HTML5 video

The HTML5 specification introduced the video element for the purpose of playing videos,[1] partially replacing the object element. HTML5 video is intended by its creators to become the new standard way to show video on the web, instead of the previous de facto standard of using the proprietary Adobe Flash plugin, though early adoption was hampered by lack of agreement as to which video coding formats and audio coding formats should be supported in web browsers.

History of <video> element

The <video> element was proposed by Opera Software in February 2007.[2] Opera also released a preview build that was showcased the same day,[3][4] and a manifesto that called for video to become a first-class citizen of the web.[5]

<video> element examples

The following HTML5 code fragment will embed a WebM video into a web page.

<video src="movie.webm" poster="movie.jpg" controls>
	This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.
</video>

The "controls" attribute enables the browser's own user interface for controlling playback. Alternatively, playback can be controlled with JavaScript, which the web designer can use to create a custom user interface. The optional "poster" attribute specifies an image to show in the video's place before playback is started. Its purpose is to be representative of the video.

Multiple sources

Video format support varies among browsers (see below), so a web page can provide video in multiple formats. For other features, browser sniffing is used sometimes, which may be error-prone: any web developer's knowledge of browsers will inevitably be incomplete or not up-to-date. The browser in question "knows best" what formats it can use. The "video" element supports fallback through specification of multiple sources. Using any number of <source> elements, as shown below, the browser will choose automatically which file to download. Alternatively, the JavaScript canPlayType() function can be used to achieve the same. The "type" attribute specifies the MIME type and possibly a list of codecs, which helps the browser to determine whether it can decode the file. Even with only one choice, such hints may be necessary to a browser for querying its multimedia framework for third party codecs.

<video poster="movie.jpg" controls>
	<source src="movie.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8.0, vorbis"'>
	<source src="movie.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"'>
	<source src="movie.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'>
	<p>This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.</p>
</video>

Supported video and audio formats

The HTML5 specification does not specify which video and audio formats browsers should support. User agents are free to support any video formats they feel are appropriate, but content authors cannot assume that any video will be accessible by all complying user agents, since user agents have no minimal set of video and audio formats to support.

The HTML5 Working Group considered it desirable to specify at least one video format which all user agents (browsers) should support. The ideal format in this regard would:

Initially, Ogg Theora was the recommended standard video format in HTML5, because it was not affected by any known patents. But on December 10, 2007, the HTML5 specification was updated,[6] replacing the reference to concrete formats:

User agents should support Theora video and Vorbis audio, as well as the Ogg container format.

with a placeholder:[7]

It would be helpful for interoperability if all browsers could support the same codecs. However, there are no known codecs that satisfy all the current players: we need a codec that is known to not require per-unit or per-distributor licensing, that is compatible with the open source development model, that is of sufficient quality as to be usable, and that is not an additional submarine patent risk for large companies. This is an ongoing issue and this section will be updated once more information is available.[8]

The result has been the polarisation of HTML5 video between industry-standard, ISO-defined but patented formats, and free, open formats.

Free formats

See also: Theora and WebM

Although Theora is not affected by known non-free patents, Apple[9] has expressed concern about unknown patents that might affect it, whose owners might be waiting for a corporation with extensive financial resources to use the format before suing.[10][11] Formats like H.264 might also be subject to unknown patents in principle, but they have been deployed much more widely and so it is presumed that any patent-holders would have already made themselves known. Apple has also opposed requiring Ogg format support in the HTML standard (even as a "should" requirement) on the grounds that some devices might support other formats much more easily, and that HTML has historically not required particular formats for anything.[11]

Some web developers criticized the removal of the Ogg formats from the specification.[12] A follow-up discussion also occurred on the W3C questions and answers blog.[13]

Mozilla and Opera support only the open formats of Theora and WebM. Google stated its intention to remove support for H.264 in 2011, specifically for the HTML5 video tag.[14] Although it has been removed from Chromium, As of November 2016 it has yet to be removed from Google Chrome five years later.[15][16]

MPEG-DASH Support via the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE)

The adaptive bitrate streaming standard MPEG-DASH can be used in Web browsers via the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE)[17] and JavaScript-based DASH players. Such players are, e.g., the open-source project dash.js[17] of the DASH Industry Forum, but there are also products such as bitdash of bitmovin[18] (using HTML5 with JavaScript, but also a Flash-based DASH players for legacy Web browsers not supporting the HTML5 MSE).

