Foreign relations of Vietnam

Foreign relations of Vietnam
  Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  Nations Vietnam recognizes and has diplomatic relations with
  Nations Vietnam does not have diplomatic relations with
  States with which Vietnam has unofficial relations
Foreign ministry in Hanoi

As of September 2016, Vietnam (officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam) maintains diplomatic relationships with 188 nations throughout the world,[1] including permanent members of United Nations Security Council. In 2011 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, at the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, released an official statement about Vietnam's foreign policy and a section of the statement stated: "Vietnam is a friend and reliable partner of all countries in the international community, actively taking part in international and regional cooperation processes. Deepen, stabilize and sustain established international relations. Develop relations with countries and territories in the world, as well as international organizations, while showing: respect for each other's independence; sovereignty and territorial integrity; non-interference in each other's international affairs; non-use or threat of force; settlement of disagreements and disputes by means of peaceful negotiations; mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit."[2]

Soviet era

Vietnam
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Vietnam

During the Vietnam War (1959–75), North Vietnam balanced relations with its two major allies, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

In 1964, Zhou Enlai, worried about the escalation of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, made an informal agreement with the North. The agreement stipulated that if U.S. and South Vietnamese forces invaded North Vietnam, the Chinese would respond by loaning pilots to the North. During the invasion, Mao Zedong failed to send as many trained pilots as he promised. As a result, the North became more reliant on the Soviet Union for its defense.[3]

By 1975, tension began to grow as Beijing increasingly viewed Vietnam as a potential Soviet instrument to encircle China. Meanwhile, Beijing's increasing support for Cambodia's Khmer Rouge sparked Vietnamese suspicions of China's motives.

Vietnamese-Chinese relations deteriorated significantly after Hanoi instituted a ban in March 1978 on private trade, a move that particularly affected the Sino-Vietnamese sector of the population. Following Vietnam's December 1978 invasion of Cambodia, China launched a retaliatory invasion of Vietnam's northern border region. Faced with severance of Chinese aid and strained international relations, Vietnam established even closer ties with the Soviet Union and its allies in the Comecon member states. Throughout the 1980s, Vietnam received nearly US$3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the U.S.S.R. and Comecon countries. Soviet and Eastern bloc economic aid, however, ceased after the break-up of the Soviet Union.

'Doi Moi'

Vietnam did not begin to emerge from international isolation until it withdrew its troops from Cambodia in 1989. Within months of the 1991 Paris Agreements, Vietnam established diplomatic and economic relations with Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states and also with most countries of Western Europe and Asia's Far East. China re-established full diplomatic ties with Vietnam in 1991. The two nations concluded a land border demarcation agreement in 1999.

In the past decade, Vietnam has recognized the importance of growing global economic interdependence and has made concerted efforts to adjust its foreign relations to reflect the evolving international economic and political situation in Southeast Asia. The country has begun to integrate itself into the regional and global economy by joining international organizations. Vietnam has stepped up its efforts to attract foreign capital from the West and regularize relations with the world financial system. In the 1990s, following the lifting of the US veto on multilateral loans to the country, Vietnam became a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Asian Development Bank. The country has expanded trade with its East Asian neighbors as well as with countries in Western Europe and North America. Of particular significance was Vietnam's acceptance into ASEAN in July 1995. Vietnam joined the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in November 1998 and also hosted the ASEAN summit the following month. In 2005, Vietnam attended the inaugural East Asia Summit. Vietnam became a member of the World Trade Organization in November 2006.

Current issues

Vietnamese troops on Spratly Island

While Vietnam has remained relatively conflict-free since its Cambodia days, tensions have arisen in the past between Vietnam and its neighbors, especially in the case of China since both nations assert claims to the Spratly Islands, an archipelago in a potentially oil-rich area of the South China Sea. Conflicting claims have produced over the years small scale armed altercations in the area. In 1988, more than 70 Vietnamese troops were killed during a confrontation with Chinese forces, when China occupied several islands under Vietnamese control in the Spratly Islands. China's assertion of control over the Spratly Islands and the entire South China Sea has elicited concern from Vietnam and its Southeast Asia neighbors. The territorial border between the two countries is being definitively mapped pursuant to a Land Border Agreement signed in December 1999, and an Agreement on Borders in the Gulf of Tonkin signed in December 2000. Vietnam and Russia declared a strategic partnership in March 2001 during the first visit ever to Hanoi of a Russian head of state, largely as an attempt to counterbalance China's growing profile in Southeast Asia.

