Incirlik Air Base

Incirlik Air Base
İncirlik Hava Üssü
Part of United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)
İncirlik, Adana, Turkey

KC-135R Stratotanker from the Ohio Air National Guard's 121st Air Refueling Wing at Incirlik, Turkey
Incirlik AB
Location of Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
Coordinates 37°00′07″N 035°25′33″E / 37.00194°N 35.42583°E / 37.00194; 35.42583 (Incirlik Air Base)
Site information
Controlled by Turkish Air Force / United States Air Force
Site history
Built 1951
In use 1955–present
Garrison information
Garrison
39th Air Base Wing
Airfield information
Identifiers IATA: UAB, ICAO: LTAG
Elevation 240 feet (73 m) AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
05/23 10,000 feet (3,048 m) Concrete
An aerial view of the airfield at Incirlik Air Base, circa 1987
Composite Recon Track requiring two missions

Incirlik Air Base (Turkish: İncirlik Hava Üssü) (IATA: UAB, ICAO: LTAG) is an air base of slightly more than 3320 ac (1335 ha),[1] located in the İncirlik quarter of the city of Adana, Turkey. The base is within an urban area of 1.7 million people,[2] 10 km (6 mi) east of the city core, and 32 km (20 mi) inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The United States Air Force and the Turkish Air Force are the primary users of the air base, although it is also used by the Royal Air Force and by Royal Saudi Air Force.

Incirlik Air Base is the home of the 10th Air Wing (Ana Jet Üs or AJÜ) of the 2nd Air Force Command (Hava Kuvvet Komutanlığı) of the Turkish Air Force (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri). Other wings of this command are located in Merzifon (LTAP), Malatya/Erhaç (LTAT) and Diyarbakır (LTCC).[3]

Incirlik Air Base has a U.S. Air Force complement of about five thousand airmen, with several hundred airmen from the Royal Air Force and Turkish Air Force also present, as of late 2002. The primary unit stationed at Incirlik Air Base is the 39th Air Base Wing (39 ABW) of the U.S. Air Force. Incirlik Air Base has one 3,048 m (10,000 ft)-long runway,[4][5] located among about 57 hardened aircraft shelters. Tactical nuclear weapons are stored at the base.[6]

Etymology

The word incirlik (pronounced [indʒiɾlik]) means "fig tree grove", in the Turkish language.

History

The decision to build the Incirlik Air Base was made during the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, but construction works began after the end of the Second World War. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction of the Incirlik Air Base in the spring of 1951. The U.S. Air Force initially planned to use the base as an emergency staging and recovery site for medium and heavy bombers. The Turkish General Staff and the U.S. Air Force signed a joint-use agreement for the new Air Base in December 1954. On 21 February 1955, the Air Base was officially named Adana Air Base, with the 7216th Air Base Squadron as the host unit. This Air Base was renamed the "Incirlik Air Base" on 28 February 1958.

Reconnaissance missions from Incirlik

Even the early years of its existence proved the value of the presence of the Incirlik Air Base in Turkey, not only to counter the threat of the communist Soviet Union during the Cold War, but also to responding to crises in the Middle East, such as in Lebanon and Israel.

Project 119L, a public U.S. Air Force weather balloon launching program served as a cover story (misinformation) for the true objective of the Incirlik Air Base: to mount strategic reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union. Under the codename "GENETRIX", these balloon launches were carried out beginning on February 1956.

Following some weather balloon operations, pilots began flying American Lockheed U-2 airplane reconnaissance missions as part of "Operation Overflight" by late 1957, including on nonstop flights back and forth between Incirlik and a NATO Air Base at the Norwegian town Bodø starting in 1958.[7]:47

In addition, U.S. Air Force Boeing RB-47H Stratojets and U.S. Navy P4M-1Q Mercator and A3D-1Q Skywarrior reconnaissance flights operated from here into Soviet-claimed air space over the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and also as far east as Afghanistan.

The Incirlik Air Base was the main U-2 flight base in this entire region beginning in 1956.[7] This was until 1 May 1960, when a volley of about 14 Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missiles shot down the U-2 of the American CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers near Sverdlovsk, Russia, a test site in the Soviet Union's Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) program.

