Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)

Expedition of Mostaganem
Part of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars
Date August–September 1558 Location Mostaganem, Algeria Result Decisive Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Spain  Morocco	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Count Alcaudete † Abdallah al-Ghalib, Caïd of Tlemcen	Hasan Pasha
Strength
12,000+ soldiers	15,000 Ottomans
Casualties and losses
12.000 prisoners, Unknown Killed[1]	Unknown
Expedition of Mostaganem Location of the Expedition of Mostaganem in Algeria.

The Expedition of Mostaganem occurred in 1558, when Spanish forces attempted to capture the city of Mostaganem, in modern Algeria, from the Ottomans. The expedition was supposed to be a decisive step in the conquest of the Ottoman base of Algiers, but it ended in failure, and has been called a "disaster".^[2]

Background

The harbour of Mostaganem had been captured by the Spanish from the Muslims in 1506. The harbour became part of numerous Spanish possession on the North African coast, which had been captured since 1496: Melilla (1496), Mers-el-Kebir (1505), Oran (1509), Bougie (1510), Tripoli (1510), Algiers, Shershell, Dellys, Tenes.^[3]

In 1516, Mostaganem was seized by Hayreddin Barbarossa from his base of Algiers, who then strengthened its defences. The city then became a rival of Oran.^[4] From 1519, Barbarossa placed himself under the protection of the Ottomans, thereby transforming Mostaganem into an Ottoman dominion.^[3]

Previous Spanish expeditions had taken place in 1543 and 1547, which failed as the Spanish forces were repulsed and then pursued in retreat by Turkish and tribal forces.^[5]

The expedition of 1558 to retake Mostaganem from the Ottomans followed a string of Ottoman successes in the Mediterranean, especially with the Siege of Tripoli in 1551, and the evacuation of Al-Mahdiyeh by the Spaniards.^[2] Concurrently, the corsairs of Barbary were operating from their base in Algiers.^[2]

Ottoman-Moroccan conflict

In 1556, the Ottomans of Algiers had besieged Oran, although unsuccessfully, while in the meantime the Moroccans seized the opportunity to capture Tlemcen from the Turks.^[6] In 1557, the Ottomans demanded the submission of Morocco to the Ottoman Empire, but murdered the Moroccan ruler Mohammed ash-Sheikh, who was collaborating with Spain, when he refused.^[6]

In March 1558, the Ottomans under Hasan Pasha, the son of Barbarossa and ruler of Algiers, had invaded the Moroccan territory toward Fez, but were stopped at the indecisive Battle of Wadi al-Laban just north of Fes. The Ottomans retreated when they learned about Spanish preparations for an offensive in Oran.^[6]

Expedition

An elite contingent, numbering 6,500, was dispatched from Málaga by Philip II of Spain, and concentrated at the Spanish base of Oran to join local Spanish troops and the Moroccan Goum troops of the Caïd of Tlemcen, Abdallah al-Ghalib. They departed from Oran on 22 or 26 August 1558.^[7]

The Spanish expedition first successfully managed to capture Mazagran. They then attacked Mostaganem but were repulsed. With supplies running low, they learnt that Hasan Pasha was arriving from Algiers with a relief force of about 6,000 troops. This led to a panic retreat by the Spanish troops.^[8] In the end, around 12,000 Spanish soldiers were taken prisoner.^[1][9] Count Alcaudete, Governor of Oran, died in the expedition.^[2] His son Don Martín de Córdoba, himself future Governor of Oran, was also captured in the disaster and would be imprisoned as a Christian slave in Algiers under the beylerbey Hasan Pasha, until he was exchanged for the huge ransom of 23,000 escudos.^[1]

The failure of the expedition of Mostaganem ended attempts at a grand alliance between Spain and Morocco against the common Ottoman enemy.^[10]

Notes

1. Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale by María Antonia Garcés p.49ff
2. Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale by María Antonia Garcés p.25
3. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire p.107ff
4. "But as early as 1516 Mostaganem fell into the hands of the Turks. From then on, being the rival of Spanish Oran, it saw its importance increase." Algeria Hildebert Hisnard p.158
5. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period Jamil M. Abun-Nasr p.155
6. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period by Jamil M. Abun-Nasr p.157ff
7. "The other expeditions planned from Oran as a base produced little result and were ended by the disastrous expedition of the Count Alcaudete against Mostaganem in 1558." in E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 by M. Th. Houtsma p.993
8. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period by Jamil M. Abun-Nasr p.155
9. Power and Penury: Government, Technology and Science in Philip II's Spain by David C. Goodman p.247
10. "the failure at Mostaganem, which brought the collapse of grandiose projects of alliance with Morocco" in MEDITERRANEAN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN THE: AGE OF PHILIP II -2 by Fernand Braudel p.855