Google's purchase of On2

Google's acquisition of On2 in 2010 resulted in its acquisition of the VP8 video format. Google has provided a royalty-free license to use VP8.[19] Google also started WebM, which combines the standardized open source VP8 video codec with Vorbis audio in a Matroska based container. The opening of VP8 was welcomed by the Free Software Foundation.[20]

When Google announced in January 2011 that it would end native support of H.264 in Chrome,[21] criticism came from many quarters including Peter Bright of Ars Technica[22] and Microsoft web evangelist Tim Sneath, who compared Google's move to declaring Esperanto the official language of the United States.[23] However, Haavard Moen of Opera Software strongly criticized the Ars Technica article[24] and Google responded to the reaction by clarifying its intent to promote WebM in its products on the basis of openness.[14]

After the launch of WebM, Mozilla and Opera have called for the inclusion of VP8 in HTML.[25]

On March 7, 2013, Google Inc. and MPEG LA, LLC announced agreements covering techniques that "may be essential" to VP8, with Google receiving a license from MPEG LA and 11 patent holders, and MPEG LA ending its efforts to form a VP8 patent pool.[26][27][28][29]

Non-free formats

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is widely used, and has good speed, compression, hardware decoders, and video quality, but is patent-encumbered.[30] Users of H.264 need licenses either from the individual patent holders, or from the MPEG LA, a group of patent holders including Microsoft and Apple, except for some Internet broadcast video uses.[31] H.264 is usually used in the MP4 container format, together with Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) audio. AAC is also patented in itself, so users of MP4 will have to license both H.264 and AAC.

In June 2009, the WHATWG concluded that no existing format was suitable as a specified requirement.[32]

Apple still only supports H.264, but Microsoft now supports VP9 and WebM, and has pledged support for AV1.

Cisco makes a licensed H.264 binary module available for free

Main article: OpenH264

On October 30, 2013, Cisco announced that they were making a binary H.264 module available for download. Cisco will pay the costs of patent licensing for those binary modules when downloaded by the using software while it is being installed, making H.264 free to use in that specific case.[33]

In the announcement, Cisco cited its desire of furthering the use of the WebRTC project as the reason, since WebRTC's video chat feature will benefit from having a video format supported in all browsers.[34] The H.264 module will be available on "all popular or feasibly supportable platforms, which can be loaded into any application".[35]

Cisco is also planning to publish source code for those modules under BSD license, but without paying the royalties,[33] so the code will practically be free software only in countries without H.264 software patents, which has already been true about other existing implementations.

Also on October 30, 2013, Mozilla's Brendan Eich announced that Firefox would automatically download Cisco's H.264 module when needed by default. He also noted that the binary module is not a perfect solution, since users do not have full free software rights to "modify, recompile, and redistribute without license agreements or fees". Thus Xiph and Mozilla continue the development of Daala.[35][36]

OpenH264 only supports the baseline profile of H.264, and does not by itself address the need for an AAC decoder. Therefore, it is not considered sufficient for typical MP4 web video, which is typically in the high profile with AAC audio.[37][38][39] However, for use in WebRTC, the omission of AAC was justified in the release announcement: "the standards bodies have aligned on Opus and G.711 as the common audio codecs for WebRTC".[34] There is doubt as to whether a capped global licensing of AAC, like Cisco's for H.264, is feasible after AAC's licensing bureau removed the price cap shortly after the release of OpenH264.[40]

Browser support

This table shows which video formats are likely to be supported by a given user agent. Most of the browsers listed here use a multimedia framework for decoding and display of video, instead of incorporating such software components. It is not generally possible to tell the set of formats supported by a multimedia framework without querying it, because that depends on the operating system and third party codecs.[41] In these cases, video format support is an attribute of the framework, not the browser (or its layout engine), assuming the browser properly queries its multimedia framework before rejecting unknown video formats. In some cases, the support listed here is not a function of either codecs available within the operating system's underlying media framework, or of codec capabilities built into the browser, but rather could be by a browser add-on that might, for example, bypass the browser's normal HTML parsing of the <video> tag to embed a plug-in based video player.

Note that a video file normally contains both video and audio content, each encoded in its own format. The browser has to support both the video and audio formats. See HTML5 audio for a table of which audio formats are supported by each browser.