Lebanon crisis

The Lebanon crisis of 1958 arose during the summer of 1958, prompting the President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States to order the U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command "Composite Air Strike Force Bravo" (several squadrons) to fly immediately from the United States to Incirlik. This Composite Air Strike Force consisted of F-100 Super Sabres, B-57 Canberras, RF-101 Voodoos, B-66 Destroyers, along with the supporting WB-66 weather planes. These aircraft and their supporting airmen overwhelmed the facilities of the Incirlik Air Base – which were also supporting air transport planes that carried a U.S. Army infantry battalion from Germany to Lebanon. In the event, the U.S. Army and the U.S. Marine Corps were not involved in ground fighting. The U.S. Air Force warplanes flew non-combat missions to cover allied troop movements, to carry out a show-of-force flights over Lebanon, including over Beirut, aerial reconnaissance flights, and true news and propaganda leaflet drops on Lebanon.

As a part of an effort to bring units with combat experience into the region of Turkey, the U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) inactivated the 7216th Air Base Squadron, which had been promoted to an Air Base Group, and activated the 39th Tactical Group in its place at Incirlik on 1 April 1966. This Air Base Group assumed control of the permanent Air Force support units there, and it hosted the rotational Air Force squadrons that conducted training operations, and also maintained a NATO deterrent air force at the Incirlik Air Base.

As a training site

After the Lebanon crisis, the Tactical Air Command deployed F-100 fighter squadrons on 100-day rotations to Incirlik from the United States. The flying mission at Incirlik further diversified in 1970 when the Turkish Air Force agreed to allow the U.S. Air Forces in Europe to use its air-to-ground missile testing range at 240 km northwest Konya, providing a suitable training area for the warplane squadrons deployed to Incirlik. These units also conducted training at Incirlik’s offshore air-to-air missile range over the Mediterranean Sea.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, except during the Cyprus dispute, many types of U.S. Air Force warplanes, including F-4 Phantom IIs, F-15 Eagles, F-16 Fighting Falcons, F-111 Aardvarks, A-10 Thunderbolt IIs, and the C-130 Hercules were based at Incirlik.

Embargo

In mid-1975, the Turkish government announced that all U.S. military bases in Turkey would be closed and transferred to the Turkish Air Force. This action was in response to an arms embargo that the United States Congress imposed on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. Only Incirlik Air Base and İzmir Air Base remained open due to their NATO responsibilities, but all non-NATO activities at these locations were suspended.

After Congress lifted the embargo in September 1978, and also restored military and naval assistance to Turkey, normal operations resumed in Turkey, and the United States and Turkey signed a "Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement" (DECA) on 29 March 1980. After signing the DECA, the USAFE initiated the "Turkey Catch-up Plan" to improve the quality-of-life of airmen stationed at Incirlik. One of the major projects was a completely new base housing complex for airmen and officers.

First Gulf War, Humanitarian Relief, and Operation Northern Watch

After Iraq's 1990 invasion of neighboring Kuwait, the 7440th Composite Wing (Provisional) assumed operational control of the 39th Tactical Group. The 7440th was the air component of Joint Task Force Proven Force, which eventually controlled 140 aircraft and opened a northern front, forcing Iraq to split its defenses between the north and the south, where the main thrust of coalition attacks originated as part of Operation "Desert Storm". Following the war, Incirlik hosted "Combined Task Force Provide Comfort", which oversaw Operation Provide Comfort (OPC), the effort to provide humanitarian relief to millions of Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq.

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during his visit to Incirlik Air Base, 4 June 2001

Between 1992 and 1997 Vickers VC10s from No. 101 Squadron RAF were based here for Operation Warden over Iraq.[8]

The 39th TACG was redesignated the 39th Wing on 1 October 1993 and restructured as a standard Air Force objective wing.

The U.S. State Department’s "Operation Quick Transit" evacuated thousands of Kurds from northern Iraq late in 1996. The wing provided logistical support in Turkey to this operation, which signaled the end of the humanitarian aspect of Operation Provide Comfort (OPC). OPC ended 31 December 1996, and Operation Northern Watch (ONW) took its place 1 January 1997 with the task to enforce the U.N.-sanctioned no-fly zone north of the 36th parallel in Iraq.

The 39th Air and Space Expeditionary Wing was activated at Incirlik AB on 15 September 1997, to support and command USAF assets deployed to Incirlik supporting ONW, while Incirlik’s tent city, Hodja Village, became the USAF’s largest such "temporary" facility.

