Karl Hanke

Karl Hanke

Gauleiter Hanke addresses a new battalion of Volkssturm in Breslau (today Wrocław, Poland), February 1945
Reichsführer-SS
In office
29 April – May 1945
Chancellor Adolf Hitler
Joseph Goebbels
Leader Adolf Hitler
Karl Dönitz
Preceded by Heinrich Himmler
Succeeded by Office Abolished
Gauleiter of Lower Silesia
In office
1941–1945
Appointed by Adolf Hitler
Preceded by New Region
Succeeded by None
State Secretary for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
In office
1937–1940
Appointed by Adolf Hitler
Preceded by None
Succeeded by Leopold Gutterer
Oberpräsident of the Province of Lower Silesia
In office
1941–1945
Preceded by None
Succeeded by None
Personal details
Born Karl August Hanke
24 August 1903
Lauban, Kingdom of Prussia
(today Lubań, Poland)
Died 8 June 1945 (aged 41)
Czechoslovakia
Political party National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
Spouse(s) Freda von Fircks (married 25 November 1944)
Alma mater Berufspädagogisches Institut, Berlin
Profession Nazi Politician, Teacher, Business manager

Karl August Hanke, Reichsführer-SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei (24 August 1903 – 8 June 1945) was an official of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). He served as governor (Gauleiter) of Lower Silesia from 1941 to 1945 and as the final Reichsführer-SS for a few days in 1945.

Life

Hanke was born in Lauban (present-day Lubań) in Silesia, on 24 August 1903.[1] His older brother was killed in World War I. Hanke was too young for service in the war and attended Gymnasium through Obersekunda. He served in the Reichswehr as a Zeitfreiwilliger (temporary volunteer) in the 19th Infantry Regiment (von Courbiere) at Frankfurt/Oder from 1920 to 1921.[2][3]

Hanke obtained an education as a milling engineer by attending the German Millers' School at Dippoldiswalde. He then decided to obtain a year's practical experience as a railway workshop apprentice before returning to milling.[3] From 1921 to around 1926, Hanke mainly worked in the milling industry, serving as a business manager for mills in the vicinity of Silesia, Bavaria, and Tyrol.[3] He later attended the Berufspädagogischen Institut in Berlin, receiving a degree that qualified him to teach milling at vocational schools.[3] Later in 1928, he worked in Berlin-Steglitz as a master miller. After this he became a vocational instructor at a technical school in Berlin.[2]

Nazi Party

Hanke joined the Nazi Party on 1 November 1928, with membership number 102606.[3] Hanke began his National Socialist career at the somewhat low level of Amtswalter, a low ranking speaker and factory cell organizer. He joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) Reserve in 1929; that same year he became a deputy street cell leader. In 1930 he was promoted to street cell leader (Strassenzellenleiter) and then a section leader (Sektionsführer) in Berlin.[4][5]

Hanke was fired from his teaching position at the vocational school in April 1931 for his political agitation for the Nazi Party. He went to work full-time for the party.[5] By late 1931, he was Kreisleiter (ward leader) of Westend in Berlin, working under Berlin's Gauleiter Joseph Goebbels.[5] In 1932, Hanke was made chief Gau organizational director and on 1 April 1932, personal adjutant and Referent (advisor) to Goebbels in his capacity as propaganda director of the NSDAP (Reichspropagandaleiter der NSDAP).[5][6]

In his position as Kreisleiter of Westend in Berlin, Hanke was the first party official to establish contact with the young architect Albert Speer. Hanke contracted Speer to convert a villa in the western suburbs into an office for the local party organization in 1932.[7] Hanke and Speer became close friends. In 1944, according to Speer's book (Inside the Third Reich), Hanke strongly advised Speer never to visit "a camp in Upper Silesia" (Auschwitz) for any reason. Hanke had "seen something that he was not allowed to describe and indeed could not describe."[8]

Government service

Reichsminister Goebbels has a meeting with his Staatssekretär, Walther Funk, in his office at the Ministry. In the background, Referent des Ministers Karl Hanke takes a call.

