Languages of Morocco

Languages of Morocco
Official languages Arabic (80–90%)
Berber (60–80%)[1]
Vernaculars Arabic dialects
Berber dialects
Main foreign languages French (33–39%)[2][3]
Spanish (21%)[4]
English (14%)[5]
Sign languages MSL

There are a number of languages in Morocco, but the two official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and Amazigh (Berber).[6] Moroccan Arabic (known as Darija) is the spoken native vernacular. The languages of prestige in Morocco are Arabic in its Classical and Modern Standard Forms and French, the latter of which serves as a second language for many Moroccans. According to a 2000–2002 survey done by Moha Ennaji, author of Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco, "there is a general agreement that Standard Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Berber are the national languages."[7] Ennaji also concluded "This survey confirms the idea that multilingualism in Morocco is a vivid sociolinguistic phenomenon, which is favoured by many people."[8]

There are 20 to 25 million Berber speakers in Morocco, about 60 to 80% of the population.[9] French retains an major place in Morocco, as it is taught universally and serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics, culture, sciences and medicine ; it is also widely used in education and government. Morocco is a member of the Francophonie.[1]

Arabic

Arabic, along with Berber, is one of two Morocco's official languages,[6] although it is the Moroccan dialect of Arabic, namely Darija, meaning "everyday/colloquial language";[10] that is spoken or understood, frequently as a second language, by the majority of the population (about 85% of the total population). Many native Berber speakers also speak the local Arabic variant.[11] Arabic in its Classical and Standard forms is one of the two prestige languages in Morocco. Aleya Rouchdy, author of Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic, said that Classical/Modern Arabic and French are constantly in conflict with one another, but that most Moroccans believe that the bilingualism of Classical Arabic and French is the most optimal choice to allow for Morocco's development.[12]

In 1995 the number of native Arabic speakers in Morocco was approximately 18.8 million (65% of the total population), and 21 million including the Moroccan diaspora.[13]

As a member of the Maghrebi Arabic grouping of dialects, Moroccan Arabic is similar to the dialects spoken in Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya (and also Maltese). The country shows a marked difference in urban and rural dialects. This is due to the history of settlement. Originally, Arabs established centers of power in only a few cities and ports in the region, with the effect that the other areas remained Berber-speaking. Then, in the 13th century, Bedouin tribes swept through many of the unsettled areas, spreading with them their distinct Arabic dialect in the non-urbanized areas and leaving speakers of Berber in isolated areas in the more mountainous regions.

Modern Standard and Classical Arabic

Moroccans learn Standard Arabic as a language. It is not spoken at home or on the streets. Standard Arabic is frequently used in administrative offices, mosques, and schools.[14] According to Rouchdy, within Morocco Classical Arabic is still only used in literary and cultural aspects, formal traditional speeches, and discussions about religion.[12]

Dialectal Arabic

Moroccan 'Darija' Arabic

Main article: Moroccan Arabic

Moroccan 'Darija' Arabic, along with Berber, is one of two languages spoken in homes and on the street.[14] The language is not used in writing.[15] Abdelâli Bentahila, the author of the 1983 book Language Attitudes among Arabic–French Bilinguals in Morocco, said that Moroccans who were bilingual in both French and Arabic preferred to speak Arabic while discussing religion; while discussing matters in a grocery store or restaurant; and while discussing matters with family members, beggars, and maids.[16] Moha Ennaji, author of Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco, said that Moroccan Arabic has connotations of informality, and that Moroccan Arabic tends to be used in casual conversations and spoken discourse.[17] Ennaji added that Bilingual Moroccans tend to use Moroccan Arabic while in the house.[17] Berbers generally learn Moroccan Arabic as a second language and use it as a lingua franca, since not all versions of Berber are mutually intelligible with one another.[15]

The below table presents statistical figures of speakers, based on the 2004 population census (Population aged 5 and above)[3]

