Jacob Gould Schurman

Jacob Gould Schurman
Schurmann in 1930
President of Cornell University
In office 1892–1920
Preceded by	Charles Kendall Adams
Succeeded by	Livingston Farrand
President of the Schurman Commission (First Philippine Commission)
In office March 4, 1899 – March 16, 1900
Succeeded by	William Howard Taft (Taft Commission)
United States Minister to Greece
In office 1912–1913
Preceded by	George H. Moses
Succeeded by	George F. Williams
United States Envoy to the Republic of China
In office 1921–1925
Preceded by	Paul Reinsch
Succeeded by	John MacMurray
United States Ambassador to Germany
In office 1925–1929
Preceded by	Alanson B. Houghton
Succeeded by	Frederic M. Sackett
Personal details
Born	May 2, 1854 Freetown, Prince Edward Island
Died	August 12, 1942 (aged 88) Bedford Hills, New York

Jacob Gould Schurman (May 22, 1854 – August 12, 1942) was a Canadian-born educator and diplomat, who served as President of Cornell University and United States Ambassador to Germany.

Early life

Schurman was born at Freetown, Prince Edward Island on May 22, 1854 the son of Robert and Lydia Schurman.^[1] Schurman lived on his parents' farm as a child, then in 1867 took a job at a store near his home, which he held for two years.^[2]

At the age of fifteen, Schurman entered the Summerside Grammar School on Prince Edward Island, and in 1870 he won a scholarship to study at Prince of Wales College for two years. After Prince of Wales College, he studied for a year and a half at Acadia College in Nova Scotia.^[2]

In 1874 while a student at Acadia College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, he won the Canadian Gilchrist scholarship to study at the University of London,^[3] from which he received a BA degree in 1877 and a MA in 1878. Schurman also studied in Paris, Edinburgh, Heidelberg, Berlin, Göttingen and Italy.^[4][5]

He was professor of English literature, political economy and psychology at Acadia College in 1880-1882, of metaphysics and English literature at Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1882-86, and of philosophy (Sage professor) at Cornell University in 1886-92, being Dean of theSage School of Philosophy in 1891-92 where he edited The Philosophical Review.^[6]

In 1892 he became the third president of Cornell University, a position he held until 1920. He received an LL.D (honoris causa) from the University of Edinburgh in March 1902.^[7]

Cornell president

As Cornell's president, Schurman helped invent the modern state-supported research university. Under the Morrill Act, states were obligated to fund the maintenance of land grant college facilities, but were not obligated to fund operations. Subsequent laws required states to match federal funds for agricultural research stations and cooperative extension. In his inaugural address as Cornell's third president on November 11, 1892, Schurman announced his intention to enlist the financial support of the state.^[8] Cornell, which had been offering a four-year scholarship to one student in each New York assembly district every year and was the state's land-grant university, was determined to convince the state to become a benefactor of the university. In 1894, the state legislature voted to give financial support for the establishment of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and to make annual appropriations for the college.^[9] This set the precedents of privately controlled, state-supported statutory colleges and cooperation between Cornell and the state. The annual state appropriations were later extended to agriculture, home economics, and following World War II, industrial and labor relations.

In 1898, Schurman persuaded the State Legislature to found the first forestry college in North America, the New York State College of Forestry.^[10] The College undertook to establish a 30,000-acre (120 km²) demonstration forest in the Adirondacks, funded by New York State.^[11] However, the plans of the school's director Bernhard Fernow for the land drew criticism from neighbors, and Governor Benjamin B. Odell vetoed the 1903 appropriation for the school. In response, Cornell closed the school.^[12] Subsequently, in 1911, the State Legislature established a New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, and the remains of Cornell's program became the Department of Natural Resources in its Agriculture College in 1910.^[10] The State later followed the same model to establish a state college of ceramics at Alfred University.

International career

He was chairman of the First United States Philippine Commission in 1899, and wrote (besides a part of the official report to Congress) Philippine Affairs--A Retrospect and an Outlook (1902). With J. E. Creighton and James Seth he founded in 1892 The Philosophical Review. He also wrote Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution (1881); The Ethical Import of Darwinism (1888); Belief in God (1890), and Agnosticism and Religion (1896).

Schurman served as United States Ambassador to Greece in 1912-13, Minister to China between 1921 and 1925, and then as Ambassador to Germany between 1925 and 1929, a position twice previously held by Cornell's first president Andrew Dickson White. In 1917 Schurman was appointed honorary chairman of the American Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, an organization which provided humanitarian relief to Ottoman Greeks during the Greek genocide. He retired to Bedford Hills, New York in 1930.

In 1960, Cornell named the administrative wing of its veterinary school Jacob Gould Schurman Hall in his honor.^[13]

Notes

1. "Jacob G. Schurman Is Dead Here at 88". The New York Times. August 13, 1942. p. 19.
2. "President Schurman of Cornell". The New York Times. October 2, 1898.
3. Burns, Steven (July 1, 1996). "Ethics and Socialism: Tensions in the Political Philosophy of J. G. Schurman". Journal of Canadian Studies. via HighBeam (subscription required). In 1874, after leading his class during two years of studies at Acadia College (now University) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, he won the Gilchrist Scholarship for study at the University of London in a nationwide competitive examination.
4. The National magazine: an illustrated monthly. Bostonian Publishing Company. 1922. pp. 330–.
5. "Significance of Schurman's Visit, Noted Educator to Deliver Lecture at Tabernacle Sunday Afternoon". Deseret Evening News. December 18, 1908.
6. Profile, The Philosophical Review, volume 1 (1892).
7. "University intelligence". The Times (36711). London. March 10, 1902. p. 11.
8. "Inaugurating the Presidents". Retrieved February 1, 2010.
9. "History and Archives of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine". Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
10. "Department History". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
11. Donaldson, Alfred Lee (1921). A history of the Adirondacks, Volume 2. Century Co. pp. 202–207. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
12. "Cornll School of Forestry Suspended.; Action Followed Failure of State to Provide Means for Its Support.". New York Times. June 18, 1903. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
13. "Cornell Honors Former Head". The New York Times. April 26, 1960. p. 40.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schurman, Jacob Gould". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Further reading

• Moser, Maynard (1982). Jacob Gould Schurman--scholar, political activist, and ambassador of good will, 1892-1942. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-14100-3.

External links

• Cornell Presidency: Jacob Gould Schurman
• Cornell University Library Presidents Exhibition: Jacob Gould Schurman (Presidency; Inauguration)
• Works by Jacob Gould Schurman at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Jacob Gould Schurman at Internet Archive