Disputes – international: maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with the People's Republic of China (PRC), Malaysia, Philippines, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary with Thailand resolved in August 1997; maritime boundary dispute with the PRC in the Gulf of Tonkin resolved in 2000; Paracel Islands occupied by the PRC; offshore islands and sections of boundary with Cambodia are in dispute; agreement on land border with the People's Republic of China was signed in December 1999.

Illicit drugs: minor producer of opium poppy with 21 km2 cultivated in 1999, capable of producing 11 metric tons of opium; probably minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin destined for the US and Europe; growing opium/heroin addiction; possible small-scale heroin production

Southeast Asia

Brunei

Brunei has an embassy in Hanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[4]

Cambodia

Since the 1990s, relations between both nations have begun to improve. Both Vietnam and Cambodia are members of multilateral regional organizations such as ASEAN and the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation. Both nations have opened and developed cross-border trade and sought to relax visa regulations to that end.[5] Both governments have set official targets of increasing bilateral trade by 27% to USD 2.3 billion by 2010 and to USD 6.5 billion by 2015.[5][6] Vietnam exported USD 1.2 billion worth of goods to Cambodia in 2007. While Cambodia is only the 16th largest importer of Vietnamese goods, Vietnam is Cambodia's third-largest export market.[5]

Laos

Although Vietnam's historical record of leadership in the revolution and its military power and proximity will not cease to exist, Laos struck out ahead of Vietnam with its New Economic Mechanism to introduce market mechanisms into its economy. In so doing, Laos has opened the door to rapprochement with Thailand and China at some expense to its special dependence on Vietnam. Laos might have reached the same point of normalization in following Vietnam's economic and diplomatic change, but by moving ahead resolutely and responding to Thai and Chinese gestures, Laos has broadened its range of donors, trading partners, and investors independent of Vietnam's attempts to accomplish the same goal. Thus, Vietnam remains in the shadows as a mentor and emergency ally, and the tutelage of Laos has shifted dramatically to development banks and international entrepreneurs.[7]

Indonesia

Vietnam and Indonesia are both members of {ASEAN}, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

President Megawati Sukarnoputri of Indonesia visited Vietnam in June 2003. At this time the two countries signed a "Declaration on the Framework of Friendly and Comprehensive Cooperation Entering the 21st Century". In May 2005 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia visited Vietnam. In the December of the same year festivities were organized in the respective capital cities to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties.[8] Due to the ongoing South China Sea disputes, both Vietnam and Indonesia has supported a restraint in militarizing the issue. China claims the EEZ of the Natuna Island of Indonesia, while it also claims most of the South China Sea including the Vietnam-claimed Paracel and Spratly islands.

Malaysia

Vietnam has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Hanoi.

Myanmar

Vietnam has an embassy in Yangon, and Myanmar has an embassy in Hanoi.

Philippines

Ever since the end of the Cold War relations between the Philippines and Vietnam has warmed rapidly. Today the Philippines and Vietnam are economic allies and have a free trade deal with each other. Both nations are a part of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The Philippines and Vietnam have conducted joint military exercises together in the South China Sea and are trying to find ways to turn the Spratly Islands from an area of conflict to an area of cooperation. Vietnam is also sometimes called the only communist military ally of the Philippines. The Philippines and Vietnam are also monitoring China's expansion into the South China Sea making sure that China is no threat to either Philippine or Vietnamese islands in the South China Sea. The Philippines also imports a large amount of writing material, clothes and other products from Vietnam. On May 2009, The Philippines has inked an agreement with Vietnam to cooperate in the fight against crimes and ensuring social order. On January 2010, the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Vietnam bourse "for mutual collaboration and communication of information and experience" to facilitate the development and efficient operations of both securities markets. In 2012, Vietnam sent two military assets for a good will visit to the Philippines. Both Vietnam and the Philippines have the same stand on the South China Sea disputes, patronizing multilateral talks and international court rulings to solve the issue, tactics which China has avoided. In 2016, the Philippines strengthened its stand on the dispute through a court ruling in an international court not associated with UN and poised to create stronger relations with Vietnam for strategic defense and economic cooperation.