From 1994, the Turkish Air Force began receiving KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker aerial refueling tankers. The seven aircraft are operated by the 101st Squadron, stationed at Incirlik.

September 11, 2001 attacks

In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) began in October 2001. Incirlik served as a main hub for missions in support for the war in Afghanistan, including humanitarian airlift operations, MC-130 special operations missions, KC-135 refueling missions and sustainment operations for deployed forces. The aerial port managed a 6-fold increase in airflow during the height of OEF. When the main bases in Afghanistan (Bagram Airfield) and the Uzbekistan air base (Karshi-Khanabad Air Base) were in use the Incirlik's airflow supporting OEF decreased to a baseline sustainment level.

Iraq War

ONW ended with the start of the Iraq War on March 19, 2003. ONW flew its last patrol on 17 March 2003, and closed a successful 12-year mission to contain the Iraqi military and inactivated 1 May 2003. The 39th ASEW was also inactivated, effective 1 May 2003. The wing was completely inactivated on 16 July 2003 and the 39th Air Base Group was activated in its place.

On 19 August 2003, the first rotation of deployed KC-135 Stratotankers and airmen arrived at Incirlik to support various operations in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks as well as the post-invasion reconstruction of Iraq and the ensuing insurgency.

On 6 January 2004, more than 300 U.S. Army soldiers of what would become thousands transited through Incirlik as the first stop back to their home post after spending almost a year in Iraq. Incirlik was part of what was described as the largest troop movement in U.S. history. Incirlik provided soldiers with a cot, warm location, entertainment and food for a few hours outside of a hostile war zone.

On March 12, 2004, the 39th Air Base Group inactivated and the 39th Air Base Wing activated to provide the best mix of required support and, as new mission requirements emerge, to shoulder the burden and better contribute in the global war on terrorism.

2005 Kashmir earthquake humanitarian relief

Incirlik played a bridge role by providing support in the relief operation started after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake on 8 October 2005. With the help of Turkish and American airmen, five C-130 Hercules cargo planes from Air Bases in Italy, Britain, Greece, and France flew urgently needed supplies including 10,000 tents from the warehouse of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees in İskenderun, Turkey to Islamabad, Pakistan on 19 October.

2006 Hezbollah–Israel War

During the brief War between Hezbollah and Israel in July 2006, the Incirlik Air Base provided solace to Americans who had been evacuated by U.S. Navy warships from Beirut, Lebanon to Mersin, Turkey.

2010 land claim lawsuits

In 2010, three Armenian Americans filed a lawsuit against the Republic of Turkey and two banks for compensation of 122 acres (0.49 km2) of land in the Adana region of Turkey, where Incirlik Air Base currently stands.[9] An American court accepted the case and granted Turkey 21 days to respond to the lawsuit.[10] The defendant banks in Turkey requested from the court to extend the deadline for a response until September 2011. The court accepted the extension and the case is still ongoing.[11]

2015 operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Turkish Defense Minister İsmet Yılmaz, General Bekir Ercan Van, and German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, 21 January 2016

On 13 October 2014, it was rumored that the Turkish government approved the use of Incirlik Air base to support operations against the Islamic State[12] but this was later denied.[13] On 23 July 2015, it was confirmed that the Turkish Government would begin allowing USAF UAVs and USAF combat planes to fly combat sorties against ISIL in neighboring Syria out of Incirlik Air base.[14] Ankara formally signed a deal July 29, 2015 with the United States over the use of Turkey’s Incirlik air base in the U.S.-led coalition’s campaign against the Islamic State, the Turkish Foreign Ministry said, Hurriyet reported. The agreement covers only the fight against the Islamic State and does not include air support for allied Kurdish fighters in northern Syria, a spokesman for the ministry said.[15]

On 25 April 2016, the German Federal Armed Forces announced they would commit 65 million Euro to establish a permanent presence at Incirlik, as part of Germany's commitment to the fight against ISIL. Funds will support the permanent basing of six Panavia Tornado and one Airbus A310 MRTT within six months. These will be supported by 200 troops. Separate command post (34 million Euro) and housing and recreational facilities (10 million and 4,5 million Euro respectively) will be built by the end of 2017. [16][17]