The video format can be specified by MIME type in HTML (see example). MIME types are used for querying multimedia frameworks for supported formats.[42]

Of these browsers, only Firefox and Opera employ libraries for built-in decoding. In practice, Internet Explorer and Safari can also guarantee certain format support, because their manufacturers also make their multimedia frameworks. At the other end of the scale, Konqueror has identical format support to Internet Explorer when run on Windows, and Safari when run on Mac, but the selected support here for Konqueror is the typical for GNU/Linux, where Konqueror has most of its users. In general, the format support of browsers is much dictated by conflicting interests of vendors, specifically that Media Foundation and QuickTime support commercial standards, whereas GStreamer and Phonon cannot legally support other than free formats by default on the free operating systems that they are intended for.[43]

Status of video format support in each web browser
Browser Theora H.264 (MP4) HEVC (MP4) VP8 (WebM) VP9 (WebM)
Android browser Since 2.3[44] Since 3.0[44] No[45] Since 2.3[44] Since 4.4[46]
Chromium Since r18297[47] Via a plugin[48][49] No[50] Since r47759[51] Since r172738[52]
Google Chrome Since 3.0[53][54] Since 3.0[54][lower-alpha 1] No[45] Since 6.0[56][57] Since 29.0[lower-alpha 2]
Internet Explorer Via OpenCodecs Since 9.0[60] No[45] Via OpenCodecs No
No Since 9.0[61] No
Since 10.0[61]
Microsoft Edge No[62] Since 12.0[63] Needs hardware decoder[lower-alpha 3] No Yes[66]
No Since 13.0[67] Needs hardware decoder[lower-alpha 3] No Yes[66]
Konqueror Needs OS-level codecs[lower-alpha 4]
Mozilla Firefox Since 3.5[69] Since 21.0[lower-alpha 5] No[45] Since 4.0[72][73] Since 28.0[74][75]
Since 22.0[76]
Since 46.0[77]
26.0 (via GStreamer)[lower-alpha 6]
43.0 (via FFmpeg)[80]
Since 17.0[81]
Since 34.0[82]
Since 1.1[83]
Opera Mobile Since 13.0 Since 11.50 No[84] Since 15.0 Since 16.0
Opera Since 10.50[85] Since 24.0[86] Since 10.60[87][88] Yes
Safari No Since 3.1[89][90] No[45] No No
Via Xiph QuickTime Components Via a plugin[91]
Web Needs OS-level codecs[lower-alpha 7]
Notes
  1. ↑ On 11 January 2011 the removal of support for H.264 was announced on Chromium Blog.[55] As of 7 November 2016 neither actual support was removed, nor the change to this plan was announced.
  2. ↑ VP9 support in 25, turned off by default.[58] Enabled by default in version 29.[59]
  3. 1 2 Available if the device has hardware support for HEVC.[64] No software decoding support was included because "HEVC is very computationally complex, this will provide a more consistent experience."[65]
  4. ↑ Any format supported by Phonon on Qt 4.5.[68] Any format supported by Phonon backend. Available Phonon backends include DirectShow, QuickTime, GStreamer and xine; backends using MPlayer and VLC are in development.
  5. ↑ As of version 20, prefed off by default.[70] Enabled by default beginning in version 21.[71]
  6. ↑ Disabled by default until version 26.[78] Also, depends on the codec on the system.[79]
  7. ↑ Any format supported by GStreamer on Webkit/GTK+.[92] The support for Ogg Theora, WebM and h.264 formats is included with base, good, and bad plugins respectively.[93]

Digital rights management (Encrypted Media Extensions)

HTML has support for digital rights management (DRM, restricting how content can be used) via the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). The addition of DRM is controversial because it allows restricting users' freedom to use media restricted by DRM, even where fair use gives users the legal right to do so.[94] A main argument in W3C's approval of EME was that the video content would otherwise be delivered in plugins and apps, and not in the web browser.[95]

In 2013 Netflix added support for HTML5 video using EME, beside their old delivery method using a Silverlight plugin (also with DRM).[96]

