cooling passages and goes directly to the main chamber injector. Non-toroidal aerospike engines do not suffer from the same limitations because the linear shape of the engine is not subject to the square-cube law. As the width of the engine increases, both the volume of fuel to be heated and the available thermal energy increase linearly, allowing arbitrarily wide engines to be constructed. All expander cycle engines need to use a cryogenic fuel such as hydrogen, methane, or propane that easily reach their boiling points.

Some expander cycle engines may use a gas generator of some kind to start the turbine and run the engine until the heat input from the thrust chamber and nozzle skirt increases as the chamber pressure builds up.

In an open cycle, or "bleed" expander cycle, only some of the fuel is heated to drive the turbines, which is then vented to atmosphere to increase turbine efficiency. While this increases power output, the dumped fuel leads to a decrease in propellant efficiency (lower engine specific impulse). A closed cycle expander engine sends the turbine exhaust to the combustion chamber (see image at right.)

Some examples of an expander cycle engine are the Pratt & Whitney RL10 and RL60[1] and the Vinci engine for the future Ariane 5 ME.[2]

Expander bleed cycle (open cycle)

Expander bleed cycle. Expander open cycle (Also named coolant tap-off).

This operational cycle is a modification of the traditional expander cycle. In the bleed (or open) cycle, instead of routing heated propellant through the turbine and sending it back to be combusted, only a small portion of the propellant is heated and used to drive the turbine and is then bled off, being vented overboard without going through the combustion chamber. Bleeding off the turbine exhaust allows for a higher turbopump output by decreasing backpressure and maximizing the pressure drop through the turbine. Compared with a standard expander cycle, this leads to higher engine thrust at the cost of sacrificing some efficiency due to essentially wasting the bled propellant by not combusting it.[3][4]

Dual expander (close cycle)

In a similar way that the staged combustion can be implemented separately on the oxidizer and fuel on the full flow cycle, the expander cycle can be implemented on two separate paths as the dual expander cycle. The use of hot gases of the same chemistry as the liquid for the turbine and pump side of the turbopumps eliminates the need for purges and some failures modes. Additionally, when the density of the fuel and oxidizer is significantly different, like in the H2/LOX case, the optimal turbopump speed differ so much that they need a gearbox between the fuel and oxidizer pumps.[5][6] The use of dual expander cycle, with separate turbines, eliminates this failure-prone piece of equipment.[6]

Dual expander cycle can be implemented by either using separated sections on the regenerative cooling system for the fuel and the oxidizer, or by using a single fluid for cooling and a heat exchanger to boil the second fluid. In the first case, for example, you could use the fuel to cool the combustion chamber, and the oxidizer to cool the nozzle. In the second case, you could use the fuel to cool the whole engine and a heat exchanger to boil the oxidizer.[6]

Advantages

The expander cycle has a number of advantages over other designs:

Low temperature
The advantage is that after they have turned gaseous, the fuels are usually near room temperature, and do very little or no damage to the turbine, allowing the engine to be reusable. In contrast gas-generator or staged combustion engines operate their turbines at high temperature.
Tolerance
During the development of the RL10 engineers were worried that insulation foam mounted on the inside of the tank might break off and damage the engine. They tested this by putting loose foam in a fuel tank and running it through the engine. The RL10 chewed it up without problems or noticeable degradation in performance. Conventional gas-generators are in practice miniature rocket engines, with all the complexity that implies. Blocking even a small part of a gas generator can lead to a hot spot, which can cause violent loss of the engine. Using the engine bell as a 'gas generator' also makes it very tolerant of fuel contamination because of the wider fuel flow channels used.
Inherent safety
Because a bell-type expander-cycle engine is thrust limited, it can easily be designed to withstand its maximum thrust conditions. In other engine types, a stuck fuel valve or similar problem can lead to engine thrust spiraling out of control due to unintended feedback systems. Other engine types require complex mechanical or electronic controllers to ensure this does not happen. Expander cycles are by design incapable of malfunctioning that way.

Usage

Expander cycle engines include the following:

Expander Bleed cycle engines have been used in:

Comparison of upper-stage expander-cycle engines

Specifications
　 RL-10 Vinci YF-75D RD-0146 LE-5A LE-5B
Country of origin  United States  France  People's Republic of China  Russia  Japan  Japan
Cycle Expander Expander Expander Expander Expander bleed cycle,
nozzle expander		 Expander bleed cycle,
chamber expander
Thrust, vac. 66.7 kN (15,000 lbf) 180 kN 88.26 kN 98.1 kN (22,054 lbf) 121.5 kN (12.4 tf) 137.2 kN (14 tf)
Mixture ratio 6.0 5 5
Nozzle ratio 40 80 130 110
Isp, vac. (s) 433 465 442 463 452 447
Chamber pressure (MPa) 2.35 6.1 4.1 7.74 3.98 3.58
LH2 TP (rpm) 125,000 51,000 52,000
LOX TP (rpm) 17,000 18,000
Length (m) 1.73 2.2~4.2 2.2 2.69 2.79
Dry weight (kg) 135 280 242 248 285

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion – RL60 fact sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  2. ↑ MC-ARIANE5 1811, retrieved 4 June 2014
  3. ↑ Sippel, Martin; Imoto, Takayuki; Haeseler, Dietrich (July 23, 2003). Studies on Expander Bleed Cycle Engines for Launchers (PDF). 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. AIAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  4. ↑ Atsumi, Masahiro; Yoshikawa, Kimito; Ogawara, Akira; Onga, Tadaoki (December 2011). "Development of the LE-X Engine" (PDF). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. 48 (4): 36–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  5. ↑ Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2000). "Section 6.6". Rocket Propulsion Elements: an introduction to the engineering of rockets (PDF) (Seventh ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 221–227. ISBN 0-471-32642-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-19. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 US patent 7,418,814 B1, Greene, William D., "Dual expander cycle rocket engine with an intermediate, closed-cycle heat exchanger", issued 2008-09-02, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

External links

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