Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster

His Grace
The Duke of Westminster
KG PC JP
Master of the Horse
In office
3 May 1880 – 9 June 1885
Monarch Queen Victoria
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by The Earl of Bradford
Succeeded by The Earl of Bradford
Personal details
Born 13 October 1825 (1825-10-13)
Died 22 December 1899 (1899-12-23) (aged 74)
Nationality British
Political party Liberal
Spouse(s) (1) Lady Constance Leveson-Gower (d. 1880)
(2) Hon. Katherine Cavendish (1857–1941)
Alma mater University of Oxford

Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster, KG, PC, JP (13 October 1825 – 22 December 1899), styled Viscount Belgrave between 1831 and 1845 and Earl Grosvenor between 1845 and 1869 and known as The Marquess of Westminster between 1869 and 1874, was an English landowner, politician and racehorse owner. He inherited the estate of Eaton Hall in Cheshire and land in Mayfair and Belgravia, London, and spent much of his fortune in developing these properties. Although he was a member of parliament from the age of 22, and then a member of the House of Lords, his main interests were not in politics, but rather in his estates, in horse racing, and in country pursuits. He developed the stud at Eaton Hall and achieved success in racing his horses, winning the Derby on four occasions. Grosvenor also took an interest in a range of charities. At his death he was considered to be the richest man in Britain.

Personal life

Hugh Lupus Grosvenor was the second and eldest surviving son of Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster and Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, the younger daughter of George Leveson-Gower, the 2nd Marquess of Stafford and later the 1st Duke of Sutherland. He was educated at Eton College and, until 1847, at Balliol College, Oxford. He left Oxford without taking a degree to become Member of Parliament (MP) for Chester. This seat had been held by his uncle, Robert Grosvenor (later the 1st Baron Ebury), who decided to move to one of the two unopposed Middlesex seats. In 1851 he toured India and Ceylon. The following year, on 28 April, he married his first cousin, Lady Constance Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, the fourth daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland;[1] at the time of the wedding she was aged 17.[2] The wedding was held in the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace, London, and was attended by Queen Victoria and Albert.[1] Constance's mother had been Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria and a "favourite" of the queen.[2] Their first child, a son, was born in 1853, and Queen Victoria became his godmother. By 1874 the couple had eleven children, eight of whom survived into adulthood; five sons and three daughters.[1]

In 1880 Constance died from Bright's disease (nephritis). Two years later, in June 1882, Grosvenor married Katherine Caroline, the third daughter of the 2nd Baron Chesham and Henrietta Frances Lascelles, who was then aged 24; she was younger than the duke's eldest son and two of his daughters. They had four children, two sons and two daughters.[1]

Political and public life

Caricature of Grosvenor by Carlo Pellegrini in Vanity Fair, 1870

Grosvenor was elected as Whig MP for Chester in 1847 and continued to represent that constituency until, on the death of his father in 1869, he succeeded as 3rd Marquess of Westminster and entered the House of Lords. His maiden speech in the Commons was made in 1851 in a debate on disorders in Ceylon, shortly following his tour of the country. Otherwise he took little interest in the affairs of the House of Commons until 1866 when he expressed his opposition to Gladstone's Reform Bill. This played a part in Gladstone's resignation, the election of the Conservative Derby government and Disraeli's Second Reform Act. The relationship between Grosvenor and Gladstone later improved and in Gladstone's resignation honours in 1874, Grosvenor was created the 1st Duke of Westminster. When Gladstone became Prime Minister again in 1880, he appointed Grosvenor as Master of the Horse, a position appropriate to his interests in horse racing but "not an actively political office".[1] In the 1880s Grosvenor disagreed with Gladstone again, this time about Home Rule for Ireland. During this dispute, Grosvenor sold his portrait of Gladstone that had been painted by Millais. Ten years later they were again reconciled when they both opposed atrocities by the Turks against the Armenians.[3] When Gladstone died in 1898, Grosvenor presided over a Gladstone National Memorial committee that commissioned statues of him, and rebuilt Gladstone's St Deiniol's Library at Hawarden in north Wales.[1]