Adolf Hitler took an early liking to the outspoken young Hanke, who by April 1932 had become an NSDAP delegate to Prussian State Parliament (Landtag).[5] Later in November 1932, Hanke was elected to the German Parliament (Reichstag) on the slate of the NSDAP, representing Potsdam. He held this seat until the end of the war in Europe.[6]

Hanke again secured a task for Albert Speer in July 1932, having him build a headquarters for the Berlin NSDAP in the centre of the city (at Voßstraße 11).[9] Following the Nazi takeover of power and the parliamentary elections of March 1933, Goebbels established the Propaganda Ministry (Propagandaministerium). Hanke followed his boss there as his private secretary and aide.[10] At the time, Hanke was a favorite of Goebbels and accompanied his boss on official visits to Italy and Poland. [11] On 15 February 1934, Hanke joined the Allgemeine SS or general SS with membership number 203,103.[12] He was attached to the 6th SS-Standarte which was situated in Berlin. This led to Hanke serving as a special duties officer on the staff of the Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler from January 1935 through 1 April 1936. Then in late 1937, he was promoted to State Secretary (Deputy Minister) in the Propaganda Ministry. The effective date for the promotion being 15 January 1938.[13] Also in 1938, he became second vice president of the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture; RKK).[13]

Hanke's seemingly unstoppable ascent on the coattails of Goebbels came to a sudden, albeit temporary, halt when he was drawn into the marital affairs of Joseph Goebbels and his wife, Magda. Goebbels had many extramarital affairs. By the winter of 1937, Goebbels began an intense affair with the Czech actress Lída Baarová.[14] After Magda Goebbels learned of this, she had a long conversation with Hitler about it on 15 August 1938.[15] Hitler was very fond of Magda and the Goebbels' young children.[15] He demanded that Goebbels break off the affair. Thereafter, Joseph and Magda seemed to reach a "truce" until the end of September.[15] The couple had another falling out at that point. Goebbels asked Hanke to act as a mediator with Magda on his behalf, but things did not go well. Hanke also spoke with Hitler as to the matter, who stated he would discuss it in private with Joseph Goebbels.[16] Hitler became involved to make the couple stay together.[17] Later in July 1939, Magda confessed to her husband that beginning in October 1938, she had an affair with Hanke.[18] Hitler once again became involved and told the Goebbels they had to stay together and the affair was ended.[19] Joseph Goebbels immediately sent Hanke off on vacation. Hanke would not subsequently return to his position at the Propaganda Ministry.[20]

World War II

In July 1939, Hanke was called up for military service, having previously obtained a reserve officer's commission in 1937. From September to October 1939, he served with the 3rd Panzer Division in Poland.[21] In May 1940, sensing a good opportunity to further his career, Hanke served under General Erwin Rommel in France with the 7th Panzer Division, 25th Panzer Regiment through June of that year. He "got along" well with Rommel who appreciated good "public relations".[21][22] Hanke was awarded the Iron Cross in Second and First Class. He was discharged from the German Army in 1941 with the rank of 1st Lieutenant (Oberleutnant).[23]

In Breslau, Hitler appointed Hanke to the position of Gauleiter of Lower Silesia. One year later, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler promoted him to the rank of SS general (SS-Gruppenführer). Hanke was a fanatical enforcer of Nazi policy: during his rule in Breslau more than 1000 people were executed on his orders, earning him the moniker "Hangman of Breslau".[24]

Hanke had a long affair with Baroness Freda von Fircks in Breslau, the daughter of a wealthy landowner and University of Berlin lecturer. They were finally married on 25 November 1944, after she gave birth to his only child, a daughter, in December 1943.[25]

The 1945 fall of Breslau

Delegation of German officers walking for negotiations before capitulation of Festung Breslau, 6 May 1945.