Region Moroccan Arabic Total population % Moroccan Arabic speakers
Souss-Massa-Drâa1,694,7802,775,95361.05%
Oriental1,487,6201,739,44085.52%
Guelmim-Es Semara261,109382,02968.35%
Meknès-Tafilalet1,633,1221,926,24784.78%
Tadla-Azilal1,038,7651,299,53679.93%
Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz2,358,9102,765,90885.29%
Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate761,1821,613,31550.57%
Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer2,101,9162,136,63698.38%
Fès-Boulemane1,375,7661,418,47596.99%
Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra181,413219,50582.65%
Oued Ed-Dahab-Lagouira53,98864,16384.14%
Grand Casablanca3,292,5433,306,33499.58%
Tangier-Tetouan2,199,0932,205,45799.71%
Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen1,653,6121,655,85299.86%
Chaouia-Ouardigha1,476,3181,478,60599.85%
Doukkala-Abda1,765,9041,768,15099.87%
Morocco24,036,04126,755,60589.84%

Hassani Arabic

Hassānīya, is spoken by about 0.7% of the population mainly in the southern sahara regions of Morocco. Communities of speakers exist elsewhere in Morocco too, especially in the metropolitan areas of Agadir, Marrakech, Rabat and Casablanca.
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers, based on the 2004 population census (Population aged 5 and above)[3]

Region Hassaniya Total pop Hassniya speakers
Souss-Massa-Drâa13,3492,775,9530.48%
Oriental5731,739,4400.03%
Guelmim-Es Semara68,597382,02917.96%
Meknes-Tafilalet9831,926,2470.05%
Tadla-Azilal4701,299,5360.04%
Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz3,2482,765,9080.12%
Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate1861,613,3150.01%
Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer2,7812,136,6360.13%
Fès-Boulemane3701,418,4750.03%
Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra86,926219,50539.60%
Oued Ed-Dahab-Lagouira13,50164,16321.04%
Grand Casablanca1,7783,306,3340.05%
Tangier-Tetouan3292,205,4570.01%
Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen5261,655,8520.03%
Chaouia-Ouardigha6171,478,6050.04%
Doukkala-Abda5081,768,1500.03%
Morocco194,74226,755,6050.73%

Berber

Berber-speaking areas in Morocco

The exact population of speakers of Berber languages is hard to ascertain, since most North African countries do not – traditionally – record language data in their censuses (An exception to this was the 2004 Morocco population census). The Ethnologue provides a useful academic starting point; however, its bibliographic references are inadequate, and it rates its own accuracy at only B-C for the area. Early colonial censuses may provide better documented figures for some countries; however, these are also very much out of date. The number for each dialect is difficult to estimate.

Berber serves as a vernacular language in many rural areas of Morocco.[15] Berber, along with Moroccan Arabic, is one of two languages spoken in homes and on the street.[14] The population does not use Berber in writing. Aleya Rouchdy, author of "Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic," said that Berber is mainly used in the contexts of family, friendship, and "street".[15] In her 2000–2002 research, Ennaji found that 52% of the interviewees placed Berber as a language inferior to Arabic because it did not have a prestigious status and because its domain was restricted.[18] Ennaji added that "[t]he dialectisation of Berber certainly reduces its power of communication and its spread."[7]

Speakers of Riffian dialect were estimated to be around 1.5 million in 1990.[19] The language is spoken in the Rif area in the north of the country, and is the smallest Berber dialect in Morocco, by number of speakers.

The Tashelhit language is considered to be the most widely spoken as it covers the whole of the Region Souss-Massa-Drâa, and is also spoken in the Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz and Tadla-Azilal regions. Studies done in 1990 show around 3 million people, concentrated in the south of Morocco, speak the dialect.[19]

Central Morocco Tamazight is the second Berber language in Morocco. A 1998 study done by Ethnologue, shows that around 3 million people speak the language in Morocco.[20] The language is most used in the regions Middle Atlas, High Atlas and east High Atlas Mountains.