Thailand

Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi.

East Asia

China

After both sides resumed trade links in 1991, growth in bilateral trade has increased from USD $32 million in 1991 to almost USD 7.2 billion by 2004.[9] Both governments have set the target of increasing trade volume to USD 10 billion by 2010.[9] Vietnam's exports to China include crude oil, coal, coffee and food, while China exports pharmaceuticals, machinery, petroleum, fertilizers and automobile parts to Vietnam. China has become Vietnam's second-largest trading partner and the largest source of imports.[9][10] Both nations are working to establish an "economic corridor" from China's Yunnan to Vietnam's northern provinces and cities, and similar economic zones in the Gulf of Tonkin and connecting the Nanning of Guangxi province, Lang Son province, Hanoi, Haiphong and Quang Ninh province of Vietnam.[9] Air and sea transport as well as railway have been opened between the two countries, so have the 7 pairs of national-level ports in the frontier provinces and regions of the two countries.[10] Both sides have also launched joint ventures such as the Thai Nguyen Steel Complex, which produces hundreds of thousands of tones of steel products.[9]

Japan

Following 23 October 1991 Final Act of the International Paris Conference on Cambodia among the Cambodian parties, Indonesia (as co-chair with France), and the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, Japan promptly established diplomatic relations and ended economic restrictions with Cambodia and Vietnam. In November 1992, Tokyo offered Vietnam US$370 million in aid. Japan also took a leading role in peacekeeping activities in Cambodia. Japan's Akashi Yasushi, UN undersecretary for disarmament, was head of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia, and Japan pledged US$3 million and even sent approximately 2,000 personnel, including members of the SDF, to participate directly in maintaining the peace. Despite the loss of a Japanese peacekeeper killed in an ambush, the force remained in Cambodia until the Cambodians were able to elect and install a government.

Japan is the single biggest country donor to Vietnam. It has pledged $US890 million in aid for the country this year, or 6.5 percent higher than the 2006 level of $US835.6 million.

North Korea

North Korean embassy in Hanoi.

Diplomatic relations between Vietnam and North Korea dated back to 1950, and students from North Vietnam began studying in North Korea as early as the 1960s. Relations later declined due to investment and trade disputes in the 1990s and 2000s.[11]

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 EU1990
 Armenia1992

Armenia-Vietnam relations

  • Diplomatic relations between Armenia and Vietnam were established on 14 July 1992.[12]
  • Vietnam is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[13]

Belarus-Vietnam relations

 Belarus 27 December 1991[14] See Belarus-Vietnam relations
  • Since 1997, Belarus has an embassy in Hanoi.[15]
  • Since November 2003, Vietnam has an embassy in Minsk.[16]
 Bulgaria1950-02-08See Bulgaria–Vietnam relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Hanoi.[17]
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Sofia.[18]
  • In 2006, the Bulgarian Government agreed to a healthcare cooperation plan with Vietnam. The two-year plan includes cooperation in many areas, mainly in public healthcare, inpatient and outpatient help, food security, medical education.[19]
 Belgium1973-03-22[20]See Belgium–Vietnam relations
 Croatia 1994-07-01 See Foreign relations of Croatia
 Czech Republic1950-02-02 (as Czechoslovakia)See Czech Republic–Vietnam relations
  • The Czech Republic has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Prague.
 Denmark1971-11-25See Denmark–Vietnam relations
 Finland1973-01-25See Foreign relations of Finland
 France1973-04-12See France–Vietnam relations

France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit father Alexandre de Rhodes. Various traders would visit Vietnam during the 18th century, until the major involvement of French forces under Pigneau de Béhaine to help establish the Nguyễn Dynasty from 1787 to 1789. France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century under the pretext of protecting the work of Catholic missionaries in the country. France progressively carved for itself a huge colony, which would form French Indochina in 1887. France continued to rule Vietnam as a colony until France's defeat in the First Indochina War and the proclamation of Vietnam's independence in 1954.

