Gallodactylidae

Gallodactylids Temporal range: Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous, 152–124.6 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Ctenochasmatoidea
Family:	†Gallodactylidae Fabre, 1974
Type species
†Gallodactylus canjuersensis Fabre, 1974
Genera
†Aerodactylus †Ardeadactylus †Aurorazhdarcho †Cycnorhamphus †Gallodactylus †Gladocephaloideus
Synonyms
Aurorazhdarchidae Vidovic & Martill, 2014

Gallodactylidae is a group of pterosaurs within the suborder Pterodactyloidea.Gallodactylids differed from other related pterosaurs in several distinct features, including fewer than 50 teeth present only in the jaw tips, and rounded crests present on the rear portion of the skull and jaws but not near the ends of their snouts. At least some species possessed jaw flanges, possibly used to bissect hard-shelled prey.^[1][2]

Classification

Gallodactylidae was named to contain Gallodactylus (now usually considered a synonym of Cycnorhamphus) and its closest relatives. Many subsequents, however, showed that Gallodactylus did not form a clade with any non-synonymous pterosaurs that were not themselves part of a different family, and so the name was often ignored. The name returned to common use with the discovery of Gladocephaloideus, a Chinese pterosaur species that shared many similarities with Cycnorhamphus. Among other features, the Gallodactylidae was distinguished by having teeth only in the front tip of the jaws.^[3]

In 2006, Lu and colleagues named the clade Boreopteridae for the clade containing the common ancestor of Boreopterus and Feilongus and all its descendants, which the authors reclassified as close relatives of the ornithocherids, though Feilongus had originally been considered a gallodactylid. Originally considered close relatives of the ornithocheirids, many of these supposed boreopterids have since been considered members of other groups of the pterodactyloid lineage. Boreopterus and Feilongus were found by Andres and colleagues in 2013 to be closely related to Cycnorhamphus, making them members of the Gallodactylidae as had been originally thought when Feilongus was discovered.^[4] However, a revised version of Andres' analysis, which was updated to include the other supposed boreopterids among other changes, found that Boreopterus itself, and therefore the name Boreopteridae, was indeed a member of the ornithocheiroid clade. This analysis confirmed that Feilongus was in fact a ctenochasmatoid, but one closely related to Gnathosaurus rather than Gallodactylus. This study effectively reduced the membership of Gallodactylidae back to just Gallodactylus and Cycnorhamphus.^[5]

Cladogram following Andres & Myers, 2013.^[4]

Ctenochasmatoidea	Gallodactylidae  Boreopterus cuiae Feilongus youngi Cycnorhamphus suevicus Gallodactylus canjuersensis Ctenochasmatidae

Cladogram following Andres, Clark, & Xu, 2014.^[5]

Ctenochasmatoidea	Gallodactylidae  Cycnorhamphus suevicus Gallodactylus canjuersensis Ctenochasmatidae

In a 2014 study, Steven Vidovic and David Martill concluded that Pterodactylus scolopaciceps, usually considered a synonym of P. kochi and/or P. antiquus, was not closely related to other Pterodactylus specimens. They placed it in the new genus Aerodactylus, which they found to be most closely related to Gladocephaloideus, Cynorhamphus, Aurorazhdarcho, and Ardeadactylus. Rather than a group of ctenochasmatoids, Vidovic and Martill's analysis found these pterosaurs to be closer to ornthocheiroids, making the traditional grouping of Ctenochasmatoidea paraphyletic. They named this clade Aurorazhdarchidae, nd defined it as the most recent common ancestor of P. scolopacicepsand Aurorazhdarcho, and all its descendants.^[6]

Cladogram following Vidovic and Martill, 2014.^[6]

Lophocratia	Ctenochasmatidae Aurorazhdarchidae Aerodactylus scolopaciceps Gladocephaloideus jingangshanensis Cycnorhamphus suevicus Aurorazhdarcho micronyx Ardeadactylus longicollum Eupterodactyloidea

References

1. Witton, Mark P. (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy
2. Bennett, S. C. (2013). "The morphology and taxonomy of the pterosaur Cycnorhamphus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 267: 23–41. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2012/0295.
3. Lü Junchang; Ji Qiang; Wei Xuefang; Liu Yongqing (2012). "A new ctenochasmatoid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research. 34: 26–30. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.010.
4. Andres, B.; Myers, T. S. (2013). "Lone Star Pterosaurs". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 1. doi:10.1017/S1755691013000303.
5. Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030.
6. Vidovic, S. U.; Martill, D. M. (2014). "Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: The Problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in Early Ontogeny". PLoS ONE. 9 (10): e110646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110646.