2016 Turkish coup attempt

As a result of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, external electrical power from Turkey had been cut to the base and a Turkish no fly order had been put into effect for US military aircraft in the area. Pentagon Press Secretary Peter Cook "U.S. facilities at Incirlik are operating on internal power sources." EUCOM spokesman Navy Capt. Danny Hernandez said about the situation "All our assets in Turkey are fully under control and there was no attempt to challenge that status." "There was not chaos at this base,". The security level at base has moved to DELTA, the highest level, U.S. personnel are ordered restricted to base, and locals were denied access.[18][19] By 17th of July commercial electrical power remained disconnected but permission from Turkey to conduct US anti-Daesh air operations from Incirlik resumed, the Turkish base commander, General Bekir Ercan Van, was arrested by Turkish forces loyal to sitting president Erdoğan.[20] General Van sought asylum from the United States but was denied.[21]

Analysis

Laicie Heeley, a fellow with the Budgeting for Foreign Affairs and Defense program at the Stimson Center said in 2016:[22]

From a security point of view, it’s a roll of the dice to continue to have approximately 50 of America’s nuclear weapons stationed at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey, just 70 miles from the Syrian border. These weapons have zero utility on the European battlefield and today are more of a liability than asset to our NATO allies.

Facilities

Following facilities exist for the service people and their family members:

Visiting notables

Brad Pitt, George Clooney, Matt Damon, Andy García, Julia Roberts, and Steven Soderbergh visited the base in December 2001

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Factsheets : 39th Civil Engineer Squadron". www.incirlik.af.mil. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  2. ↑ "Turkey: Major cities and provinces". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
  3. ↑ "Scramble on the Web - Turkish Air Force". Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
  4. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140823135326/http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ "PilotWeb - LTAG". FAA.gov. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  6. ↑ "Tactical nuclear weapons 'are an anachronism'". BBC News. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  7. 1 2 Powers, Francis (1960). Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 24,29,31–35,46. ISBN 9781574884227.
  8. ↑ "19 Years Over Iraq". The Official RAF Annual Review 2010. Stamford: Key Publishing: 11. 2010-12-01.
  9. ↑ "Armenians Sue Turkey Claiming U.S. Air Base Land". Huffington Post. 23 December 2010.
  10. ↑ "TURKEY - US court requests Turkey's defense in lawsuit filed by Armenian-Americans". Hurriyetdailynews.com. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  11. ↑ "ABD'den, 'Ermeniler İncirlik'i istiyor' notası! - Güncel Haberler". Sabah.com.tr. 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  12. ↑ "Turkey 'to let US use bases' against Islamic State". BBC News. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  13. ↑ "Report: Turkey, U.S. haven't yet agreed on America's use of Incirlik base to fight IS". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2014-10-13.
  14. ↑ Nissenbaum, Dion; Peker, Emre; Albayrak, Ayla (23 July 2015). "Turkey to Let U.S. Military Launch Strikes Against Islamic State From Turkish Soil". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  15. ↑ "Sitrep - Turkey: Air Base Deal Signed With U.S". Us4.campaign-archive1.com. 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  16. ↑ Jennings, Gareth (4 May 2016). "Germany to set up permanent facilities at Incirlik". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 53 (18): 6.
  17. ↑ Gebauer, Matthias (25 April 2016). "Kampf gegen IS: Bundeswehr baut "Tornado"-Stützpunkt in der Türkei". spiegel.de (in German). SPIEGELnet GmbH.
  18. ↑ John Vandiver (16 July 2016). "Turkey closes air space over Incirlik, grounding US aircraft at base". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  19. ↑ Eric Schmitt, Dan Bilefsky (16 July 2016). "Turkey Interrupts U.S. Air Missions Against ISIS at Major Base". New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  20. ↑ http://www.stripes.com/news/incirlik-airspace-reopened-turkish-base-commander-detained-1.419571
  21. ↑ "Erdogan Triumphs After Coup Attempt, but Turkey's Fate Is Unclear". The New York Times. 17 July 2016.
  22. ↑ Baird, Jim (14 August 2016). "US Nuclear Weapons in Turkey at Risk of Seizure by Terrorists, Hostile Forces". stimson.org. Stimson Center.

Coordinates: 37°00′07″N 35°25′33″E / 37.00194°N 35.42583°E / 37.00194; 35.42583

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