 Greece1975-04-15See Foreign relations of Greece
 Hungary1950-02-03
 Holy SeeNoSee Holy See – Vietnam relations

With the end of the Vietnam War, the Apostolic Delegate was forced to leave. Since an apostolic delegation, unlike an embassy, is not a bilateral institution with involvement by the State, the Apostolic Delegation for Vietnam has not been suppressed, but has remained inactive since 1975.[22] In January 2011 the Holy See appointed the first ambassador, formally "non-resident representative to Vietnam" with Archbishop Leopoldo Girelli being the first to hold the post in addition to Archbishop Girelli's other role as Apostolic Nuncio to Singapore and Apostolic Delegate to Malaysia.

Temporary missions from the Holy See to discuss with the Government matters of common interest are sent every year or two, and there has been at least one visit to the Vatican by a Vietnamese mission. Marxism and communism officially promoted atheism, causing Roman Catholics and other Christians to be associated with the anti-communist South Vietnam region. This has strained relations between the Holy See and the Hanoi Government. Leading bishops have been imprisoned for several years, in what some observers have described as a persecution of the Vietnamese Church. There is also a question of Church property confiscated by the Vietnamese government and that the Church has sought to recover.

 Ireland1996-04-05See Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland
 Italy1973-03-23See Foreign relations of Italy
 Luxembourg1973-11-15See Luxembourg–Vietnam relations

Luxembourg's representation in Vietnam is through its embassy in Beijing, China.[23] Vietnam is represented through its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[24]

 Netherlands1973-04-09See Dutch–Vietnam relations

Netherlands has an embassy in Hanoi, Daeha Office Tower, 6th floor 360, Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, and a consulate in Ho Chi Minh City, Saigon Tower, Suite 901, 29 Le Duan Boulevard, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City,

 Poland1950-02-04
 Portugal1975-07-01

See Portugal–Vietnam relations
In 2015 both countries are celebrating 500 years of relations, remembering 1515 when the Portuguese traveler Duarte Coelho, reached Cochinchina, Champa and Tonkin[25] starting a long period of trading relations with the Portuguese established in Macau and in Malacca.
Portugal has Honorary consulates both in Hanoi (31 Pho Duc Chinh, Truc Bach Ward, Ba Dinh District, Ha noi) and in Ho Chi Minh City (66/11 Pham Ngoc Thach, Q3, Ho Chi Minh)[26]

 Romania1950-02-03
 Russia 1950-01-30 （as USSR） See Russia–Vietnam relations
 Serbia1957-03-10（as SFR Yugoslavia）
 Slovakia1950-02-02
 Spain1975-05-22[28]See Spain–Vietnam relations
 United Kingdom1973-09-11[29]See Foreign relations of United Kingdom
 Ukraine1992-01-23[30]See Ukraine–Vietnam relations

Rest of world

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina 1973-10-25
 Australia 1973-02-26
 Bhutan 2012-01-19[32]
 Brazil1989-05-08See Foreign relations of Brazil
 Botswana2009-02-11
  • In 2013, Botswana was the last African state which established foreign relation with Vietnam.
 Canada 1973-08-21 See Vietnam-Canada relations
  • Canada maintains an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate in Ho Chi Minh
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Ottawa
 Costa Rica1976-04-24[33]See Foreign relations of Costa Rica
 Cuba1960-12-02See Cuba–Vietnam relations
 Dominica2013

Dominica and Vietnam established diplomatic relation on November 1, 2013.[34]

 El Salvador 2010-01-16[32]
 Egypt1963-09-01See Foreign relations of Egypt
 Guatemala1993-01-07[35]See Foreign relations of Guatemala
 GuyanaApril 19, 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 19, 1975.[36]
  • Economic and commercial relations are very limited.[37]
 India1972-01-07See India–Vietnam relations