Usage

In 2010, in the wake of Apple iPad launch and after Steve Jobs announced that Apple mobile devices would not support Flash, a number of high-profile sites began to serve H.264 HTML5 video instead of Adobe Flash for user-agents identifying as iPad.[97] HTML5 video was not as widespread as Flash videos, though there were rollouts of experimental HTML5-based video players from DailyMotion (using Ogg Theora and Vorbis format),[98] YouTube (using the H.264 and WebM formats),[99] and Vimeo (using the H.264 format).[100]

Support for HTML5 video has been steadily increasing. In June 2013, Netflix added support for HTML5 video.[101] In January 2015, YouTube switched to using HTML5 video instead of Flash by default.[102] In December 2015, Facebook switched from Flash to HTML5 for all video content.[103]

As of 2016, Flash is still widely installed on desktops, while generally not being supported on mobile devices such as smartphones.[104] The Flash plugin is widely assumed, including by Adobe,[104][105] to be destined to be phased out,[106][107] which will leave HTML5 video as the only widely supported method to play video on the World Wide Web. Chrome[108] and Firefox,[109] two of the three most popular web browsers, have plans to make all flash content click to play in 2017, which will presumably make HTML5 video comparatively much more attractive.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The video element". HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML. World Wide Web Consortium. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27. A video element is used for playing videos or movies.
  2. ↑ van Kesteren, Anne (28 February 2007). "[whatwg] <video> element proposal". What Working Group (Mailing list). Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  3. ↑ "Browser War: Episode II – Attack of the DOMs". Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  4. ↑ "SV Web Builders Event – World Premier of Opera with builtin video support". Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  5. ↑ "A Call for Video on the Web". Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  6. ↑ Hickson, Ian (10 December 2007). "Video codec requirements changed". What WG (Mailing list). Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  7. ↑ "(X)HTML5 Tracking". HTML5. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  8. ↑ Amador, Manuel (2011-12-11). "Removal of Ogg is *preposterous*". WHATWG (Mailing list). Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  9. ↑ "Steve Jobs: mystery patent pool to attack Ogg Theora". The Register. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  10. ↑ Hickson, Ian (2007-12-11). "Re: Removal of Ogg is *preposterous*". WHATWG (Mailing list). Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  11. 1 2 Stachowiak, Maciej (2007-03-21). "Codecs (was Re: Apple Proposal for Timed Media Elements)". WHATWG (Mailing list).
  12. ↑ "[whatwg] Removal of Ogg is *preposterous*". WHATWG (Mailing list). 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  13. ↑ Connolly, Dan (December 18, 2007). "When will HTML 5 support <video>? Sooner if you help". W3C. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  14. 1 2 Jazayeri, Michael 'Mike' (2011-01-14). "More about the Chrome HTML Video Codec Change". Chromium blog.
  15. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (2012-03-14). "Mozilla execs capitulate in H.264 Web-video war". CNET.
  16. ↑ Hoffman, Chris (2015-09-09). "Why YouTube in Chrome (and Firefox) is Draining Your Laptop's Battery and How to Fix It". Howtogeek.
  17. 1 2 HTML5 MSE
  18. ↑ bitdash MPEG-DASH Player (HTML5 & Flash) www.dash-player.com
  19. ↑ Google. "Additional IP Rights Grant (Patents)". Google.
  20. ↑ Lee, Matt (May 19, 2010). "Free Software Foundation statement on WebM and VP8". FSF.
  21. ↑ Jazayeri, Michael 'Mike'. "HTML Video Codec Support in Chrome". The Chromium Blog.
  22. ↑ Bright, Peter (2011-01-12). "Google's dropping H.264 from Chrome a step backward for openness". Ars Technica.
  23. ↑ Sneath, Tim (2011-01-11). "An Open Letter from the President of the United States of Google". MSDN blogs.