In 1860 Grosvenor formed the Queen's Westminster Rifle Volunteers and became its Lieutenant Colonel. He led the Cheshire Yeomanry as Colonel Commandant from 1869.[4] He also supported charities; at one time or another, he was the president of five London hospitals, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, the Gardeners' Royal Beneficent Association, the Hampstead Heath Protection Society, the Early Closing Association, the United Committee for the Demoralization of Native Races by the Liquor Traffic, and the Royal Agricultural Society. He was a member of the Council for the Promotion of Cremation; at that time cremation was unpopular with the Church.[1] Grosvenor was chairman of the Queen's Jubilee Nursing Fund, an organisation that provided district nurses for the sick poor, through which he became associated with Florence Nightingale.[5] In 1883 he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire, and when the London County Council was created in 1888, he became the first Lord Lieutenant of the County of London.[1]

Development of the estates

Eaton Hall as designed by Alfred Waterhouse
St Mary's Church, Eccleston as designed by G. F. Bodley

The seat of the Grosvenor country estate is at Eaton Hall in Cheshire. When Grosvenor inherited the estate it was worth at least £152,000 (equivalent to £12,660,000 as of 2015),[6] a year. After inheriting the estate, one of his first acts was to commission a statue of his namesake, the Norman Hugh Lupus, who had been the 1st Earl of Chester, from G. F. Watts, to stand in the forecourt of the hall.[1] In 1870 Grosvenor commissioned Alfred Waterhouse to design a new house to replace the previous hall designed by William Porden and extended by William Burn. The core of the previous hall was retained, parts were completely rebuilt and other parts were refaced and remodelled. A private wing was built as a residence for the family, and this was connected to the main hall by a corridor. Waterhouse also designed Eaton Chapel and its associated clocktower, and redesigned the stables.[7] It is said that the hall's guests "were not greatly amused" by the carillon of 28 bells that played 28 tunes and sounded every quarter of the hour during the day and the night.[1] The work took 12 years to complete and it cost £803,000 (equivalent to £72,940,000 as of 2015).[2][6] The hall has been described as "the most ambitious instance of Gothic Revival domestic architecture anywhere in the country",[7] and as "a vast, cheerless, Gothic structure".[1]

Grosvenor in about 1878

Grosvenor paid for many buildings on his estates. He was a patron of the Chester architect John Douglas. Douglas' biographer, Edward Hubbard, estimated that the duke commissioned four churches and chapels, eight large houses, about 15 schools and institutions, about 50 farms (in whole or part), about 300 cottages, lodges, smithies and the like, two cheese factories, two inns, and about 12 commercial buildings (for most of which Douglas was the architect) – and these were just the buildings in the city of Chester and on the Eaton estate.[8] He commissioned G. F. Bodley to rebuild St Mary's Church in his Cheshire estate village of Eccleston, which was completed in 1899, the year of his death.[9] He also spent money on Grosvenor House in London and Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, which he had inherited on the death of his mother-in-law. He built shooting lodges on sporting estates in Sutherland, in Scotland, that he rented from his cousin, the Duke of Sutherland.[1]

The Grosvenor wealth came mainly from the ground rents of Mayfair and Belgravia in London; these grew from about £115,000 (equivalent to £9,920,000 as of 2015) in 1870 to about £250,000 (equivalent to £25,380,000 as of 2015)[6] annually in 1899. He oversaw much rebuilding in Mayfair and commissioned architects, such as Norman Shaw, Aston Webb and Alfred Waterhouse to design new buildings. He held his own opinions on architectural styles and decoration, favouring the Queen Anne style rather than the Italianate stucco preferred by his father; for red brick and terracotta; for stucco to be painted bright orange, and railings in chocolate or red; and for Oxford Street to be paved with wooden blocks. He opposed the use of telegraph poles and wires, and would not allow any building work during the London season. He encouraged the provision of more urinals, both on his estates and in London generally, and has been described as a "one-man planning and enforcement officer".[1]

Personality and personal interests

The duke's Orme by Holland Tringham, trained by John Porter at Kingsclere. (Illustrated London News, May 1892).