India and Vietnam are members of the Mekong–Ganga Cooperation, created to develop to enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council and join the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).[38] In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia;[39] to this end, Vietnam has backed a more important relationship and role between India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo-ASEAN free trade agreement.[39][40] India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive cooperation on developing nuclear power, enhancing regional security and fighting terrorism, transnational crime and drug trafficking.[39][41][42]

 Iran1973-08-04See Iran–Vietnam relations
 Iraq1968-07-10See Iraq–Vietnam relations
  • Since December 1969, Iraq has an embassy in Hanoi.
 Israel1993-07-12See Israel–Vietnam relations
 Kenya 1995-12-21
  • As of 1998, this was the last African country with which Vietnam established bilateral diplomatic links.[44]
  • Vietnam has planned to set up an embassy in Nairobi since 2016.
 Kuwait 1976-01-10[45]
 Mexico 1975-07-15See Mexico–Vietnam relations
 Mongolia1954-11-17[48]See Mongolia–Vietnam relations

The countries signed a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty in 1961, renewed it in 1979, and signed a new one in 1995.[48] On 13 January 2003, the countries signed an 8-point cooperative document committing to cooperation between the two governments and their legislative bodies, replacing an earlier document signed in 1998.[49]

There have been 13 sessions of the Vietnam-Mongolia inter-governmental committee on cooperation in trade, economics and sci-tech, with the next to be held in Ulaanbaatar in 2010.[50] On 25 May 2004 in Ulaanbaatar, the countries signed agreements on railway transport and scientific and technological cooperation.[51] Other agreements have covered areas such as plant protection and quarantine regulations, customs, health and education.[50]

 New Zealand1975-06-19[52]

Full diplomatic relations were restored in 1989. New Zealand opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995, while Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington in 2003.

 Pakistan1972-11-08See Pakistan–Vietnam relations

Pakistan opened its Embassy in Hanoi in 1973. However, due to economic reasons, Pakistan closed the embassy in 1980. Vietnam also opened its embassy in Islamabad in 1978 and had to close it down in 1984 due to its own economic difficulty. Bilateral relations between Pakistan and Vietnam in recent years have considerably improved. Both countries' leaders expressed their willingness to strengthen their existing relations, not only in the political sphere but also in other areas such as trade and economics, and exchange more visits from one to another's country, including both high-ranking and working visits. Pakistan reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000. Vietnam also reopened its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi in November 2005.

 South Korea1992-12-22[53]See South Korea–Vietnam relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of Korea started on 22 December 1992.

  • 1994 August Prime Minister Lee Young-deok
  • 1996 November President Kim Young-sam
  • 1998 December President Kim Dae-jung
  • 2002 April Prime Minister Lee Han-dong
  • 2004 October President Roh Moo-hyun
  • 2006 January Speaker of National Assembly Kim Won-ki
  • 2006 November President Roh Moo-hyun (APEC)
  • 2008 April Speaker of National Assembly Lim Chae-jung
  • 2009 May Presidential Envoy Lee Byung-suk
  • 2009 October President Lee Myung-bak
  • 2009 November Speaker of National Assembly Kim Hyong-o
  • 2010 October President Lee Myung-bak
  • 2013 January Speaker of National Assembly Kang Chang Hee
  • 2013 September President Park Geun-hye(G20).[53]
  • Bilateral Trade in 2013 was $28,250million
    • Exports : $21,080million
    • Imports : $7,170million
  • Investment (cumulative total as of 2013) : $16 billion
  • Grand Aid (cumulative total as of 2013) : $240 million
  • Loan Aid (cumulative total as of 2013) : $1,880 million
  • People-to-People Exchanges in 2013 :
    • Number of the South Korean visitors to the Vietnam was about 780,000
    • Number of the Vietnamese visitors to the South Korea was about 117,000
  • Number of the South Koreans living in Vietnam in 2012 was about 135,000
  • Number of the Vietnamese living in South Korea in 2013 was about 120,069
  • Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea.[53]
 Swaziland 2013-05-21[54]
 Tanzania 1965-02-14[55]
 United States 1995-07-11 See United States–Vietnam relations
  • In August 1995, both nations upgraded their Liaison Offices opened during January 1995 to embassy status.[56] As diplomatic ties between the nations grew, the United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City, and Vietnam opened a consulate in San Francisco.
 Venezuela 1989-12-18 See Venezuela–Vietnam relations

