Gweilo

"Foreign devil" redirects here. For other uses, see Foreign Devil.

Gweilo or gwai lo (鬼佬; Cantonese gwai2 lou2, pronounced [kʷɐ̌i lǒu]) is a common Cantonese slang term for Westerners. In its unmodified form, it applies only to European ethnicities and has a history of racially deprecatory use. Cantonese speakers frequently use "gweilo" to refer to Westerners in general use, in a non-derogatory context, although whether this type of usage is offensive is disputed by both Cantonese and Westerners alike.[1][2]

Etymology and history

Gwei (鬼, gui) means "ghost", and lo (佬) means a man, regular guy, a chap or a bloke. The term gweilo therefore literally means "ghost man",[3] and is sometimes translated into English as "foreign devil".[4] Historically, Chinese people had the image of its borders continuously breached by "uncivilized tribes" given to mayhem and destruction, and they considered these people the four barbarians. In the 16th century, when European sailors appeared in southern China, they were also similarly regarded as barbarians and given derogatory names.[4] In Chinese, "ghost" can be a derogatory term used as a curse or an insult,[5] and the word "ghost" had been used to describe foreigners. For example, a 17th-century writer from Canton Qu Dajun wrote that Africans "look like ghosts", and gui nu (ghost slave) was once used to describe African slaves.[6]

The term gweilo or gwailo to describe white foreigners was popularised during the First and Second Opium Wars in response to the Unequal Treaties. In Southern parts of China, the term gwai lo was used. In Northern parts of China, the term "west ocean ghost" (西洋鬼子 xiyang guizi) was used, Europe being West of China.[4] Although originally derogatory, gwai is now considered by some to be an acceptable generic term for Westerners in Hong Kong.[7] For example, gwai poh means a Caucasian woman, gwai mui a Caucasian girl, and gwai jai a Caucasian child.[8] Gweilo has now been recognised as simply referring to foreigners, especially westerners, in South East Asia and now appears in the Oxford Dictionary defined as such.[9]

Usage

Nowadays, some Hong Kong residents and other Cantonese speakers often refer to non-Chinese people by their ethnicity. This is in sharp contrast to other parts of China, excluding the Cantonese-speaking south, where foreigners are most commonly referred to as laowai (老外). This literally means "old foreigner", but depending on context, "old" can be both a term of endearment and one of criticism.

The term gwei (鬼) in gweilo (鬼佬) is an adjective that can be used to express hate and deprecation, an example being the local's expression of their hatred towards the Japanese during their occupation of Hong Kong in World War II with the same gwei (鬼). It conveys a general bad and negative feeling and is a somewhat obsolete and archaic/old-fashioned term nowadays and other more modern terms have largely replaced gwei (鬼) for similarly negative meanings.

The pejorative sense of gweilo (鬼佬) can be specified when the term is prefaced by the adjective sei (死, jyutping: sei2, meaning "dead" or "damned"); sei gweilo (死鬼佬), literally means "dead ghost man", thus means a bad gweilo, or a bad Caucasian. Sei (死) is also commonly added to other terms in order to describe the person or people being referred to as "bad", such as sei lo (死佬), meaning literally "dead man" or "bad guy" and sei chai lo (死差佬), literally "dead policeman" or "bad policeman". Cantonese people also can call each other sei gwei (死鬼), literally meaning "dead ghost", but refers to a bad person also, though more often than not it is applied affectionately, similar to "Hey bitch!" in English when used affectionately. The character gwei (鬼) itself can have negative connotations, even without the word sei (死), for example when it was attached to the Japanese military in the term guizi bing (鬼子兵) during their invasion of China which lasted from 1931 to 1945. However, the same term can also be applied derogatorily to any foreign military which was an enemy to China.

While gwailo is commonly used by some Cantonese speakers in informal speech, the more polite alternative sai yan (西人; jyutping: sai1 jan4, literally: "Western person") is now used.[10]

Historically, the term was considered racist by non-Cantonese people.[11] Many Cantonese speakers, however, frequently use the term gweilo to refer to Westerners in general and they consider the term non-derogatory.[1] On the other hand, some members of the Hong Kong community with European ancestry, particularly the younger generation, embrace the term.[12] The term lo (佬), when used in other situations, is generally quaint, as it is a term that has mostly fallen out of use and the intentional use of it carries a certain comical sense.