  24. ↑ Moen, Haavard K (2011-01-13). "Is the removal of H.264 from Chrome a step backward for openness?". My Opera.
  25. ↑ Metz, Cade (2010-05-28). "Mozilla and Opera call for Google open codec in HTML5 spec". The Register.
  26. ↑ djwm (2013-03-07). "Google and MPEG LA make a deal over VP8 codec - Update". The H Open. Heise Media UK. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  27. ↑ http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/88/n-13-03-07.pdf
  28. ↑ "VP8 and MPEG LA". WebM Project blog. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  29. ↑ http://www.fosspatents.com/2013/03/patent-clouds-remain-over-vp8-google.html
  30. ↑ "AVC/H.264 Patent List" (PDF). MPEG LA. 2010-02-01.
  31. ↑ AVC/H.264 Licensors, MPEG LA
  32. ↑ Hickson, Ian (2009-06-29). "Codecs for = "spec and ite web". WHATWG (Mailing list).
  33. 1 2 http://www.openh264.org/faq.html
  34. 1 2 "Open-Sourced H.264 Removes Barriers to WebRTC". Cisco. 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  35. 1 2 Brendan Eich (2013-10-30). "Cisco's H.264 Good News". Brendan Eich's blog.
  36. ↑ Monty Montgomery. "Comments on Cisco, Mozilla, and H.264". Monty Montgomery blog.
  37. ↑ Gal, Andreas (2014-10-14). "OpenH264 now in Firefox". Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  38. ↑ "MediaSourceExtensions (mozilla wiki)". mozilla. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  39. ↑ "Support H.264/AAC/MP3 video/audio playback on desktop Firefox". mozilla. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  40. ↑ http://xiphmont.livejournal.com/63152.html
  41. ↑ "Phonon documentation of backends", Qt, Nokia, retrieved 2011-06-03
  42. ↑ "Phonon documentation of querying", Qt, Nokia, retrieved 2011-06-03
  43. ↑ GNU General Public License Version 3, Free Software Foundation, 29 June 2007, retrieved 2013-04-27
  44. 1 2 3 Kyrnin, Jennifer, Understanding HTML5 Video Formats, About, retrieved 2012-01-01
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 "Apple Supports H.265, But So Far Only in FaceTime on an iPhone 6".
  46. ↑ "Android Core media format and codec support.". Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  47. ↑ Issue 4363: [HTML5-Video] Enable HTML5 video/audio elements, Google, retrieved 2010-09-10
  48. ↑ enable proprietary_codecs h.264, retrieved 2016-04-30
  49. ↑ Chromium does not support H.264, retrieved 2016-04-30
  50. ↑ Audio/Video - The Chromium Projects, Google, retrieved 2016-03-21
  51. ↑ "Issue 2093007: Chromium side changes for enabling VP8 and WebM support", Code review, Google, retrieved 2010-09-10
  52. ↑ http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome?view=rev&revision=172738
  53. ↑ "Google Chrome support Theora and Vorbis", Code, Google, 2010-05-20
  54. 1 2 Google Chrome 3.0 will support <video> tag, FR: C net
  55. ↑ Mike, Jazayeri (11 January 2011). "Chromium Blog: HTML Video Code Support in Chrome". The Chromium Blog. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  56. ↑ Bankoski, Jim (2010-05-19), "WebM and VP8 land in Chromium", Chromium (World Wide Web log), Google
  57. ↑ Kersey, Jason (2010-06-03), "Dev Channel Update", Chrome Releases, Google, retrieved 2010-07-01
  58. ↑ Chrome Adds Support for the Next-Generation VP9 Video Codec and Mozilla's Opus Audio
  59. ↑ Chrome Now Supports Google's Next-Gen VP9 Video Codec by Default
  60. ↑ McCracken, Harry (2010-03-16), Microsoft Previews the Revamped Internet Explorer 9 Platform, Technologizer
  61. 1 2 HTML5 Video Support in IE9 Mobile, Microsoft, 2011-10-13, retrieved 2014-03-11
  62. ↑ http://dev.modern.ie/platform/status/theoravideocodec/
  63. ↑ http://html5test.com/compare/browser/ie-Edge.html
  64. ↑ https://wpdev.uservoice.com/forums/257854-microsoft-edge-developer/suggestions/10311075-hevc-support
  65. ↑ https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/insider/forum/insider_apps-insider_wmp/windows-10-hevc-playback-yes-or-no/3c1ab780-a6b2-4b77-ac0f-9faeefd4680d
  66. 1 2 https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/status/vp9videoplayback
  67. ↑ http://html5test.com/compare/browser/wp-10.html