During the waning months of World War II, as the Soviet Red Army advanced into Silesia and encircled Breslau (Festung Breslau), Hanke was named by Hitler to be the city's "Battle Commander" (Kampfkommandant). Hanke oversaw, with fanaticism, the futile and militarily useless defense of the city during the Battle of Breslau. Goebbels, dictating for his diary, repeatedly expressed his admiration of Hanke during the spring of 1945. During the 82-day siege, Soviet forces inflicted approximately 30,000 civilian and military casualties and took more than 40,000 prisoners, while suffering 60,000 total casualties.[26] On 6 May, the day before Germany's surrender, General Hermann Niehoff surrendered the besieged Breslau (the Soviet army already having reached Berlin). Hanke had flown out the previous day in a small Fieseler Storch plane kept in reserve for him. In his memoirs, German Minister of Armaments Albert Speer claimed that he had heard from Anton Flettner that Hanke had actually escaped in one of the few existing prototype helicopters which Flettner had designed.[27] Breslau was the last major city in Germany to surrender. Due to the Soviet forces aerial and artillery bombardment of the city, along with the self-destruction by the SS and Nazi Party, "80 to 90 percent" of Breslau had been destroyed.[28]

Reichsführer-SS

Hanke's fanaticism and unconditional obedience to Hitler's orders impressed Hitler, who in his last will and testament appointed him to be the last Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police, replacing Heinrich Himmler on 29 April 1945.[29][30] Just eight days before, Hanke had been honored with Nazi Germany's highest decoration, the German Order, a reward for his defence of Breslau against the advancing Soviet Red Army. Hanke's ascendancy to the rank of Reichsführer-SS was a result of Adolf Hitler proclaiming Himmler a traitor for his secret attempted surrender negotiations with the Western Allies. Hitler stripped Himmler of all his offices and ranks and ordered his arrest.[29][30]

Death

Hanke received word of his promotion on 5 May 1945. He flew to Prague and attached himself to the 18th SS-Freiwilligen-Panzer-Grenadier-Division "Horst Wessel". Hanke chose to wear the uniform of an SS private, to conceal his identity in the event of capture. The group attempted to fight its way back to Germany but, after a fierce battle with Czech partisans, surrendered in Nová Ves (Neudorf in German), southwest of Chomutov (Komotau). His true identity was not discovered by his captors, and Hanke was thus placed in a Prisoner of War (POW) camp alongside other low-ranking SS members. There were a total of 65 POWs when the Czechs decided to move them all by foot in June, 1945. When a train passed the march route, Hanke and several other POWs made a break for it and clung on to the train. The Czechs opened fire with Hanke falling first while the other two POWs slumped on the track. The Czechs then beat the POWs with rifle butts until the men were dead.[31]

Summary of his SS and military career

Dates of rank

Notable decorations

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Miller 2015, p. 13.
  2. 1 2 Mitcham 2007, p. 43.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Miller 2015, p. 15.
  4. ↑ Mitcham 2007, pp. 43, 44.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Miller 2015, p. 16.
  6. 1 2 Mitcham 2007, p. 44.
  7. ↑ Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 21
  8. ↑ Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 376
  9. ↑ Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 24
  10. ↑ Miller 2015, p. 17.
  11. ↑ Miller 2015, pp. 17, 18.
  12. ↑ Miller 2015, pp. 15, 17.
  13. 1 2 Miller 2015, p. 18.
  14. ↑ Longerich 2015, p. 318.
  15. 1 2 3 Longerich 2015, p. 392.
  16. ↑ Longerich 2015, p. 393.
  17. ↑ Longerich 2015, pp. 392–395.
  18. ↑ Longerich 2015, pp. 394, 420.
  19. ↑ Longerich 2015, p. 420.
  20. ↑ Longerich 2015, pp. 420, 421.
  21. 1 2 Mitcham 2007, p. 54.
  22. ↑ Reuth 2006, p. 124.
  23. ↑ Mitcham 2007, pp. 54, 55.
  24. ↑ Yad Vashem (2015), Hanke Karl (1903–1945). Gauleiter of Lower Silesia 1941–1945, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority
  25. ↑ Mitcham 2007, p. 56.
  26. ↑ Duffy, Red Storm on the Reich, p. 265
  27. ↑ Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 423
  28. ↑ Schwartz, Michael (2008). Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Vol. 10/2, p. 586, München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt
  29. 1 2 3 Evans 2008, p. 724.
  30. 1 2 Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, p. 237.
  31. ↑ Hamburger Allgemeine Zeitungted Ted, 11 May 1949
  32. ↑ Mitcham 2007, p. 55.

Bibliography

Further reading

Government offices
Preceded by
Heinrich Himmler		 Reich Leader of the SS
1945 		Succeeded by
None
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