Vietnam has had an embassy in Caracas and Venezuela an embassy in Hanoi. Though bilateral trade was $11.7 million in 2007[57] relations show "great potential".[58] Over the past ten years, the two countries have witnessed new developments in various fields, including politics, economics, culture and society, particularly in the oil and gas industry.[59]

Vietnamese President Nguyễn Minh Triết arrived in Caracas on 18 November for a two-day official visit on an invitation from Hugo Chávez.[60] Triet hailed Vietnam's friendship with Venezuela as he sought to focus on tying up oil and gas deals, including a joint development fund. He said that "We (Vietnamese) are grateful for the support and solidarity that they (Venezuelans) have offered us until now." Triết said.

Since Hugo Chávez's visit to Vietnam in 2006, his government stepped up bilateral relations with the country, which also included a visit by the Communist Party general secretary, Nông Đức Mạnh in 2007. Petróleos de Venezuela and Petrovietnam also announced a number of joint projects since the 2006 visit, including Petrovietnam's was given a concession in the Orinoco basin and an agreement to transport Venezuelan oil to Vietnam, where the two would together build an oil refinery that Vietnam lacks. On the 2006 visit Chávez praised Vietnam's revolutionary history as he attacked the United States for its "imperialist" crimes in the Vietnam War. On the 2008 visit Triết returned similar comments as he lauded a group of Venezuelans who captured a US soldier during the Vietnam war in an unsuccessful bid to prevent the execution of a Vietnamese revolutionary.[57] The two leaders also signed a deal for a $200 million joint fund and 15 cooperation projects.[61]