  68. ↑ Vestbø, Tor Arne (2008-05-13), Top Secret, Hush Hush!, Nokia, retrieved 2010-03-14
  69. ↑ Firefox 3.5 (release notes), Mozilla, 2009-06-30, retrieved 2010-02-15
  70. ↑ Bug 799315 – Windows Media Foundation backend for media playback, Mozilla, retrieved 2012-12-21
  71. ↑ Bug 837859 – Enable WMF backend, Mozilla, retrieved 2013-04-05
  72. ↑ Bug 566243 – Merge mozilla-webmedia repository to mozilla-central, Mozilla
  73. ↑ Firefox Nightly Builds, Mozilla
  74. ↑ [Phoronix] Mozilla Firefox Enables VP9 Video Codec By Default, Phoronix, retrieved 2013-12-08
  75. ↑ http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/28.0/releasenotes/
  76. ↑ Bug 825153 - Add support for Windows Vista WMF and prepend the system32 directory path to dll names, Mozilla, retrieved 2013-03-28
  77. ↑ Bug 1250766 - Re-enable using Adobe GMP for decoding when system H.264/AAC codecs not available, Mozilla, retrieved 2016-04-30
  78. ↑ Bug 886181 - Pref on gstreamer backend, Mozilla, retrieved 2013-09-21
  79. ↑ Bug 794282 - Enable GStreamer in official builds, Mozilla, retrieved 2013-06-23
  80. ↑ Bug 1207429 - Enable FFMpeg by default, Mozilla, retrieved 2015-10-30
  81. ↑ http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/mozilla-ships-firefox-with-h-264-support-on-android/
  82. ↑ Bug 1070703 - Add mp4 support in 10.6 and 10.7 on Aurora, Mozilla, retrieved 2014-10-02
  83. ↑ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/Apps/Build/Audio_and_video_delivery/H.264_support_in_Firefox
  84. ↑ http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/The-Case-for-VP9-100833.aspx
  85. ↑ Jägenstedt, Philip (2009-12-31), "(re-)Introducing <video>" (official blog), Core developers, Opera, retrieved 2010-02-06
  86. ↑ http://blogs.opera.com/desktop/changelog-24/
  87. ↑ Lie, Håkon Wium (2010-05-19), Welcome, WebM <video>!, Opera
  88. ↑ Mills, Chris (2010-05-19), Opera supports the WebM video format, Opera
  89. ↑ "HTML5 video formats", Web design, About.
  90. ↑ "Media formats supported by the HTML audio and video elements", Developer, Mozilla.
  91. ↑ "WebM plugin available", Code, Google, retrieved 2011-06-23
  92. ↑ Persch, Christian (April 1, 2008), "The Future of Epiphany" (announcement), epiphany mailing list-list
  93. ↑ "Overview of available plug-ins", GStreamer, retrieved 2012-07-04
  94. ↑ http://www.defectivebydesign.org/sign-on-against-drm-in-html
  95. ↑ http://www.infoworld.com/article/2612478/html5/berners-lee-and-w3c-approve-html5-video-drm-additions.html?page=2
  96. ↑ http://techblog.netflix.com/2013/04/html5-video-at-netflix.html
  97. ↑ "iPad-ready websites". Apple. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  98. ↑ "Watch Video…without Flash". Dailymotion. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  99. ↑ Carle, Kevin; Zacharias, Chris (2010-01-20). "Introducing YouTube HTML5 Supported Videos". Youtube. Google. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  100. ↑ Dougherty, Brad (2010-01-21). "Try our new HTML5 player!". Vimeo. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  101. ↑ http://www.extremetech.com/computing/159960-netflix-switches-from-silverlight-to-html5-in-windows-8-1-reduces-cpu-usage-dramatically
  102. ↑ http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/27/7926001/youtube-drops-flash-for-html5-video-default
  103. ↑ http://www.theverge.com/2015/12/18/10623738/facebook-now-using-html5-all-videos
  104. 1 2 http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/08/availability-of-adobes-flash-browser-plugin-discontinued-on-android/
  105. ↑ http://www.cio.com/article/2376661/internet/how-adobe-is-moving-on-from-flash-to-embrace-html5.html
  106. ↑ http://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/09/01/adobe-flash-just-took-another-step-towards-death-thanks-to-google/
  107. ↑ http://www.wired.com/2015/07/adobe-flash-player-die/
  108. ↑ https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!searchin/chromium-dev/HTML5$20by$20default/chromium-dev/0wWoRRhTA_E/__E3jf40OAAJ
  109. ↑ https://blog.mozilla.org/futurereleases/2016/07/20/reducing-adobe-flash-usage-in-firefox/

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.