Variations

Gweilo is the most generic term, but variations include:[10]

Due to its widespread use, the term gwei, which means ghost, although historically derogatory, has taken on the general meaning of Westerner. Other racial terms can be used for those people perceived to be non-white, for example Indians and Middle Eastern people are called ar-cha (阿差) or mor-law-chai (摩羅差). For further information, see Chinese Wikipedia link zh:摩羅差.

Related terms in Mandarin Chinese

A Boxer Rebellion pamphlet, circa 1899, that refers to foreigners as guizi.

In Mandarin, guizi (Chinese: 鬼子; pinyin: guǐzi) is a similar term to gweilo. Guizi, however, can be used to refer to either the Japanese (specifically, 日本鬼子 rìběn guǐzi, "Japanese devil" or 東洋鬼子 dōngyáng guǐzi, "east ocean devil") or Europeans (洋鬼子 yáng guǐzi, "ocean devil").

Laowai (老外 lǎowài, "old foreigner" or "old outsider"), in Mandarin, is a word usually used for Europeans, and is a less pejorative term than guizi. Also, cf. ang mo (Chinese: 紅毛; pinyin: hóng máo; POJ: âng-mo) meaning "red hair" (Hokkien).

Also, in Mandarin, xiaogui (Chinese: 小鬼; pinyin: xiǎoguǐ; literally: "little ghost") is a common term for child. Based on that usage, some argue that (Chinese: 鬼; pinyin: guǐ) in Mandarin is just a neutral word that describes non-expectable or something hard to predict.

In popular culture

Comics

Film

Games

Literature

Television

According to CFMT-TV, "Gwei Lo" was used as "a self-deprecating term of endearment".[14] Others, however, particularly foreigners living in Hong Kong, and non-Chinese subjected to the term in Vancouver and Toronto, find it to be demeaning and/or racist. However, it is also used by some non-Chinese (sometimes jocularly) to address themselves in the context of experiencing discrimination by Chinese towards them.

Theatre

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Yu, Irene (7 November 2006). "MP shouldn't generalize". Richmond News. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  2. ↑ Brown, Jules. Gardner, Dinah. Hong Kong and Macau, 2002. Rough Guides publishing. ISBN 978-1-85828-872-7. p 399
  3. ↑ Patrick J. Cummings; Hans-Georg Wolf (2011). A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor. Hong Kong University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9789888083305.
  4. 1 2 3 Lafayette De Mente, Boyé (2000). The Chinese Have a Word for It: The Complete Guide to Chinese Thought and Culture. McGraw-Hill. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-658-01078-1.
  5. ↑ Judith T. Zeitlin (2007). The Phantom Heroine: Ghosts and Gender in Seventheenth-century Chinese Literature. University of Hawaii Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0824830915.
  6. ↑ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society. Hong Kong University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-9888028542.
  7. ↑ David Leffman; Jules Brown (2009). The Rough Guide to Hong Kong & Macau (7th ed.). Rough Guides. p. 338. ISBN 978-1848361881.
  8. ↑ Patrick J. Cummings; Hans-Georg Wolf (2011). A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 9789888083305.
  9. ↑ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gweilo
  10. 1 2 Yip, Virginia; Matthews, Stephen (2001). Intermediate Cantonese: A Grammar and Workbook. London: Routledge. pp. 168–70. ISBN 0-415-19387-7.
  11. ↑ Oriental Expat. Gaijin, Farang, Gweilo - Confused? Retrieved 10 December 2006.
  12. ↑ http://cantonese.hk/wp/2007/11/28/on-the-radio-again/
  13. ↑ CFMT-TV re Gwai Lo Cooking, CBSC Decision 99/00-0220. Decided 6 July 2000
  14. ↑ Appendix to 'CFMT-TV re Gwai Lo Cooking ', CBSC Decision 99/00-0220. Decided 6 July 2000
  15. ↑ South China Morning Post Review, 16 April 2016

External links


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