Inishmore

For other uses, see Inishmore (disambiguation).
Inis Mór
Native name: <span class="nickname" ">Árainn Mhór

A view over the karst landscape on Inishmore from Dún Aonghasa
Inis Mór
Geography
Location Atlantic Ocean
Coordinates 53°07′25″N 9°43′39″W / 53.12361°N 9.72750°W / 53.12361; -9.72750Coordinates: 53°07′25″N 9°43′39″W / 53.12361°N 9.72750°W / 53.12361; -9.72750
Area 31 km2 (12 sq mi)
Length 14 km (8.7 mi)[1]
Width 3.8 km (2.36 mi)[1]
Administration
Province Connacht
County Galway
Demographics
Population 845 (2011)
The Aran Islands
East Beach, Inishmore
Kilronan

Inis Mór (Irish: Árainn [Irish pronunciation: [ˈɑːɾən̠ʲ]]  listen , Irish: Árainn Mhór or Irish: Inis Mór) is the largest of the Aran Islands in Galway Bay in Ireland and has an area of 31 km2 (12 sq mi). Inishmore has a population of about 840, making it the largest of the Aran Islands in terms of population and largest island off the Irish coast with no bridge or causeway to the mainland. The island is famous for its strong Irish culture, loyalty to the Irish language, and a wealth of Pre-Christian and Christian ancient sites including Dún Aengus, described as "the most magnificent barbaric monument in Europe" by George Petrie.[2]

Name

Prior to the 20th century, the island was more commonly called Inis Bant or as Árainn na Naomh. The modern Irish name, Árainn Mhór, (which translates as "Great Aran" in English) leads to some confusion with Arranmore, County Donegal.[3] The Irish word Árainn means "long ridge", presumably referring to the island's geography. Árainn is the legal placename in Irish or English as declared in the Official Languages Act 2003.

Geology and geography

The island is an extension of the Burren. The terrain of the island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as "grikes", leaving isolated rocks called "clints". The limestones date from the Visean period (Lower Carboniferous), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites. Glaciation following the Namurian phase facilitated greater denudation. The result is that Inishmore and the other islands are among the finest examples of Glacio-Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the island overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier Karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period. So any Karstification now seen dates from approximately 10,000 years ago and the island Karst is thus recent.

Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grikes of the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat pavement like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of sub-terrainean drainage.

Climate and agriculture

The island has an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C in July to 6 °C in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C, although the end of 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory. Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, this means that the island (like the neighbouring Burren) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports a diverse and rich plant life. Late May is the sunniest time,[4] and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking but orchid species blooming late.

Flora and fauna

The island supports arctic, Mediterranean and alpine plants side by side, due to the unusual environment. Like the Burren, the Aran islands are known for their unusual assemblage of plants and animals.[5] The grikes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or alpine plants can be found. But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids. Insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.

Tourism

Na Seacht dTeampaill (The Seven Churches), Inis Mór

Inis Mór today is a major tourist destination, with bed and breakfast accommodation scattered across the island. Private minibuses, horse-drawn carriages and bicycles are the main methods of getting about for the numerous tourists who visit the island in the summer months.

There is a small museum illustrating the history of Dún Aonghasa and its possible functions, while the Aran Sweater Market is also a focal point for visitors who can trace the culture and history associated with the Aran sweater through the on-site museum. Nearby are a Neolithic tomb and a small heritage park at Dún Eochla, featuring examples of a traditional thatched cottage and poteen distillery.[6] The Tempull Breccain (Church of Brecan), commonly called the Seven Churches of Aran, is a complex of churches and other buildings dedicated to the 5th-century Saint Brecan, once a popular destination for pilgrims.[7] There is a nineteenth-century lighthouse in the centre of the island, said to have views of the mountains of distant County Kerry on a clear day.

The island plays host to Ted Fest each year. Established in 2004 it is a celebration of the television sitcom "Father Ted." Festival goers dress as their favourite characters, watch their favourite episodes and take part in various Ted related events and competitions.

Sport

Some of the limestone sea cliffs have attracted interest from rock-climbers.[8] Diving is possible. A particularly popular location for this is Poll na bPéist (hole of worms/sea monsters), located at the southern coast of the island, which is a large naturally formed rectangular pool communicating via underground channels with the sea.[9] Since 2012 Inishmore has hosted an event as part of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series.

Transport

The island is serviced by Aran Ferries ferry from Rossaveal and Doolin and by Aer Arann Island from Inishmore Aerodrome to Connemara Airport.

The ruins of the seven churches , painted by an early French tourist in 1830

The island features heavily in Martin McDonagh's play The Lieutenant of Inishmore.

It was also featured in the 1997 film The Matchmaker. The first story in These Precious Hours by Michel Corrigan has a scene set on Inishmore.

Notable inhabitants

Aran in the Irish annals

Annals of Inisfallen (AI)

Demographics

The table below reports data on Inishmore's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18412,592—    
18512,312−10.8%
18612,281−1.3%
18712,110−7.5%
18812,178+3.2%
18911,979−9.1%
19011,941−1.9%
19111,768−8.9%
YearPop.±%
19261,363−22.9%
19361,286−5.6%
19461,133−11.9%
19511,016−10.3%
1956941−7.4%
1961933−0.9%
1966925−0.9%
1971864−6.6%
YearPop.±%
1979883+2.2%
1981891+0.9%
1986848−4.8%
1991836−1.4%
1996838+0.2%
2002831−0.8%
2006824−0.8%
2011 845+2.5%
Source: Central Statistics Office. "CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year". CSO.ie. Retrieved October 12, 2016. 

Towns and Villages

Annalistic references

AI=Annals of Inisfallen. (AF)M=Annals of the Four Masters.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Inishmore - Árainn". www.discoverireland.ie. Fáilte Ireland. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  2. ↑ "The Best of Ancient Ireland". Frommer's. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  3. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=NY5yD-9pz38C&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=%C3%A1rainn+mh%C3%B3r+confusion&source=bl&ots=rqbVM0Bc1N&sig=iIfZ_Qv6KKJhJ8Ut-Eqxkbyucno&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ9P7pqb7KAhXmnIMKHbnhANs4ChDoAQgbMAA#v=onepage&q=%C3%A1rainn%20mh%C3%B3r%20confusion&f=false
  4. ↑ http://www.met.ie
  5. ↑ Webb, D. A. (1961–1963). "Noteworthy Plants of the Burren: A Catalogue Raisonné". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science. Royal Irish Academy. 62: 117–34. ISSN 0035-8983. JSTOR 20494847 – via JSTOR. (registration required (help)).
  6. ↑ Mario De Carli. "Prehistoric Forts". Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  7. ↑ Harbison, Peter (1995-04-01). Pilgrimage in Ireland: The Monuments and the People. Syracuse University Press. pp. 93ff. ISBN 978-0-8156-0312-2. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  8. ↑ http://wiki.climbing.ie/index.php/Aran_Islands
  9. ↑ http://www.tempoweb.com/diveireland/arans.htm
  10. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jan/02/guardianobituaries
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