Other Berber dialects are spoken in Morocco, as the Senhaja de Srair and the Ghomara dialects in the Rif mountains, the Figuig Shilha (not to be confused with Atlas Shilha) and Eastern Zenati in eastern Morocco, and Eastern Middle Atlas dialects in central Morocco.

2004 Population Census

Percent of Berber speakers (use in everyday's communication) in 2004 [3]
Percent of Tashelhit speakers (use in everyday's communication) in 2004[3]
Percent of Tarifit speakers (use in everyday's communication) in 2004[3]
Percent of Central Tamazight speakers (use in everyday's communication) in 2004[3]

The below table presents statistical figures of speakers (use in everyday's communication), based on the 2004 population census (Population aged 5 and above)[3]

Region Tashlhyt Tamazight Tarifit Total pop % of Berber speakers (use in everyday's communication)
Souss-Massa-Drâa1,717,139313,2843,8732,775,95373.28%
Oriental48,07685,916741,9131,739,44050.36%
Guelmim-Es Semara182,6956,670766382,02949.77%
Meknes-Tafilalet37,533843,59533,9661,926,24747.51%
Tadla-Azilal199,092409,4461,4361,299,53646.94%
Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz969,56114,1702,3722,765,90835.65%
Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate18,923111,731338,0831,613,31529.05%
Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer166,658268,68714,9652,136,63621.08%
Fès-Boulemane23,138217,84515,2751,418,47518.07%
Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra28,3526,569891219,50516.31%
Oued Ed-Dahab-Lagouira6,9103,21429664,16316.24%
Grand Casablanca367,55825,0679,0363,306,33412.15%
Tangier-Tetouan26,78311,96398,7802,205,4576.24%
Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen37,16213,8166,1051,655,8523.45%
Chaouia-Ouardigha40,8588,3081,4351,478,6053.42%
Doukkala-Abda24,3673,6561,7941,768,1501.69%
Morocco3,894,8052,343,9371,270,98626,755,60528.07%

Other studies

"Few census figures are available; all countries (Algeria and Morocco included) do not count Berber languages. Population shifts in location and number, effects of urbanization and education in other languages, etc., make estimates difficult. In 1952 A. Basset (LLB.4) estimated the number of Berberophones at 5,500,000. Between 1968 and 1978 estimates ranged from eight to thirteen million (as reported by Galand, LELB 56, pp. 107, 123–25); Voegelin and Voegelin (1977, p. 297) call eight million a conservative estimate. In 1980, S. Chaker estimated that the Berberophone populations of Kabylie and the three Moroccan groups numbered more than one million each; and that in Algeria, 3,650,000, or one out of five Algerians, speak a Berber language (Chaker 1984, pp. 8-)

In 1952, André Basset ("La langue berbère", Handbook of African Languages, Part I, Oxford) estimated that a "small majority" of Morocco's population spoke Berber. The 1960 census estimated that 34% of Moroccans spoke Berber, including bi-, tri-, and quadrilinguals. In 2000, Karl Prasse cited "more than half" in an interview conducted by Brahim Karada at Tawalt.com. According to the Ethnologue (by deduction from its Moroccan Arabic figures), the Berber-speaking population is estimated at 65% (1991 and 1995). However, the figures it gives for individual languages only add up to 7.5 million, or about 57%. Most of these are accounted for by three dialects:

Riff: 4.5 million (1991)
Shilha: 7 million (1998)
Central Morocco Tamazight: 7 million (1998)

This nomenclature is common in linguistic publications, but is significantly complicated by local usage: thus Shilha is sub-divided into Shilha of the Dra valley, Tasusit (the language of the Souss) and several other (mountain) dialects. Moreover, linguistic boundaries are blurred, such that certain dialects cannot accurately be described as either Central Morocco Tamazight (spoken in the Central and eastern Atlas area) or Shilha. The differences among all Moroccan dialects are not too pronounced: public radio news are broadcast using the various dialects; each journalist speaks his or her own dialect with the result that understanding is not obstructed, though most southern Berbers find that understanding Riff requires some getting used to.