In March 2008 an agreement was signed to cooperate in tourism between Vietnam and Venezuela. President Nguyễn Minh Triết received the PDVSA's Vice President Asdrubal Chavez and stated that oil and gas cooperation would become a typical example of their multi-faceted cooperation.[62] In 2009 the Venezuelan government approved $46.5 million for an agricultural development project with Vietnam.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ vubaochi. "- Chủ tịch nước Trương Tấn Sang hội kiến Tổng Thư ký LHQ Ban Ki-moon". www.mofahcm.gov.vn. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
  2. ↑ "Viet Nam Foreign Policy". Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Press and Information Department – Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  3. ↑ Zhai, Qiang. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000
  4. ↑ "Brunei-Vietnam Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 "Viet Nam-Cambodia trade set to increase 27%". Vietnam Business News. 18 January 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  6. ↑ "Cambodia, Viet Nam target $2.3 billion in bilateral trade by 2010". Vietnam News. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  7. ↑ Brown, MacAlister and Joseph J. Zasloff. "Relations with Vietnam". Laos: a country study (Andrea Matles Savada, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (July 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ Vietnam Indonesia aim for all round cooperation, development
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "China, Vietnam find love". Asia Times. 21 July 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  10. 1 2 "China-Vietnam Bilateral Relations". Sina.com. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  11. ↑ Pham Thi Thu Thuy (2 August 2013). "The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations". NKNews.org. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
  12. ↑ http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/euro/nr040819105821/ns070924160837 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam
  13. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia
  14. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam
  15. ↑ Belarusiam embassy in Hanoi
  16. ↑ Vietnamese embassy in Minsk
  17. ↑ Bulgarian embassy in Hanoi
  18. ↑ "- Bulgaria". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  19. ↑ "Bulgaria, Vietnam to Cooperate in Healthcare". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  20. ↑ "Belgium – Countries – Office of the Historian". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  21. ↑ "Danmark i Vietnam". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  22. ↑ Antonio G. Filipazzi, Rappresentanze e Rappresentanti Pontifici dalla seconda metà del XX secolo (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2006 ISBN 88-209-7845-8), p. X, XII, XV, 189
  23. ↑ "Embassy Information", EmabssyInformation.com, retrieved 28 April 2009.
  24. ↑ "List of Vietnamese Embassies and Consulates abroad", 48th International Mathematical Olympiad, retrieved 28 April 2009.
  25. ↑ "Portugal – Vietname, 500 anos de História – Jornal O Clarim". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  26. ↑ http://www.secomunidades.pt/web/guest/listapaises/VM
  27. ↑ "Vietnam-Russia traditional ties reach new heights". Embassy of Vietnam in the United States of America. 5 March 2001. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
  28. ↑ "Spain – Countries – Office of the Historian". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  29. ↑ "The United Kingdom – Countries – Office of the Historian". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  30. ↑ http://vietnam.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-vn/diplomacy
  31. ↑ Argentine embassy in Hanoi
  32. 1 2 "- Thông tin cơ bản về các nước, khu vực và quan hệ với Việt Nam". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "Costa Rica – Countries – Office of the Historian". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  34. ↑ http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/nr040807104143/nr040807105001/ns131104152306/view. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  35. ↑ "Guatemala – Countries – Office of the Historian". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  36. ↑ Ministry of foreign affairs of Vietnam
  37. ↑ Ministry of foreing affairs of Vietnam
  38. ↑ "Vietnam backs India for APEC membership". The Hindu. 7 November 2000. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  39. 1 2 3 "Vietnam, India issue joint declaration on strategic partnership". VietNamNet Bridge. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  40. ↑ "India and Vietnam in changing East Asia". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  41. ↑ "India-Vietnam: Developing a Strategic Partnership" (PDF). Asian Affairs. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  42. ↑ "India, Vietnam sign MoU for bilateral cooperation on security". Times of India. 24 March 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  43. ↑ "Error-2010-f3". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  44. ↑ Lưu, Văn Lợi. Fifty Years of Vietnamese Diplomacy, 1945–1995. Volume II, 1975–1995. Hanoi: Thê Gioi Publishers, 2002. p. 246
  45. ↑ "The Vietnam-Kuwait Relations". Kuwait Times. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  46. ↑ Embassy of Mexico in Hanoi (in English, Spanish and Vietnamese)
  47. ↑ Embassy of Vietnam in Mexico City (in English, Spanish and Vietnamese)
  48. 1 2 "Vietnamese agency reviews Mongolia ties before president's visit". Hanoi. Vietnam News Agency. 11 April 2000.
  49. ↑ "Mongolia, Vietnam sign new cooperation document.". Financial Times. 14 January 2003.
  50. 1 2 "Vietnam, Mongolia aim for 10 million USD in trade". Vietnam News Agency. 13 December 2008.
  51. ↑ "Mongolia, Vietnam sign transport, scientific, technical cooperation agreements.". Financial Times. 26 May 2004.
  52. ↑ "Vietnam – New Zealand Relations". Wellington: Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in New Zealand.
  53. 1 2 3 http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20070802/1_24415.jsp?menu=m_30_10
  54. ↑ "Việt Nam thiết lập quan hệ ngoại giao với Swaziland". XãLuận.com Tin Nóng. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  55. ↑ "Tanzania" (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  56. ↑ Napier, Nancy K.; Vuong, Quan Hoang. What we see, why we worry, why we hope: Vietnam going forward. Boise, ID: Boise State University CCI Press, October 2013. ISBN 978-0985530587.
  57. 1 2 https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkkCD4fkPFweyP2V8SDQJkGOFu8A
  58. ↑ "- VIETNAM – VENEZUELA RELATIONS". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  59. ↑ "- Vietnam-Venezuela relations bear fruit". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  60. ↑ http://www.nhandan.com.vn/english/news/201108/domestic_p.htm
  61. ↑ https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jL1WR-f-SEhFKgCGZTgXb4LzG1hQ
  62. ↑ "- State President receives Venezuelan oil corp.'s vice president". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  63. ↑ "- Venezuela, Vietnam cooperate in agriculture". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
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