Grosvenor's major interest was in horse racing. In 1875 he established a racing stable at Eaton, eventually employing 30 grooms and boys, with two or three stallions and about 20 breeding mares. He regarded this, not so much as an extravagance, but rather as an aristocratic duty. He never gambled or placed a bet on any of his horses. In 1880, one of his horses, Bend Or, ridden by Fred Archer, won the Derby, and he had more Derby successes in 1882, 1886, and 1899. With his successes and sale of horses, it is considered possible that this enterprise was self-financing. Grosvenor took an interest in the country pursuits of deer stalking and shooting, both in the Scottish Highlands and on his Cheshire estate and added to the family's art collection. Grosvenor was teetotal and a supporter of temperance. In his Mayfair estate he reduced the number of public houses and beerhouses from 47 to eight.[1]

Final year and death

In 1899, the last year of his life, he supported the Seats for Shops Assistants Bill (to reduce cruelty to women employees), stalked a stag in Scotland, shot 65 snipe in 1½ hours in Aldford on his Cheshire estate, and attended the wedding of one of his granddaughters.[10] Later that year, while visiting the same granddaughter in Cranborne, Dorset, he developed bronchitis, from which he died.

He was cremated in Woking Crematorium and his ashes were buried in the churchyard of Eccleston Church, Cheshire. The 1st Duke of Westminster had two cenotaphs erected in his honour, one in the Grosvenor Chapel of Eccleston Church and another in the south transept of Chester Cathedral.

He was succeeded as Duke of Westminster by his grandson, Hugh. At his death he was "reputedly the wealthiest man in Britain"; his estate for the purposes of probate was £594,229 (equivalent to £60.3 million as of 2015),[6] and his real estate (entailed therefore not included in his personal estate under the law of that time) was valued at about £6,000,000.[1]

Family

The eight children from the first marriage who survived into adulthood were:

Grosvenor in about 1855

The four children from his second marriage were:

Styles of address

  1. ↑ Although The Marquess/Duke of Westminster is the 10th Grosvenor Baronet of Eaton, by custom the post-nominal of Bt is omitted, since Peers of the Realm do not list subsidiary hereditary titles.


References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Thompson, F. M. L., (2004) (online edition 2006) 'Grosvenor, Hugh Lupus, first duke of Westminster (1825–1899)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 26 April 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  2. 1 2 3 Newton & Lumby 2002, p. 27.
  3. ↑ Newton & Lumby 2002, pp. 36–37.
  4. ↑ Newton & Lumby 2002, p. 29.
  5. ↑ Newton & Lumby 2002, p. 36.
  6. 1 2 3 4 UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
  7. 1 2 Anon. (2002), Eaton Halls, Eaton: Eaton Estate, p. 6
  8. ↑ Hubbard 1991, pp. 63–64.
  9. ↑ Pevsner & Hubbard 2003, p. 213.
  10. ↑ Newton & Lumby 2002, p. 37.
  11. 1 2 Lundy, Darryl (2010), Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster, thePeerage.com, p. 10855, retrieved 7 June 2010

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Lord Robert Grosvenor
Sir John Jervis		 Member of Parliament for Chester
1847–1869
With: Sir John Jervis 1847–1850
William Owen Stanley 1850–1857
Enoch Gibbon Salisbury 1857–1859
Philip Stapleton Humberston 1859–1865
William Henry Gladstone 1865–1868
Henry Cecil Raikes 1868–1869		 Succeeded by
Henry Cecil Raikes
Norman de L'Aigle Grosvenor
Political offices
Preceded by
The Earl of Bradford		 Master of the Horse
1880–1885 		Succeeded by
The Earl of Bradford
Honorary titles
Preceded by
William Tatton Egerton		 Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire
1883–1899 		Succeeded by
The Earl Egerton
New office Lord Lieutenant of the County of London
1889–1899 		Succeeded by
The Duke of Fife
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Duke of Westminster
1874–1899 		Succeeded by
Hugh Grosvenor
Preceded by
Richard Grosvenor		 Marquess of Westminster
1869–1899
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