French

French and Arabic (MSA) coexist in Moroccan administration and business.

Within Morocco, French, one of the country's two prestige languages,[12] is often used for business, diplomacy, and government.[21] French serves as a lingua franca.[22] Aleya Rouchdy, author of Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic, said that "For all practical purposes, French is used as a second language."[15]

Different figures of French speakers in Morocco are given. According to the OIF, 33% of Moroccans speak French, among them 13.5% fully francophone and thus bilingual with one of the other Moroccan languages, and 19.5% partially francophone.[2] According to the 2004 census, nearly 69% of literate people can read and write French.[3]

It is also the mother language of some Moroccans, regrouped mainly in the western side of the country (Casablanca and Rabat Mainly, but also many other cities.)

Spanish

About 5 million Moroccans speak Spanish, especially in the northern regions.[23] The use of Spanish in northern Morocco and the Moroccan Sahara derives largely from the fact that Spain had previously occupied those areas. In these regions Spanish is commonly used in public discourse and Spanish-language television is a common medium.[12]

After Morocco declared independence in 1956, French and Arabic became the main languages of administration and education, causing the role of Spanish to decline.[12]

English

English, while still far behind French[24] and Spanish in terms of the number of speakers, is rapidly becoming the second foreign language of choice among educated youth, after French. As a result of national education reforms entering into force in late 2002, English will be taught in all public schools from the fourth year on. English is spoken sporadically in the business, science and education sectors but its usage and learning have grown over the last decade, especially since 2002, when English instruction was introduced from the 7th grade in public schools.

Because it is the primary international language worldwide and because there are no colonial overtones, the language gained prestige within Morocco.[12] In a survey held by Ennaji in the summers of 2000, 2001, and 2002, 58% of the respondents said that English was their favorite foreign language because it is the primary international prestige language.[7]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Deroche, Frédéric (2008-01-01). Les peuples autochtones et leur relation originale à la terre: un questionnement pour l'ordre mondial (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782296055858.
  2. 1 2 "La Francophonie dans le monde." (Archive) Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. p. 16. Retrieved on 15 October 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Youssef Maaroufi. "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004". Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc.
  4. ↑ According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB, 21.6% of the population speak Spanish (realinstitutoelcano.org, afapredesa.org). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco population is 29,680,069 (hcp.ma)
  5. ↑ "British Council – United Kingdom" (PDF). britishcouncil.org.
  6. 1 2 2011 Constitution of Morocco Full text of the 2011 Constitution (French)
  7. 1 2 3 Ennaji, p. 164.
  8. ↑ Ennaji, p. 162-163.
  9. ↑ Frédéric Deroche, Les Peuples autochtones et leur relation originale à la terre., éd. l'Harmattan, 2008, p. 14, extrait en ligne
  10. ↑ Wehr, Hans: Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (2011); Harrell, Richard S.: Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic (1966)
  11. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: shi. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rouchdy, p. 71. ISBN 0700713794, 9780700713790.
  13. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: ary. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
  14. 1 2 3 Ennaji, p. 162.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Rouchdy, p. 73.
  16. ↑ Stevens, p. 73.
  17. 1 2 Ennaji, p. 127.
  18. ↑ Ennaji, p. 163.
  19. 1 2 Ethnologue report for language code: rif. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
  20. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: tzm. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
  21. ↑ "Morocco." (Archive) CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 13 October 2012. "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)"
  22. ↑ "Bitter Fruit: where Donegal's jobs went." Irish Independent. Saturday January 16, 1999. Retrieved on October 15, 2012. "Behind the locked gates and the sign saying `Interdit au Public' (forbidden to the public) French is the lingua franca in Morocco) I[...]"
  23. ↑ Leyre Gil Perdomingo and Jaime Otero Roth, Enseñanza y uso de la lengua española en el Sáhara Occidental, in : Analysis of the Real Instituto Elcano nº 116 (2008)
  24. ↑ http://www.arabsocialmediareport.com/UserManagement/PDF/ASMR6_En_Final.pdf

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